Wikipedia

Chile

Kasa Mai zaman kanta a kudancin America

Chile, [1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Chile,[2][3] ƙasa ce a yammacin Kudancin Amurka.[4][5][6] Ita ce kasa mafi kusa da kudanci a duniya kuma mafi kusa da Antarctica,[7][8][9] tana shimfida wani kunkuntar kasa tsakanin tsaunukan Andes da Tekun Pasifik.[10][11][12] Chile tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 17.5 kamar na sabuwar ƙidayar jama'a a cikin 2017 kuma tana da yanki na murabba'in murabba'in kilomita 756,102 (291,933 sq mi),[13][14][15] yana raba iyakoki tare da Peru zuwa arewa, Bolivia zuwa arewa maso gabas, Argentina zuwa gabas, da Drake Passage zuwa kudu. Kasar ta kuma mallaki tsibiran Pasifik da dama,[16][17][18] da suka hada da Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuras, da Easter Island, kuma tana da'awar kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,250,000 (480,000 sq mi) na Antarctica a matsayin yankin Antarctic na Chile.[19][20][21] Babban birni kuma babban birnin Chile shine, babban birni kuma babban birni na Chile shine, Santiago.[22][23][24]

Chile
República de Chile (es)
Chile (es)
Flag of Chile (en) Coat of arms of Chile (en)
Flag of Chile (en) Fassara Coat of arms of Chile (en) Fassara

Take National Anthem of Chile (en) Fassara
Kirari «Por la razón o la fuerza»
«By Right or Might»
«Durch Überzeugung oder mit Gewalt»
«Drwy Gyfiawnder neu Rym»
Wuri
Map
 33°S 71°W / 33°S 71°W / -33; -71
Babban birni Santiago de Chile
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 19,458,000 (2021)
• Yawan mutane 25.73 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Yaren Sifen
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Latin America (en) Fassara, ABC nations (en) Fassara, Amurka ta Kudu da Southern Cone (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 756,102 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Pacific Ocean
Wuri mafi tsayi Ojos del Salado (en) Fassara (6,893 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Pacific Ocean (0 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Captaincy General of Chile (en) Fassara
Ƙirƙira 18 Satumba 1810
Muhimman sha'ani
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati democratic republic (en) Fassara
Majalisar zartarwa Cabinet of Chile (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa National Congress of Chile (en) Fassara
• President of Chile (en) Fassara Gabriel Boric (en) Fassara (11 ga Maris, 2022)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Supreme Court of Chile (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 316,713,577,509 $ (2021)
Kuɗi Chilean peso (en) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .cl (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +56
Lambar taimakon gaggawa 131 (en) Fassara, 132 (en) Fassara, 133 (en) Fassara, 130 (en) Fassara da 134 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa CL
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo thisischile.cl…
kasar chile

Spain ta ci kuma ta mallaki yankin a tsakiyar karni na 16, ta maye gurbin mulkin Inca; duk da haka, sun kasa cin nasara kan ’yan kabilar Mapuche masu cin gashin kansu da suke zaune a yanzu kudu da tsakiyar Chile.[25][26][27] Chile ta fito a matsayin jumhuriya mai ƙarfi a cikin 1830s bayan ayyana 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1818.[28][29][30] A cikin karni na 19, Chile ta sami babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da yanki, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen juriyar Mapuche a cikin 1880s kuma ta sami yankin arewacinta na yanzu a yakin Pacific (1879-83)[31][32][33] ta hanyar cin nasara akan Peru da Bolivia. A cikin karni na 20, har zuwa 1970s, Chile ta gudanar da tsarin dimokuradiyya[34][35][36] kuma ta sami saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a da ƙauyuka,[37][38][39] yayin da take dogaro da ƙari ga fitarwa daga haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla don tallafawa tattalin arzikinta.[40][41][42][43] A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, kasar ta yi fama da mummunar tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa na hagu da dama, wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin 1973 na Chile wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin Salvador Allende ta dimokiradiyya ta hagu.[44][45][46] Wannan ya biyo bayan mulkin kama-karya na soja na hannun dama na shekaru 16 a karkashin Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka yi Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1980 na Chile tare da shawarwari na Hukumar Ortúzar da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki da yawa,[47][48][49] kuma ya haifar da mutuwar fiye da 3,000 ko bacewar.[50][51][52] An kawo karshen mulkin a shekarar 1990, bayan zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1988, kuma kawancen hagu na tsakiya ya gaje shi, wanda ya mulki har zuwa 2010.[53][54][55]

Chile kasa ce mai karfin tattalin arziki kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi karfin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Kudancin Amurka.[56][57][58] Har ila yau, Chile ta yi aiki mai kyau a yankin dangane da dorewar kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya.[59][60][61] Chile memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), da Pacific Alliance, kuma ta shiga OECD a 2010.[62][63][64]

Ilimin kalmomi

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Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da asalin kalmar Chile. A cewar masanin tarihin Spain na karni na 17 Diego de Rosales,[65][66][67] Incas ya kira kwarin Aconcagua Chili ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa na sunan wani shugaban kabilar Picunche (cacique)[68][69][70] da ake kira Tili, wanda ya mulki yankin a lokacin cin nasarar Incan a karni na 15.[71][72][73] Wata ka’idar kuma ta nuna kamanceceniya da kwarin Aconcagua da na kwarin Casma da ke Peru, inda akwai wani gari da kwarin mai suna Chili.[74][75][76]

Wasu ka'idoji sun ce Chile na iya samun sunanta daga kalmar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ma'ana ko dai 'ƙarshen duniya' ko 'gudun ruwa';[77][78][79] daga kalmar Mapuche chilli, wanda ke iya nufin 'inda ƙasar ta ƙare'"[80][81][82] ko daga Quechua chiri,[83][84][85] 'sanyi',[86][87][88] ko tchili, ma'ana 2 ko dai 'zurfin' 3'[89] Duniya".[90][91][92] Wani asalin da aka danganta ga chilli shine onomatopoeic cheele-cheele - kwaikwayon Mapuche na warble na tsuntsu wanda aka fi sani da trile.[93][94][95]

Masu cin nasara na Sipaniya sun ji labarin wannan sunan daga Incas, da kuma ƴan tsira daga balaguron farko na Mutanen Espanya na Diego de Almagro a kudu daga Peru a 1535-36 sun kira kansu "mazajen Chilli"[96][97][98] Daga qarshe, Almagro ana yaba shi da haɓaka sunan Chile, bayan sanya sunan kwarin Mapocho kamar haka.[99][100][101] An yi amfani da tsohuwar rubutun "Chili" a cikin Ingilishi har zuwa farkon karni na 20 kafin a canza zuwa "Chile"[102][103][104]

Tarihi

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Tarihin farko

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Shaidun kayan aikin dutse sun nuna cewa mutane ba da jimawa ba suna yawan zuwa kwarin Monte Verde tsawon shekaru 18,500 da suka gabata.[105][106][107] Kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, ’yan asalin ƙasar da ke ƙaura sun zauna a cikin kwaruruka masu albarka da yankunan bakin teku na ƙasar Chile ta yau.[108][109][110] Wuraren zama daga wurin zama na ɗan adam sun haɗa da Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodón da Pali-Aike Crater's lava tube.[111][112][113]

Inkawa sun kara fadada daularsu a takaice zuwa yankin da ke arewacin Chile, amma Mapuche (ko Araucaniyawa kamar yadda Mutanen Espanya suka san su) sun yi nasarar tsayayya da yunƙurin da Masarautar Inca ta yi na murƙushe su, duk kuwa da rashin ƙungiyar ƙasa.[114][115][116] Sun yi yaƙi da Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui da sojojinsa. Sakamakon gumurzun da aka yi na kwanaki uku na zubar da jini da aka fi sani da Yakin Maule shi ne cewa nasarar da Inca ta yi wa yankunan Chile ya kare a kogin Maule.[117][118][119]

Masarautar Mutanen Espanya

gyara sashe

A cikin 1520, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kewaya duniya, Ferdinand Magellan ya gano hanyar kudanci da aka sanya masa suna (Mashigin Magellan)[120][121] don haka ya zama Bature na farko da ya taka ƙafa a ƙasar Chile a yanzu.[122][123][124] Turawa na gaba da zasu isa Chile sune Diego de Almagro da ƙungiyarsa na masu cin nasara na Spain, waɗanda suka zo daga Peru a 1535 suna neman zinariya.[125][126][127] Mutanen Espanya sun ci karo da al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka tallafa wa kansu musamman ta hanyar ƙulla-ƙulle-ƙulle da noma da farauta.[128][129][130]

An fara cin nasara a Chile a cikin 1540 kuma Pedro de Valdivia, ɗaya daga cikin laftanar Francisco Pizarro, wanda ya kafa birnin Santiago a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1541.[131][132][133] Ko da yake Mutanen Espanya ba su sami zinariya da azurfa mai yawa da suke nema ba, sun gane yiwuwar noma na tsakiyar kwarin Chile, kuma Chile ta zama wani ɓangare na Daular Spain.[134][135][136]

An ci nasara a hankali, kuma Turawa sun sha fama da koma baya.[137][138][139] Wani gagarumin tashin hankalin Mapuche da ya fara a shekara ta 1553 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Valdivia da lalata da yawa daga cikin manyan matsugunan yankin.[140][141] An yi manyan tashe-tashen hankula a shekara ta 1598 da kuma a shekara ta 1655.[142][143][144] Duk lokacin da Mapuche da wasu ’yan ƙabilar suka yi tawaye, an kai iyakar kudancin ƙasar zuwa arewa.[145][146][147] An soke bautar da kambin Mutanen Espanya ya yi a shekara ta 1683 don sanin cewa bautar da Mapuche ya tsananta juriya fiye da yi musu biyayya.[148][148][149] Duk da haramcin sarauta, dangantaka ta kasance mai rauni daga ci gaba da tsangwama na mulkin mallaka.[150][151][152]

Yanke arewa ta hamada, kudu ta wurin Mapuche, zuwa gabas ta tsaunin Andes, zuwa yamma ta teku, Chile ta zama daya daga cikin manyan yankuna, yankuna masu kama da juna a cikin Amurkan Spain.[153][154][155] Yin hidima a matsayin wani shingen shingen kan iyaka, mulkin mallaka ya sami kansa tare da manufar hana mamaye Mapuche da maƙiyan Spain na Turai, musamman Ingilishi da Dutch.[156][157][158] Buccaneers da 'yan fashin teku sun yi barazana ga mulkin mallaka ban da Mapuche, kamar yadda Sir Francis Drake ya nuna a 1578 a Valparaíso, babban tashar jiragen ruwa.[159][160][161] Kasar Chile ta karbi bakuncin daya daga cikin manya-manyan dakaru a Amurka,[162][163] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin mafi yawan sojojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen mallakar mallakar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magudanar ruwa a taskar mataimakiyar gwamnatin Peru.[164][165][166]

Gwamnatin Agustín de Jáuregui ce ta gudanar da kidayar jama'a ta farko tsakanin 1777 da 1778; ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi mazauna 259,646: 73.5% na zuriyar Turai,[167][168][169] 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% 'yan asalin ƙasa da 9.8% baƙi.[170][171][172] Francisco Hurtado, gwamnan lardin Chiloé, ya gudanar da ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 1784 kuma ya gano cewa yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi mazauna 26,703, 64.4% daga cikinsu fararen fata ne kuma 33.5% daga cikinsu 'yan asali ne.[173][174][175] Diocese na Concepción ta gudanar da ƙidayar jama'a a yankunan kudancin kogin Maule a shekara ta 1812,[176][177][178] amma ba ta haɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar ko mazauna lardin Chiloé ba.[179][180][181] An kiyasta yawan jama'a a 210,567, 86.1% daga cikinsu Mutanen Espanya ne ko kuma na Turai, 10% daga cikinsu 'yan asali ne kuma 3.7% na mestizos, baƙar fata da mulattos ne.[182][183][184]

Wani bincike na 2021 da Baten da Llorca-Jaña suka yi ya nuna cewa yankuna da ke da kaso mai yawa na bakin haure Arewacin Turai sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri ta fuskar ƙididdigewa,[185][186][187] koda kuwa yawan bakin hauren ya yi ƙanƙanta.[188][189][190] Wannan tasirin na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da abubuwan waje: jama'ar da ke kewaye sun ɗauki irin wannan hali kamar ƙaramin ƙungiyar baƙi ba ta Turai ba, kuma an ƙirƙiri sabbin makarantu.[191][192][193]

Mulki

gyara sashe

Arziki

gyara sashe
 
mutanen Chile a wasu wasanni

Wasanni

gyara sashe

Fannin tsarotsaro

gyara sashe

Kimiya da Fasaha

gyara sashe

Sifiri

gyara sashe
 
Jirgin kasar chile

Sifirin Jirgin Sama

gyara sashe

Sifirin Jirgin Kasa

gyara sashe

Al'adu

gyara sashe

Mutane

gyara sashe
 
Atacama.

Yaruka

gyara sashe

Abinci

gyara sashe

Tufafi

gyara sashe
 
Jami'ar kasar chile

Ilimi

gyara sashe

Addinai

gyara sashe

Musulunci

gyara sashe

Kiristanci

gyara sashe

Hotuna

gyara sashe
  •  
    National Congress, Legislative Power
  •  
    Comptroller General of Chile
  •  
    Wani daji a cikin kasar Chile
  •  
    Rafi mai kyau a kasar Chile
  •  
    Lardin kasr Chile a hange daga sararin samaniya
  •  
    Ziyaram kasar Chile a shekaran 1890
  •  
    Ziyaram kasar Chile a shekaran 1890
  •  
    University of La Frontera, Temuco

Manazarta

gyara sashe
Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.
  1. ↑ Chile". Retrieved 12 March 2025
  2. ↑ Compendio estadístico 2006" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  3. ↑ Chile country profile". BBC News. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  4. ↑ Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020
  5. ↑ Our World in Data". Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  6. ↑ World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Chile)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  7. ↑ In 2021 they will bid for roads that unite Antofagasta with Caldera and Iquique". 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  8. ↑ 115 nuevos km de autopistas". Plataforma Urbana. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  9. ↑ Omnilineas. "Omnilineas website". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014
  10. ↑ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF.
  11. ↑ Inequality – Income inequality". OECD. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  12. ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  13. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  14. ↑ Resutados Censo 2017" (PDF). National Statistics Institute. 1 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  15. ↑ Elecciones, sufragio y democracia en Chile (1810–2012)". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). National Library of Chile. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  16. ↑ Sufragio femenino universal". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). National Library of Chile. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Desarrollo y dinámica de la población en el siglo XX". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). National Library of Chile. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  18. ↑ Salazar, Gabriel; Pinto, Julio (2002). Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores. LOM Ediciones. [ISBN missing]. Pages 124–125.
  19. ↑ "Cómo se construyó la Constitución de 1980". Pauta. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 January 2025. Retrieved 12 January 2025
  20. ↑ Villalobos, Sergio; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974). Historia De Chile (14th ed.). Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 956-11-1163-2. Pages 773–775.
  21. ↑ History of our constitutions". Government of Chile. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  22. ↑ Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo (2002). Economic reforms in Chile: from dictatorship to democracy. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472112326.
  23. ↑ Country profile: Chile". BBC News. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  24. ↑ Human and income poverty: developing countries". UNDP. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
  25. ↑ World Development Indicators". World Bank. 17 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  26. ↑ "La Incógnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile". Chile.com. 15 June 2000. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009
  27. ↑ Picunche (people)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  28. ↑ Encina, Francisco A.; Leopoldo Castedo (1961). Resumen de la Historia de Chile. Vol. I (4th ed.). Santiago: Zig-Zag. p. 44. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009.
  29. ↑ "Chile". Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online. 2005. Archived from the original on 21 July 2002. Retrieved 2 March 2005. The name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly 'ends of the earth' or simply 'sea gulls'.
  30. ↑ Hudson, Rex A., ed. (1995). "Chile: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2005.
  31. ↑ chiri in English - Quechua-English Dictionary". Glosbe
  32. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chile". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow
  33. ↑ Chile (república)". Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2005. The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning 'snow
  34. ↑ Pearson, Neale J. (2004). "Chile". Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing. Archived from the original on 10 February 1999. Retrieved 2 March 2005. Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning 'the deepest point of the Earth'.
  35. ↑ Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of noteworthy events of the year: 1900. New York: Appletons. p. 87
  36. ↑ de Olivares, Miguel; González, SJ (1864) [1736]. "Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile". Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional. Vol. 4. Santiago: Imprenta del Ferrocarril.
  37. ↑ Insight Guides: Chile. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. 2002. p. 27. ISBN 978-981-234-890-6. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  38. ↑ Bower, Bruce (26 December 2015). "People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago". Science News. p. 10. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  39. ↑ "Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830–1973". Country Studies. Library of Congress. 31 March 1994. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  40. ↑ Silva Castro, Raúl (1953). Censo de 1813. Santiago: Imprenta Chile. p. 370. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024 – via Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.
  41. ↑ Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967). Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile. Editorial Universitaria.
  42. ↑ Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1985). Los Títulos Históricos: Historia de Las Fronteras de Chile. Andrés Bello. (p. 197) We note that the Loa river is at 22 degrees and that Baleato, in 1793, indicated 21.5 degrees for the beginning of the Kingdom of Chile, with the Loa at its mouth in the Pacific. (...) (p. 540) According to the Map of Cano y Olmedilla, the limit of the Kingdom of Chile "(...) through the desert of Atacama (...) From here it turns to the S., S.E., S.E., and S., keeping in general this last course until near the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction. SE. and S., generally keeping this last course until the vicinity of the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction, skirting to the east the 'Province of Cuyo' which, of course, appears to be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Chile. In the latitude of 32°30' the line turns to the S.W. until reaching the Quinto river, which, as the legend says 'communicates by channels with the Saladillo in time of floods'. It follows the river down to the meridian 316°, counting to the E. of Tenerife, where it turns a stretch until it reaches the Hueuque-Leuvu river (or Barrancas river) at 371/2° latitude. From here it runs along the river for a stretch to the S.E., and then turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic Sea in the vicinity of parallel 37° between Cape Lobos and Cape Corrientes", "a little north of the current Mar del Plata". (...) (p. 543) In this document it is seen that those of the province of Cuyo end to the south at the source of the Diamante River, and that from that point to the east, the dividing line goes to the point where the Quinto River crosses the road that goes from Santiago to Buenos Aires.
  43. ↑ Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1985). Títulos de la República de Chile a la soberanía i dominio de la Estremidad. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  44. ↑ Morla Vicuña, Carlos (1903). Estudio histórico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
  45. ↑ Caivano, Tommaso (1 April 1882). "Storia della guerra d'America fra Chilì, il Perù e la Bolivia" (in Italian). Torino: Ermanno Loescher – via Internet Archive.
  46. ↑ Silva Castro, Raúl (1953). Censo de 1813. Santiago: Imprenta Chile. p. 370. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024 – via Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
  47. ↑ Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898-1964 By Paula C. Park Archived 1 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine (INTRODUCTION: Residual Intercolonial Intimacies across the "Hispanic" Pacific)
  48. ↑ Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967). Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria.
  49. ↑ ateo Martinic Beros (1971). Presencia de Chile en la Patagonia austral 1843 – 1879 (in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  50. ↑ Historia de la Isla de Pascua: Su Incorporación y Su Conflicto Con La Williamson & Balfour. Daños Patrimoniales, Pretensiones Internacionales e Independentismos". Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024
  51. ↑ William Sater, Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict, Athens, GA; University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1249-5 p.51
  52. ↑ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 137.
  53. ↑ Fowler, Will (1996). Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence. University of Virginia: Greenwood Press. pp. 30–96. ISBN 0-313-29843-2.
  54. ↑ Frazier, Lessie Jo (17 July 2007). Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence, and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present. Duke University Press. pp. 163–184. ISBN 978-0-8223-4003-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  55. ↑ Mares, David; Francisco Rojas Aravena (2001). The United States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-415-93125-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
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