Wikipedia

Argentina

Jamhuriyar Argentina ko Argentina,ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Amurika ta Kudu.[1][2][3] Argentina tayi iyaka da ƙasashe uku, Daga arewacin, ƙasar Bolibiya da kasar Paraguay, Daga gabashin kasar Uruguay da Ruwan Pacific ta Kudu, Daga yammacin kasar Cile, Daga kudu Drake Passage.[4][5][6] kasa CE wacce ta shahara sosai a kwalan kafa wace ita ke rike da kambun duniya na yanzun.[7][8][9]

Argentina
República Argentina (es)
Flag of Argentina (en) Coat of arms of Argentina (en)
Flag of Argentina (en) Fassara Coat of arms of Argentina (en) Fassara

Take Argentine National Anthem (en) Fassara
Kirari «En unión y libertad (en) Fassara»
Suna saboda silver (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 34°S 64°W / 34°S 64°W / -34; -64
Babban birni Buenos Aires
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 47,327,407 (2022)
• Yawan mutane 17.02 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Yaren Sifen
Addini Cocin katolika
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Latin America (en) Fassara, ABC nations (en) Fassara, Amurka ta Kudu da Southern Cone (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 2,780,400 km²
Wuri mafi tsayi Aconcagua (en) Fassara (6,961 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Laguna del Carbón (en) Fassara (−105 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Bolibiya
Brazil
Chile
Paraguay
Uruguay
Birtaniya
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Colonial Argentina (en) Fassara da United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (en) Fassara
Ƙirƙira 9 ga Yuli, 1816
Muhimman sha'ani
Argentine economic crisis (en) Fassara
Rise of the Argentine Republic (en) Fassara
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati Jamhuriyar Tarayya
Majalisar zartarwa Government of Argentina (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa Argentine National Congress (en) Fassara
• Shugaban Ƙasar Argentina Javier Milei (10 Disamba 2023)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Supreme Court of Argentina (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 487,227,125,386 $ (2021)
Kuɗi Argentine convertible peso (en) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .ar (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +54
Lambar taimakon gaggawa 911 (en) Fassara, 100 (en) Fassara, 117 (en) Fassara da 101 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa AR
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo argentina.gob.ar
Kasar Argentina a wani karni
Argentina

Argentina ta kasa ce a cikin larduna ashirin da uku,[10][11][12] da kuma birni daya mai cin gashin kanta, wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma,[13][14][15] wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma, wanda birnin tarayya ne na tarayya, Buenos Aires na tarayya, Buenos Aires na tarayya.[16][17][18] The larduna da babban birnin suna da nasu ka'idojin, amma sun wanzu a karkashin tsarin tarayya.[19][20][21][22] Argentina ta yi ikirarin cewa a kan Tsibirin Falkinland, South Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu, filin wasan kwaikwayon kankara, da kuma wani yanki na Antartica.[23][24][25]

Farkon hadin gwiwar dan adam a cikin kwanakin Argentina ya dawo zuwa lokacin Paleolithic.[26][27][28] Daular Inca ta fadada zuwa arewa maso yammacin kasar a Pre-Columbian. Kasar tana da tushen sa a cikin mulkin mallaka na yankin a cikin karni na 16.[29][30][31] Argentina ta tashi kamar yadda magajin gari ya samu a shekarar 1776.[32][33][34] Bayanin kasashen Spain 9110 kuma yaƙin ya kara wa 'yancin kai har zuwa 1880-1825) ya biyo bayan sake tsayawa takara har zuwa shekarar 1880.[35][36][37] Kasar da ta ji daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, tare da raƙuman fice na Turai, musamman 'yan It'iyanci, su fi ƙarfin al'adunta.[38][39][40]

Jamumin Jami'in daular da za a yi watsi da siyasar da ke da kasa a cikin lokacin da ake kira Jamhuriyar mai ra'ayin mai ra'ayin, daga 1880 har zuwa zabukan 1916.[41][42][43] Babban bacin rai ya haifar da juyin mulki na farko d'état a cikin 1930 ya jagoranci José Félix Urizix, da farko da ake kira "otamous shekaru 10 (1930-1943).[44][45][46] Bayan wannan juyin mulkin, ya ci karin hudu a 1943, 1955, 1965, 1962, da kuma Mataimakin shugaban kasa, masu fafutukarsa,[47][48][49] wanda ya hau zuwa dubunnan na siyasa, masu fafutukar da aka samu, wadanda aka tallafa wa mutane dubunni Yaƙi, lokacin ta'addanci na Jiha da kuma tashin hankalin jama'a wanda ya kasance har zuwa zaben ra1l Alfonsín a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1983.[50][51][52]

Argentina ce iyaka na yanki, kuma ya riƙe matsayinta na tarihi a matsayin wani yanki na tsakiya a harkokin kasa da kasa.[53][54][55] Babban mahimmancin Amurka ne,[56][57][58] Argentina ce mai tasowa tare da HDI mafi girma na biyu (index na Hali na HDI) a Latin Amurka bayan Chile.[59][60][61] Yana kula da tattalin arziki mafi girma na biyu a Kudancin Amurka, kuma memba ne na G-15 da G20.[62][63][64] Argentina kuma wani ya kafa memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya, kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya, Mercosur, jama'ar Latin Amurka da kungiyar Iribso-Amurka.[65][66][67]

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Bayanai sun nuna cewa mutane sun zauna a ƙasar Argentina a yanzu tun shekaru 21,000 da suka wuce. A cikin 2015,[68][69][70] an gano burbushin kasusuwa na wani katon dabbobi masu sulke da ake kira Neosclerocalyptus kusa da Buenos Aires. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan sun sami yanke alamomi masu nuni da yankan da kayan aikin dutse,[71][72][73] wanda ke nuna ayyukan ɗan adam a lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum.[74][75][76] A kudu, shafin Piedra Museo a lardin Santa Cruz ya samar da gawarwakin mutane da kayayyakin tarihi tun kimanin shekaru 11,000.[77][78][79] Abubuwan da aka gano a wannan rukunin yanar gizon sun haɗa da mashin da ke da alaƙa da bacewar megafauna kamar Mylodon da Hippidion, wanda ke nuna ci gaban ayyukan farauta na mazaunan farko.[80][81][82] Wani muhimmin rukunin yanar gizon shine Cueva de las Manos (Kogon Hannu), kuma yana cikin Santa Cruz. Wannan kogon yana da tambarin tambarin hannu da wuraren farauta da aka yi tsakanin 7,300 BC zuwa 700 AD, yana ba da haske game da rayuwar al'ummomin mafarauta na farko.[83][84][85]

Har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai, Argentina ba ta da yawa ta yawan al'adu daban-daban tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban,[86][87][88] waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku.[89][90][91] Rukuni na farko ’yan farauta ne da kuma masu tara abinci ba tare da yin aikin tukwane ba, kamar su Selkʼnam da Yaghan da ke kudancin ƙasar.[92][93][94] Rukuni na biyu sune manyan mafarauta da masu tattara abinci waɗanda suka haɗa da Puelche,[95][96][97] Querandí da Serranos a tsakiyar gabas; da Tehuelche da ke kudu—dukkansu sun ci nasara da Mapuche da suka yaɗu daga Chile[98][99][100]—da Kom da Wichi a arewa.[101][102][103] Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe ita ce manoma masu tukwane, irin su Charrúa, Minuane da Guaraní a arewa maso gabas, tare da slash da ƙonewa na zaman wuri;[104][105][106] ci gaban al'adun kasuwanci na Diaguita a arewa maso yamma, wanda Daular Inca ta ci a kusa da 1480; Tonocoté da Hênîa da Kâmîare a tsakiyar ƙasar, da kuma Huarpe a tsakiyar-yamma, al'adar da ke kiwon dabbobin llama kuma Incas sun yi tasiri sosai.[107][108][109]

Lokacin mulkin mallaka

gyara sashe

Turawa sun fara isa yankin tare da tafiya 1502 na Amerigo Vespucci.[110][111][112] Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa na Spain Juan Díaz de Solís da Sebastian Cabot sun ziyarci yankin da ke a yanzu Argentina a 1516 da 1526, bi da bi.[113][114][115] A cikin 1536 Pedro de Mendoza ya kafa ƙaramin mazaunin Buenos Aires, wanda aka watsar a cikin 1541.[116][117][118]

Ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce ya fito daga Paraguay-kafa Gwamnar Río de la Plata-Peru da Chile.[119][120][121] Francisco de Aguirre ya kafa Santiago del Estero a shekara ta 1553.[122][123][124] An kafa Londres a shekara ta 1558; Mendoza, a cikin 1561; San Juan, a cikin 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, a shekara ta 1565.[125][126][127] Juan de Garay ya kafa Santa Fe a shekara ta 1573 kuma a wannan shekarar ne Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera ya kafa Cordoba.[128][129][130] Garay ya wuce kudu don sake gano Buenos Aires a 1580.[131][132][133] An kafa San Luis a shekara ta 1596.[134][135][136]

Daular Spain ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Argentina ga dukiyar azurfa da ma'adinan zinare a Bolivia da Peru,[137][138][139] don haka ta zama wani ɓangare na mataimakiyar Peru har sai da aka ƙirƙiri mataimakin sarauta na Río de la Plata a 1776 tare da Buenos Aires a matsayin babban birninta.[140][141][142]

Buenos Aires ya kori mamaya na Birtaniyya guda biyu marasa lafiya a cikin 1806 da 1807.[143][144][145] Tunanin zamanin wayewa da kuma misalin juyin juya halin Atlantika na farko ya haifar da suka ga mulkin kama karya da ya mulki kasar.[146][147][148] Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen Mutanen Espanya, hambarar da Ferdinand VII a lokacin Yaƙin Tsibiri ya haifar da damuwa sosai.[149][150][151]

Mulki

gyara sashe

Arziki

gyara sashe

Wasanni

gyara sashe
 
wasu mutanen Argentina na bangaren tsaro

Fannin tsarotsaro

gyara sashe

Kimiya da Fasaha

gyara sashe

Sifiri

gyara sashe
 
filin jirgin saman kasar Argentina

Sifirin Jirgin Sama

gyara sashe

Sifirin Jirgin Kasa

gyara sashe

Al'adu

gyara sashe
 
Wasu fitattun mutanen kasar Argentina a wani karni

Mutane

gyara sashe

Yaruka

gyara sashe

Abinci

gyara sashe
 
Irin tufafin kasar Argentina a jikin wasu matasa

Tufafi

gyara sashe

Ilimi

gyara sashe

Addinai

gyara sashe

Musulunci

gyara sashe

Kiristanci

gyara sashe

Hotuna

gyara sashe
  •  
    Dusan kankara a kasar Argentina
  •  
    Kudin kwandala na kasar Argentina a shekrar 1836
  •  
    Dawakai a kasar Argentina
  •  
    Rawan al'ada a kasar Argentina
  •  
    Rawa a gurin bauta
  •  
    Robben
  •  
    Alamomi na kasar
  •  
    Kasar

Noma

gyara sashe
 
Salta

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Constitution of Argentina, art. 35.
  2. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."
  3. ↑ Ley No. 5598 de la Provincia de Corrientes, 22 October 2004 (in Spanish)
  4. ↑ La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? [La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.] (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..]
  5. ↑ Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin [Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut...
  6. ↑ Argentina Religions – Demographics". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  7. ↑ 3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km2); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km2) [pg.23]" (PDF). www.ign.gob.ar (in Spanish). es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina) – IGN. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  8. ↑ Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km2); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km2)" (XLS). www.indec.gob.ar (in Spanish). Census 2022. INDEC. 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025
  9. ↑ Proyecciones y estimaciones". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  10. ↑ de Onis, Juan (2 January 1977). "Argentina's Terror: Army Is Ahead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  11. ↑ Bernstein, Adam (17 May 2013). "Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007
  13. ↑ Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism" Archived 26 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976
  14. ↑ Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994
  15. ↑ Argentina's Dirty War". Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  17. ↑ Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.
  18. ↑ Buncombe, Andrew (11 February 2022). "Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Yahoo! Sports.
  19. ↑ Bronstein, Hugh; Misculin, Nicolás (15 November 2021). "Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  20. ↑ Burke, Hilary (21 January 2007). "Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022
  21. ↑ McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 January 2007). "Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022
  22. ↑ Robben 2011, p. 127
  23. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 423–65, vol. II.
  24. ↑ Robben 2011, pp. 76–77.
  25. ↑ Anderson & Sloan 2009, p. 40–41
  26. ↑ Robben 2011, p. 145
  27. ↑ Wilson 2016, p. 167
  28. ↑ Robben 2011, p. 148.
  29. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 467–504, vol. II
  30. ↑ CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots". Fox News. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018
  31. ↑ Meislin, Richard J. (16 June 1982). "THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  32. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 505–32, vol. II
  33. ↑ Ley No. 23492, 29 December 1986, B.O., (26058) (in Spanish)
  34. ↑ Ley No. 23521, 9 June 1987, B.O., (26155) (in Spanish)
  35. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 533–49, vol. II.
  36. ↑ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6
  37. ↑ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 9.
  38. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 551–573, vol. II
  39. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 575–87, vol. II
  40. ↑ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 12
  41. ↑ Kirchner Sworn in as President of Argentina – 2003-05-26". VOA. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  42. ↑ Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in". France 24. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  43. ↑ Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 13
  44. ↑ Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  45. ↑ Rabouin, Dion (3 September 2019). "Argentine president leads economy to debt, inflation and mass poverty". Axios. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  46. ↑ Alcalá Kovalski, Manuel (5 September 2019). "Lessons learned from the Argentine economy under Macri". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  47. ↑ Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency". BBC News. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021
  48. ↑ We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left". The Guardian. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2022
  49. ↑ Administracion Federal". AFIP. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  50. ↑ Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner". Merco Press. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  51. ↑ Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  52. ↑ Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  53. ↑ Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  54. ↑ Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms". 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  55. ↑ Young 2005, p. 52: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."
  56. ↑ Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Información geográfica de la República Argentina" [Geographic information of the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
  57. ↑ McKinney 1993, p. 6; Fearns & Fearns 2005, p. 31
  58. ↑ Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina" [Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
  59. ↑ Young 2005, p. 52.
  60. ↑ Lynch, David K. "Land Below Sea Level". Geology – Geoscience News and Information. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.
  61. ↑ McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 5, 7–8, 51, 175
  62. ↑ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 8.
  63. ↑ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 18.
  64. ↑ Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros" [Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  65. ↑ "Argentina – Main Details". Montreal, Canada: Convention on Biological Diversity. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.
  66. ↑ Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005" (PDF). www.bipindicators.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  67. ↑ Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  68. ↑ El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina". Página/12. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes, es decir, 5.927.607 de personas más que las relevadas en el último censo, en 2010. En mayo de 2022, pocos días después del relevamiento, el INDEC había difundido los primeros resultados preliminares, que indicaban que la población argentina tenía 47.327.407 habitantes. Sin embargo el dato fue corregido esta tarde.
  69. ↑ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Argentina)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  70. ↑ GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina". World Bank. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  71. ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  72. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17
  73. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 128.
  74. ↑ Levene 1948, p. 11: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."; Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–97: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."; Vanossi 1964, p. 11: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."
  75. ↑ Gordon A. Bridger (2013). Britain and the Making of Argentina. WIT Press. p. 101. ISBN 9781845646844. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links
  76. ↑ Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
  77. ↑ O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ↑ Wood 1988, p. 18; Solomon 1997, p. 3.
  79. ↑ Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre" [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures] (PDF) (in Italian). Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012
  80. ↑ Huntington 2000, p. 6; Nierop 2001, p. 61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."; Lake 2009, p. 55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p. 283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."; Malamud 2011, p. 9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."; Boughton 2012, p. 101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."
  81. ↑ Morris 1988, p. 63: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."; Adler & Greve 2009, p. 78: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."; Ruiz-Dana et al. 2009, p. 18: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."
  82. ↑ Major Non-NATO Ally Status". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  83. ↑ Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 | countryeconomy.com". countryeconomy.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023
  84. ↑ The name Argentine (Spanish) El nombre de Argentina Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ↑ Rock 1987, pp. 6, 8; Edwards 2008, p. 7.
  86. ↑ Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.
  87. ↑ Constitution of Argentina, 1853, Preamble
  88. ↑ Constitution of Argentina, 1826, art. 1.
  89. ↑ Rosenblat 1964, p. 78.
  90. ↑ Constitution of Argentina, 1860 amd., art. 35
  91. ↑ Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford, UK: Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014
  92. ↑ "Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America"
  93. ↑ "Welcome Argentina"
  94. ↑ WHO UNESCO". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  95. ↑ Google Books". web.archive.org. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  96. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 12.
  97. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 18–19
  98. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 13.
  99. ↑ Crow 1992, pp. 129–32
  100. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140
  101. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 353
  102. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 134
  103. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 135.
  104. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 347
  105. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 421
  106. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 194ff
  107. ↑ John Lynch, San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero (2009)
  108. ↑ Rock 1987, p. 81.
  109. ↑ Rock 1987, pp. 82–83
  110. ↑ Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.
  111. ↑ Mercene, Manila men, p. 52
  112. ↑ Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano
  113. ↑ O'Donnell 1998
  114. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40
  115. ↑ Rock 1987, p. 92; Lewis 2003, p. 41.
  116. ↑ Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  117. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 185–252, vol. I.
  118. ↑ Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  119. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 41.
  120. ↑ "El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  121. ↑ Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener". 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  122. ↑ Plan del Inca". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2021
  123. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 45
  124. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 43
  125. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 46–47
  126. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 48–50
  127. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 363–541, vol. I
  128. ↑ Bolt & Van Zanden 2013
  129. ↑ Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1.
  130. ↑ Lewis 1990, pp. 18–30
  131. ↑ Mosk 1990, pp. 88–89
  132. ↑ Cruz 1990, p. 10
  133. ↑ Díaz Alejandro 1970, pp. 2–3
  134. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 567–625, vol. I.
  135. ↑ Lewis 1990, pp. 37–38.
  136. ↑ Douglas A. Richmond, "Julio Argentino Roca" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4 p. 583. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996
  137. ↑ Barros, Álvaro (1872). Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud (in Spanish). tipos á vapor. pp. 155–57.
  138. ↑ Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "Pulgas y garrapatas" (in Spanish). Página/12. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  139. ↑ Ras, Norberto (2006). La guerra por las vacas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Galerna. ISBN 978-987-05-0539-6.
  140. ↑ Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "VIII". Historia del Chaco (in Spanish). Editorial Plus Ultra. p. 105. ISBN 978-950-21-1256-5.
  141. ↑ Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). La colonización del Chaco (in Spanish). Centro Editor de América Latina. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-950-25-0123-9.
  142. ↑ Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación de Argentina. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  143. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 7–178, vol. II.
  144. ↑ Becoming a serious country". The Economist. London. 3 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.
  145. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 181–302, vol. II.
  146. ↑ Alexander, Robert Jackson. A History of Organized Labor in Argentina. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003.
  147. ↑ Barnes 1978, p. 3
  148. ↑ Barnes 1978, pp. 113ff.
  149. ↑ Chronology: Argentina's turbulent history of economic crises". Reuters. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  150. ↑ Rock, David (1993). Authoritarian Argentina. University of California Press.
  151. ↑ Clarín". Clarin.com. 2 August 2001. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&oldid=643921"