Iran tazama Jamhuriyar Musulumci acikin shekara ta 1979, bayan khomeini ya ƙwace mulki daga Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[3][4][5] shi'a ne mafi yawan aƙidun mutanan ƙasar.[6][7][8] Sedai akwai mabiya sunnah da wasu addinan kaman Kiristanci da zardtosht.[9][10][11]
A tarihi, ana kiran Iran da sunan "Fara" a yammacin duniya.[12][13][14] Hakazalika, ƙabilanci na zamani "Persian" an saba amfani da shi azaman aljani ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Iran, ba tare da la'akari da ko 'yan kabilar Farisa ne ko a'a ba.[15][16][17] Wannan kalma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1935, lokacin da, yayin taron kasa da kasa na Nowruz, Sarkin Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi a hukumance ya bukaci wakilan kasashen waje su fara amfani da kalmar "Iran" a cikin wasiku na yau da kullun.[18][19][20] Bayan haka, an daidaita "Iran" da "Iran" a matsayin sharuɗɗan da ke magana da ƙasa da 'yan ƙasa, bi da bi. Daga baya, a cikin 1959, ɗan Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ya sanar da cewa ya dace a yi amfani da duka "Fara" da "Iran" a cikin wasiƙu na yau da kullun.[21][22][23] Sai dai har yanzu batun yana ci gaba da muhawara a tsakanin Iraniyawa.[24][25][26] Malamai iri-iri daga tsakiyar zamanai, irin su Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, suma sun yi amfani da kalmomi kamar "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl.[27][28][29] "mai-yi da kansa, ba tare da annashuwa a kan wani abu ba") don nufin Iran: "Wacce ita ce cibiyar duniya,[30][31][32] kuma ita ce wadda muke kiranta a cikinta, kuma sarakunan Iran 2."[33][34][35]
Iran gida ce ga ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan wayewar duniya da ke ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tarihi da ƙauyuka tun daga 4000 BC.[36][37][38] Yankin yammacin tudun Iran ya shiga cikin tsohuwar Gabas ta gargajiya tare da Elam (3200-539 BC), sannan kuma tare da sauran mutane kamar Kassites, Mannaeans, da Gutians.[39][40][41]
Daular Mediya ta mallaki ƙasar Iran ta farko.[42][43][44] A shekara ta 612 BC, Cyaxares da Sarkin Babila Nabopolassar suka mamaye Assuriya suka lalata Nineba, babban birnin Assuriya, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular Assuriya.[45][46][47] Daga baya Mediya ta ci Urartu kuma ta narkar da shi.[48][49][50]
Achaemenids sun hada kan dukkan kabilun Farisa karkashin dan Cyrus I Cambyses I. A karkashin dan Cambyses I, Cyrus II, Achaemenids sun ci Mediya kuma suka kafa daular Achaemenid,[51][52][53] mafi girma a tarihin Iran.[54][55][56] Ya ci daulolin Lidiya da Neo-Babila, ya kafa daula da ta fi Assuriya girma.[57][58][59] Ya fi dacewa ta hanyar kyawawan manufofinsa, don daidaita talakawansa da mulkin Farisa; dadewar daularsa sakamako daya ne.[60][61][62] Sarkin Farisa, kamar Assuriya, shi ma "Sarkin Sarakuna", xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām - "babban sarki", Megas Basileus, kamar yadda Helenawa suka sani.[63][64][65] Ɗan Cyrus, Cambyses II (r. 530–522 BC), ya ci babban iko na ƙarshe na yankin, tsohuwar Masar, wanda ya haifar da rushewar Daular Ashirin da Shida ta Masar.[66][67][68]
Bayan mutuwar Cambyses II, Darius I (r. 522-486) ya hau karagar mulki ta hanyar hambarar da Sarkin Achaemenid Bardiya.[69][70][71] Babban birnin Darius na farko shine Susa, kuma ya fara aikin ginin a Persepolis.[72][73][74] Ya inganta tsarin hanya mai nisa, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa an fara ambatar hanyar Royal Road, babbar hanya daga Susa zuwa Sardis.[75][76][77][78]
A cikin 499 BC, Athens ta goyi bayan tawaye a Miletus, wanda ya haifar da korar Sardis.[79][80][81] Wannan ya haifar da yakin Greco-Persian, wanda ya dade a farkon rabin karni na 5 BC.[82][83][84] A cikin mamayewar Farisa ta farko a Girka, Janar Mardonius na Farisa ya sake sarautar Thrace kuma ya mai da Masedon cikakkiyar yanki na Farisa.[85][86][87] Daga karshe yakin ya rikide zuwa kashin kaji.[88][89][90] Magajin Darius Xerxes I (r. 486–465) ya ƙaddamar da mamayewar Farisa ta biyu a ƙasar Girka. A wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin yaƙin, Farisawa sun mamaye kusan rabin ƙasar Girka, gami da yankuna da ke arewacin Isthmus na Koranti.[91][92][93] Wannan nasara ta Girka ta juyo, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Plataea da Salamis, wanda Farisa ta rasa gindinta a Turai, ta kuma fice daga cikinta.[94][95][96]
Daular ta shiga wani lokaci na raguwa. Daga 334 BC zuwa 331 BC, Alexander the Great ya ci Darius III (r. 336–330 BC) a yakin Granicus, Issus da Gaugamela, da sauri ya ci Daular Achaemanid a shekara ta 331 BC.[97][98][99] Daular Alexander ta watse bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Janar na Alexander, Seleucus I Nicator, ya yi ƙoƙari ya mallaki Iran, Mesopotamiya, daga bisani Siriya da Anatoliya. Daularsa ita ce Daular Seleucid.[100][101]
Arsacids na Parthia,[102] da farko Seleucid vassals, [28] ya samo asali ne a matsayin shugabannin kabilar Iran[d] Parni a arewa maso gabas.[31] A hankali ‘yan Parthiyya suka kalubalanci mulkin Seleucid a kan Iran.[32] An tabbatar da ikon Parthia na Iran ta hanyar c. 142 BC cin nasara na Babila.[27][32] Ko da yake an ci gaba da gwabza fada, mutuwar Sidetes na Antiochus na VII a shekara ta 129 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa ya zama alamar rugujewar Daular Seleucid, [32] wanda daga nan ya dade a matsayin kasar Siriya har zuwa lokacin da Daular Rum ta ci nasara a cikin shekarun 60s BC.[27].
Daular Parthia ta jimre har tsawon ƙarni biyar, amma yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa sun dagula ta. Ƙarfin Parthia ya ƙafe lokacin da Ardashir I, mai mulkin Istakhr a Farisa, ya yi tawaye ga Arsacids kuma ya kashe sarkinsu na ƙarshe, Artabanus IV, a shekara ta 224 AD. Ardashir ya kafa daular Sasaniya, wacce ta mallaki Iran da kuma yawancin Gabas ta Gabas kafin yakin musulmi na karni na 7 miladiyya[33].
A matsayi nasu, Sasaniyawa sun mallaki dukkanin Iran da Iraki na wannan zamani da wasu sassa na Larabawa, da kuma Kaucasus, Levant, da sassan tsakiyar Asiya da Kudancin Asiya.[34] Daular Sasaniya tana da tsarin tsarin gwamnati mai sarkakiya da kuma farfado da Zoroastrianism a matsayin manufa mai halalta da hada kai[35]. Wannan lokacin ya ga ginin manyan abubuwan tarihi da yawa, ayyukan jama'a, da cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi da aka ba su tallafi. A karkashin Sasaniyawa, tasirin al'adun Iran ya bazu fiye da yankin zahiri wanda take sarrafawa, yana tasiri yankuna masu nisa kamar Yammacin Turai, [36] Gabashin Afirka, [37] da China da Indiya.[38]
Yawancin rayuwar Daular Sasaniya sun mamaye yaƙe-yaƙe na Byzantine-Sasania akai-akai, ci gaban yaƙe-yaƙe na Roman-Parthian. Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun raunana daular kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da Musulunci ya yi wa Farisa. Halifancin Rashidun ya ci daular Sasania tsakanin 632 zuwa 654.
Bayan lokaci, yawancin Iraniyawa sun musulunta. Yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi wayewar Farisa da suka gabata ba a yi watsi da su ba, sai dai an shagaltar da su da sabuwar siyasar Musulunci[39].
Mulkin Musulunci na farko da tsayin daka a yankin Iran
Bayan faduwar daular Sasaniya a shekara ta 651, larabawan daular Umayyawa sun rungumi al'adun Farisa da dama, musamman tsarin mulki da na kotu. Hakiman lardunan larabawa babu shakka ko dai Farisawan Farisa ne ko kuma Farisawa ne; Tabbas Farisa ya kasance harshen kasuwanci na mulkin halifanci har zuwa lokacin da harshen Larabci ya yi gaba da ƙarshen karni na bakwai[40].
Sai dai kuma har yanzu dukkanin kasar Iran ba ta karkashin ikon Larabawa ba ne, kuma yankin Daylam yana karkashin ikon 'yan Daylamites ne, yayin da Tabaristan ke karkashin ikon Dabuyid da Paduspanid, da kuma yankin tsaunin Damavand da ke karkashin Masmughan na Damavand. Larabawa sun mamaye wadannan yankuna sau da yawa amma ba su sami sakamako mai ma'ana ba saboda yanayin yankunan da ba su isa ba. Fitaccen sarkin Dabuyid, wanda aka fi sani da Farrukhan Babba (r.712–728) ya samu nasarar rike daularsa a tsawon tsayin daka da ya yi da Janar Yazid bin al-Muhallab na larabawa, wanda hadakar sojojin Daylamite–Dabuyid suka fatattaki shi, aka tilasta masa ja da baya daga Tabaristan[41].
74,000,000 mabiya aƙidar shi'a sune mafiya yawa aƙasar. Ahlus Sunna kuwa yawansu bai wuce adadin mutane 20,000,000 ko 25,000,000 daga ƙabiloli daban daban kamar turkumawa, kablwshawa, da kurdawa. yawan kurdawa zasu kai 10,000,000 zuwa 12,000,000 dukkanin su ƴan ahlus-sunnah ne.
Ranakin hutu:
Sallar cikar shekaran farisawa da ta kurdawa ranar 21, ga watan Maris wannan sallah ce mai muhimmanci garesu.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa kafin shekara ta 1000, makiyayan Farisa da ƙabilar Kurdawa sune mutanen farko waƴanda suka zauna a Iran, tun a shekara ta 500, kafin haifuwar Annabi Isah, Farisa ta kamu da yaƙin basasa da juyin juya hali na mulki a wannan shekara inda turawa suka mamaye ƙasar, suka sa hukunci me tsanani tun daga wannan lokacin ƙasar ta samu kanta a babbar matsala , a shekara ta 612, kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah, Ashurawa suka ƙwace mulkin kasar bayan sun ƙwace mulkin ƙasar.
Tsarin gwamnati da dokokin Iran tsarin musulunci ne na shi'a kuma suna bin dimokaraɗiyya suna zaɓin shugaba a kowace zagayowar shekaru hudu (4) shugaban Iran yana iya ya shiga zaɓe sau biyu kaɗai tsarin siyasar Iran tana kama da tsarin Amurka, Iran tana adawa da Amurka da Isra'ila sosai.
↑A. Fishman, Joshua (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN978-0-19-537492-6. " "Iran" and "Persia" are synonymous" The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages
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↑Fishman, Joshua A. (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0195374926. 'Iran' and 'Persia' are synonymous. The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages.
↑Yarshater, Ehsan (1989). "Communication". Iranian Studies. XXII (1): 62–65. doi:10.1080/00210868908701726. JSTOR 4310640. Reprinted online as "Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi" (Archived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine).
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↑Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith. p. 150. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2025. Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.
↑Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa". Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
↑GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2025
↑Lapping, Brian (1985). End of empire. Internet Archive. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25071-3.
↑CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
↑Okazaki, Shoko (1 January 1986). "The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 49 (1): 183–192. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00042609. JSTOR 617680. S2CID 155516933.
↑Michael P. Zirinsky; "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926", International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (1992), 639–663, Cambridge University Press
↑Reza Shah Pahlevi". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2007 [2001]. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
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Ranar Sojojin Jumhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran 2019
An kallo waje daga cikin kogon Ayyoob dake a saman tsaunin Ayyoob, Shahr-e Babak, Kerman, Iran
Masallaci a Kasar Iran
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Tsohon gari
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tsuburin iran
Tehran a wani lokaci
Masallacin Iran na wannan karnin
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Wata Yarinya dake cikin ƙasar Iran a lokacin bikin al'ada na yaran Kurdish, tana sanye da kaya irin na al'ada
