MARPOL 73/78

Yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa don rigakafin gurɓacewar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa, 1973 kamar yadda yarjejeniyar 1978 ta gyara, ko " MARPOL 73/78 " (gajeren " gurɓacewar ruwa") na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Hukumar kula da jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa ce ta samar da ita da nufin rage gurbacewar ruwa da teku, gami da zubar da mai, da gurbatar iska.

MARPOL 73/78

Iri	yarjejeniya
Coming into force (en)	2 Oktoba 1983
Signatory (en)	Asturaliya Albaniya Aljeriya Angola Antigua da Barbuda Argentina Austriya Azerbaijan Bahamas Baharain Barbados Bangladash Belarus Beljik Belize Benin Bolibiya Brazil Bulgairiya Brunei Kambodiya Kameru Kanada Cabo Verde Chile Sin Kolombiya Komoros Jamhuriyar Kwango Cook Islands (en) Ivory Coast Kroatiya Cuba Cyprus Kazech Koriya ta Arewa Daular Denmark Jibuti Jamhuriyar Dominika Dominika Ecuador Misra Salvador Gini Ikwatoriya Istoniya Fiji Finland Faransa Gabon Gambiya Georgia Jamus Ghana Greek Grenada Guatemala (ƙasa) Gine Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungariya Iceland Indiya Indonesiya Iran Irak Ireland Isra'ila Italiya Jamaika Japan Jordan Kazakystan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Laitfiya Lebanon Laberiya Libya Lithuania Luksamburg Madagaskar Malawi Maleziya Maldives Malta Tsibiran Mashal Muritaniya Moris Mexico Monaco Mangolia Montenegro Moroko Mozambik Myanmar Namibiya Holand Sabuwar Zelandiya Nicaragua Najeriya Niue (en) Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Sabuwar Gini Papuwa Peru Filipin Poland Portugal Qatar Koriya ta Kudu MOldufiniya Romainiya Rasha Saint Kitts da Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (en) Samoa San Marino Sao Tome da Prinsipe Saudi Arebiya Senegal Serbiya Seychelles Saliyo Singapore Slofakiya Sloveniya Tsibiran Solomon Somaliya Afirka ta kudu Ispaniya Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Siriya Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad da Tobago Tunisiya Turkiyya Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraniya Taraiyar larabawa Birtaniya Tanzaniya Tarayyar Amurka Uruguay Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Hong Kong . Macau Faroe Islands (en)
Has part(s) (en)
Marpol Annex I (en) Marpol Annex IV (en) Marpol Annex V (en) Marpol Annex III (en) Marpol Annex II (en) Marpol Annex VI (en)

An sanya hannu kan ainihin MARPOL a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1973, amma bai fara aiki ba a ranar da aka sanya hannu. Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ita ce haɗuwa ta 1973 Convention da 1978 Protocol, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1983. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2018, jihohi 156 ne ke cikin taron, kasancewar jihohin tuta na kashi 99.42% na yawan jigilar kayayyaki a duniya.

Dukkanin jiragen ruwa da aka yiwa alama a ƙarƙashin ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta MARPOL suna ƙarƙashin buƙatunsa, ba tare da la’akari da inda za su tashi ba, kuma ƙasashe mambobi ne ke da alhakin jiragen ruwa da aka yi wa rajistar jiragen ruwa na ƙasa.

Tanadi

An raba MARPOL zuwa Annexes bisa ga nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa, kowannensu yana magana ne game da ƙayyadaddun rukuni na hayaƙin jirgi.

Jerin Marubutan MARPOL 73/78

Annex	Take	Shiga aiki	No. na Ƙungiyoyin Kwangila/ Jihohi α	% na Ton Duniya β
Annex I	Rigakafin gurbacewar mai da ruwan mai	2 Oktoba 1983
Annex II	Sarrafa gurbatar yanayi ta abubuwa masu guba a cikin ruwa mai yawa	Afrilu 6, 1987
Annex III	Rigakafin gurɓatawar abubuwa masu cutarwa da ke ɗauke da ruwa a cikin fakitin tsari	1 ga Yuli, 1992	138	97.59
Annex IV	Gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa daga jiragen ruwa	27 Satumba 2003
Annex V	Gurbacewar datti daga jiragen ruwa	31 ga Disamba, 1988
Annex VI	Rigakafin gurbatar iska daga jiragen ruwa	19 ga Mayu 2005	72	94.70
Bayanan kula Daga 31 ga Yuli, 2013 Dangane da Kididdigar Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya kamar na 31 Disamba 2012

Annex I

MARPOL Annex I ya fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1983 kuma yayi magana game da fitar da mai a cikin yanayin teku. Ya ƙunshi ka'idodin fitar da mai da aka tsara a cikin gyare-gyare na 1969 ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1954 don Kare Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Mai (OILPOL).

Yana ƙayyadad da fasalulluka na ƙirar tanka waɗanda aka yi niyya don rage yawan fitar da mai a cikin teku yayin ayyukan jirgin da kuma idan an samu hatsari. Yana ba da ka'idoji game da kula da ruwa na dakin injiniya ( OWS ) don duk manyan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da ballast da sharar tsaftace tanki ( ODME ). Har ila yau, ya gabatar da manufar "yankunan teku na musamman (PPSE)", wadanda ake ganin suna cikin hadarin gurbatar man fetur. An haramta zubar da mai a cikin su gaba daya, tare da wasu tsiraru kadan.

Rabin farko na MARPOL Annex I yana ma'amala da sharar dakin injin. Akwai ƙarnuka daban-daban na fasaha da kayan aiki waɗanda aka ƙera don hana sharar gida kamar masu raba ruwan mai (OWS), mita abun ciki na mai (OCM), da wuraren liyafar tashar jiragen ruwa .

Kashi na biyu na MARPOL Annex I yana da ƙarin alaƙa da tsaftace wuraren da ake ɗauka da tankuna. Kayan aikin sa ido kan fitar da mai (ODME) fasaha ce mai matukar muhimmanci da aka ambata a cikin MARPOL Annex I wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen inganta tsaftar muhalli a wadannan wurare.

Littafin rikodin mai wani muhimmin sashi ne na MARPOL Annex I, yana taimaka wa ma'aikatan jirgin su shiga da kuma lura da fitar da ruwa mai mai, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.

Annex II

MARPOL Annex II ya fara aiki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1987. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ƙa'idodin fitarwa don kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ta abubuwa masu guba da aka ɗauka da yawa. Yana rarraba abubuwa zuwa ciki kuma yana gabatar da cikakkun matakan aiki da matakan aiki. Ana ba da izinin fitar da gurɓataccen abu ne kawai zuwa wuraren liyafar tare da wasu ƙira da tions. Koma dai menene, ba a yarda da fitar da ragowar abubuwan da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen abu ba a cikin 12 nautical miles (22 km) na ƙasa mafi kusa. Ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa ya shafi "wuri na musamman".

Annex II ya ƙunshi Lambobin Sinadarai na Duniya (IBC Code) tare da Babi na 7 na Yarjejeniyar SOLAS . A baya can, tankunan sinadarai da aka gina kafin 1 July 1986 dole ne su bi ka'idodin Ka'idar Gina da Kayayyakin Jiragen Ruwa masu Haɗari Sinadarai a cikin Girma (Lambar BCH).

Annex III

MARPOL Annex III ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1992. Ya ƙunshi buƙatu gabaɗaya don ƙa'idodi akan shiryawa, yin alama, lakabi, takaddun bayanai, stowage, rage yawan, rarrabawa da sanarwa don hana gurɓatar abubuwa masu cutarwa. Annex ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da ke cikin Code of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, wanda aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwa. gyare-gyaren ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1991.

Annex IV

Marpol Annex IV ya fara aiki a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2003. Yana gabatar da buƙatu don sarrafa gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar najasa daga jiragen ruwa.

Annex V

MARPOL 73-78 Umarni

MARPOL Annex V ( Dokokin Kare Gurɓatar Ruwa daga Sharar Ruwa ) sun fara aiki a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1988. Ya fayyace nisa daga ƙasar da za a iya zubar da kayan a ciki da kuma rarraba nau'ikan datti da tarkace na ruwa. Abubuwan buƙatun sun fi tsauri sosai a cikin “wuri na musamman” amma wataƙila babban ɓangaren Annex shine cikakken hana zubar da robobi a cikin teku.

Annex VI

MARPOL Annex VI ya fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2005. Yana gabatar da buƙatu don daidaita gurɓataccen iska da jiragen ruwa ke fitarwa, gami da fitar da abubuwan da ke rage iskar oxygen, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) da ƙona jirgin ruwa. Har ila yau, ya kafa buƙatu don wuraren liyafar don sharar gida daga tsarin tsaftacewar iskar gas, incinerators, ingancin man fetur, dandamali a gefen teku da ma'adinan hakowa, da kuma kafa wuraren da ake sarrafawa na Sulfur Emission (SECAs) .

IMO 2020

Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020, ana aiwatar da sabbin ka'idoji don fitar da man fetur da jiragen ruwa ke amfani da su, a cikin ƙa'idar da aka sani da IMO 2020 . Matsakaicin sulfur na duniya (a wajen SECA's) ya ragu daga 3.5% sulfur da aka yarda a cikin man ruwa zuwa 0.5%. Wannan zai inganta ingancin iska sosai a yankuna da dama na bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda zai hana sama da mutuwar 100,000 da wuri a kowace shekara, da sauran cututtukan fuka a waɗannan yankuna da biranen. Sama da kasashe 170 ne suka rattaba hannu kan sauye-sauyen, ciki har da Amurka. Ana sa ran wannan zai haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa ga masana'antun jigilar kayayyaki da mai, tare da manyan sabuntawa da ake buƙata ga jiragen ruwa da ƙara yawan samar da man fetur na sulfur.

Man fetur da ake amfani da shi a cikin yankin sarrafa hayaki (watau Tekun Arewa) dole ne ya sami matakin abun ciki na sulfur ƙasa da 0.1% (1000ppm).

IMO ta yi aiki don tabbatar da aiwatar da daidaitaccen aiwatar da iyakar 0.5% na sulfur a cikin Kwamitin Kare Muhalli na Marine (MEPC) da kuma karamin kwamitinta kan Rigakafin Kariya da Amsa (PPR). Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba akan matakai da yawa na tsari da ayyuka (FONAR's, Carriage Ban, Shirin Aiwatar da Jirgin ruwa da dai sauransu) don ba da damar gano duk wani rashin bin ka'ida, misali yayin ikon sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa (PSC's).

gyare-gyare

MARPOL Annex VI gyare-gyare bisa ga MEPC 176(58) ya fara aiki 1 Yuli 2010.

Dokoki 12 da aka gyara sun shafi sarrafawa da rikodi na Abubuwan Rage Ozone.

Ƙa'idar da aka gyara 14 ta shafi canjin mai na wajibi akan hanyoyin shiga ko barin wuraren SECA da iyakokin sulfur na FO.

An gyara MARPOL Annex V sau da yawa, yana canza sassa daban-daban na ainihin rubutun.

MEPC.219(63) ta fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Maris 2012 don hana fitar da duk wani datti a cikin teku, ban da sharar abinci, ragowar kaya, ruwan wanka, da gawar dabbobi. Akwai ƙarin tanadin da ke bayyana lokacin da yadda za a zubar da sharar da aka yarda da ita.

MEPC.220(63) ta fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2012 don karfafa samar da tsarin sarrafa shara a cikin jiragen ruwa.

Aiwatar da aiwatarwa

Domin ƙa'idodin IMO su kasance masu ɗaurewa, dole ne a fara tabbatar da su ta hanyar jimlar adadin ƙasashe membobi waɗanda haɗin jimlar ton ɗin su ke wakiltar aƙalla kashi 50% na babban tonnage na duniya, tsari wanda zai iya tsayi. Don haka an samar da tsarin karbuwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, wanda idan ba a ji wata adawa daga wata kasa ba bayan wani lokaci da ya wuce, ana zaton sun amince da yarjejeniyar.

Dukkanin annexes shida an tabbatar da su ta adadin da ake buƙata na ƙasashe; na baya-bayan nan shine Annex VI, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Mayun 2005. Ƙasar da jirgin ruwa ya yi rajista ( Jihar Tuta ) ita ke da alhakin tabbatar da amincin jirgin da ƙa'idodin rigakafin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na MARPOL. Kowace al'ummar da ta rattaba hannu tana da alhakin samar da dokokin cikin gida don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kuma ta yi alƙawarin yin aiki yadda ya kamata don bin yarjejeniyoyin, abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, da dokokin da suka shafi sauran ƙasashe. A {asar Amirka, alal misali, dokokin aiwatar da abin da ya dace shine Dokar Hana Gurbacewa daga Jirgin ruwa.

Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin aiwatar da MARPOL ya taso ne daga yanayin jigilar ruwa na duniya. Kasar da jirgin ya ziyarta za ta iya gudanar da nata jarrabawar don tabbatar da cewa jirgin ya bi ka'idojin kasa da kasa kuma za ta iya tsare jirgin idan ya ga rashin bin ka'ida . Lokacin da al'amura suka faru a wajen irin wannan ikon ko ikon ƙasar ba za a iya tantance su ba, ƙasar tana mayar da ƙararraki zuwa jihohin tuta, daidai da MARPOL. Rahoton GAO na 2000 na Amurka ya rubuta cewa ko da lokacin da aka yi masu magana, yawan martani daga jihohin tuta ya kasance mara kyau.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, matakan jigilar ruwa na ruwa sun zama bisa doka bisa sabbin umarnin MARPOL saboda yankin SECA (Yankin Sarrafa Sulfur) ya ƙaru da girma. Wannan yanki mafi girma na SECA zai haɗa da Tekun Arewa, Scandinavia, da sassan tashar Turanci. Wannan yanki an saita shi don haɗa da duk ruwan Jamhuriyar Ireland a cikin 2020 wanda ya ƙare a cikin duk ƙa'idodin Yammacin Turai ga umarnin MARPOL. Wannan ya tabbatar da cece-kuce ga masu jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen ruwa a fadin Turai.

An nuna damuwa game da lalacewar muhalli da ke komawa kan tituna daga wasu manyan kamfanonin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke jigilar kaya da fasinja masu yawa ta waɗannan hanyoyin da ƙa'idodin IMO ya shafa. Suna da'awar cewa MARPOL za ta haɓaka farashin jirgin ruwa ga mabukaci da kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki don tura su kan hanyoyin Turai a matsayin ma'auni mafi inganci na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da ƙarin farashin jiragen ruwa, ta yadda za a shawo kan abin da ke rage gurɓataccen ruwa.

Ƙaddamar da MARPOL Annex VI

An kuma tayar da damuwa ko ka'idar fitar da hayaki a cikin MARPOL Annex VI, kamar iyakar sulfur na duniya na 0.5%, za a iya aiwatar da shi a kan ruwan kasa da kasa ta kasashen da ba su da tuta, yayin da wasu jiragen ruwa ke tafiya a karkashin tutar saukaka . An yi imani da cewa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Bahar ( UNCLOS ) ta ba da damar jihohi masu tashar jiragen ruwa su tabbatar da ikon su a kan irin wannan cin zarafi na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki (har ma da ka'idojin GHG na gaba) lokacin da suka faru a kan manyan tekuna. Jihohin gabar teku na iya tabbatar da hukumci kan cin zarafi da ke faruwa a cikin ruwansu, tare da wasu keɓancewa dangane da hanyar da ba ta da laifi da haƙƙin wucewa. Abubuwan wajibai na musamman na Jihohin tuta da faɗaɗa ikon jihohi na bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa, don tilasta MARPOL (ciki har da Annex VI) ana samun su a cikin tanadi na musamman na sashe na XII na UNCLOS.