Wikipedia

Yankin Saharar Afirka

Afirka ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da yankuna na nahiyar Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara. Wadannan sun hada da Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Gabas, Kudancin Afirka da Yammacin Afirka. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, WHO, Bankin Duniya, da sauransu.Rashin bayani Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan kasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna.

Haɗe kore: Ma'anar "Afirka ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Light green: Sudan, an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Arewacin Afirka ta Sashen Kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin Afirka, kodayake kungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da kididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".[1]
Red: Jihohin Larabawa a Afirka (Liga ta Larabawa da UNESCO)
Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na Afirka: Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta ƙunshi Sahel da Horn na Afirka a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial Afirka, da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin Afirka. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da fadada Bantu

Kalmar tana aiki azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin Afirka, wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau Gabas ta Tsakiya –Arewacin Afirka) a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin Afirka su ma membobi ne na kungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, da Somalia (da kuma wani lokacin Sudan ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na Afirka, ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan.

Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar Afirka sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a Sudan, kodayake Sudd da kogin kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar Afirka don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na Afirka suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tabkuna da karin koguna suka wanzu.

Nomenclature

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Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932)

Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.[2]

Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gabaɗaya bilâd as-sûdân ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.[3] Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine Zanj ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.[3]

Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da Eritrea na zamani shine Al-Habash ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin Habesha.[4][5] A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko Bilad al-Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), wanda ke zaune da Baribah na Gabas ko Barbaroi, kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.[6][7][8]

A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku na kakanninmu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu.

Yankunan yanayi da yankuna

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Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.

Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. Afirka ta Kudu da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.[9][10][11]

  • Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na Sahel a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da Mauritania, Mali, Nijar, Chadi da Sudan. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi.
  • Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial.
  • Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha.
  • Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka.
  • A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya.
  • Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.
  • Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga Angola zuwa Mozambique da Tanzania.
  • Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada.
  • Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands.

Tarihi

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Tarihi na farko

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Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge

Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.[12]

Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu.

Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri.

Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin.

A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya.

Yawan jama'a

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Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006
 
Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara

Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.[13] tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km2.

Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare.

Ƙasa Yawan mutanen Faɗin ƙasa Ilimi[14] GDP per Capita (PPP)[15] Trans Archived 12 ga Janairu, 2019 at the Wayback Machine (Rank/Score)[16] Life (Exp.)[14] HDI EODBR/SAB[17] PFI (RANK/MARK)
Angola 18,498,000 1,246,700 82.9%/54.2% 6,800 168/2 42.4 0.486 172/171 132/58,43
Burundi 8,988,091 27,830 67.3%/52.2% 700 168/1.8 49 0.316 176/130 103/29,00
Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango 68,692,542 2,345,410 80.9%/54.1% 800 162/11.9 46.1 0.286 182/152 146/53,50
Kamaru 18,879,301 475,440 77%/59.8% 3,700 146/2.2 50.3 0.482 171/174 109/30,50
Afirka ta Tsakiya 4,511,488 622,984 64.8%/33.5% 700 158/2.8 44.4 0.343 183/159 80/17,75
Cadi 10,329,208 1,284,000 40.8%/12.8% 2,300 175/1.6 50.6 0.328 178/182 132/44,50
Jamhuriyar Kwango 3,700,000 342,000 90.5%/ 79.0% 800 162/1.9 54.8 0.533 N/A 116/34,25
Gini Ikwatoriya 1,110,000 28,051 93.4%/80.3% 37,400 168/1.8 51.1 0.537 170/178 158/65,50
Gabon 1,514,993 267,667 88.5%/79.7% 18,100 106/2.9 56.7 0.674 158/152 129/43,50
Kenya 39,002,772 582,650 77.7%/70.2 3,500 146/2.2 57.8 0.519 95/124 96/25,00
Najeriya 174,507,539 923,768 84.4%/72.7%[18] 5,900 136/2.7 57 0.504 131/120 112/34.24
Ruwanda 10,473,282 26,338 71.4%/59.8% 2,100 89/3.3 46.8 0.429 67/11 157/64,67
Sao Tome da Prinsipe 212,679 1,001 92.2%/77.9% 3,200 111/2.8 65.2 0.509 180/140 NA
Tanzaniya 44,928,923 945,087 77.5%/62.2% 3,200 126/2.6 51.9 0.466 131/120 NA/15,50
Uganda 32,369,558 236,040 76.8%/57.7 2,400 130/2.5 50.7 0.446 112/129 86/21,50
Sudan 31,894,000 1,886,068 79.6%/60.8% 4,300 176/1.5 62.57[19] 0.408 154/118 148/54,00
Sudan ta Kudu 8,260,490 619,745 1,600
Jibuti (ƙasa) 516,055 23,000 N/A 3,600 111/2.8 54.5 0.430 163/177 110/31,00
Eritrea 5,647,168 121,320 N/A 1,600 126/2.6 57.3 0.349 175/181 175/115,50
Ethiopia 85,237,338 1,127,127 50%/28.8% 2,200 120/2.7 52.5 0.363 107/93 140/49,00
Somaliya 9,832,017 637,657 N/A N/A 180/1.1 47.7 N/A N/A 164/77,50
Botswana 1,990,876 600,370 80.4%/81.8% 17,000 37/5.6 49.8 0.633 45/83 62/15,50
Komoros 752,438 2,170 N/A 1,600 143/2.3 63.2 0.433 162/168 82/19,00
Lesotho 2,130,819 30,355 73.7%/90.3% 3,300 89/3.3 42.9 0.450 130/131 99/27,50
Madagaskar 19,625,000 587,041 76.5%/65.3% 1,600 99/3.0 59 0.480 134/12 134/45,83
Malawi 14,268,711 118,480 N/A 1,200 89/3.3 47.6 0.400 132/128 62/15,50
Mauritius 1,284,264 2,040 88.2%/80.5% 22,300 42/5.4 73.2 0.728 17/10 51/14,00
Mozambique 21,669,278 801,590 N/A 1,300 130/2.5 42.5 0.322 135/96 82/19,00
Namibiya 2,108,665 825,418 86.8%/83.6% 11,200 56/4.5 52.5 0.625 66/123 35/9,00
Seychelles 87,476 455 91.4%/92.3% 29,300 54/4.8 72.2 0.773 111/81 72/16,00
Afirka ta Kudu 59,899,991 1,219,912 N/A 13,600 55/4.7 50.7 0.619 34/67 33/8,50
Eswatini 1,123,913 17,363 80.9%/78.3% 11,089 79/3.6 40.8 0.608 115/158 144/52,50
Zambia 11,862,740 752,614 N/A 4,000 99/3.0 41.7 0.430 90/94 97/26,75
Zimbabwe 11,392,629 390,580 92.7%/86.2% 2,300 146/2.2 42.7 0.376 159/155 136/46,50
Benin 8,791,832 112,620 47.9%/42.3% 2,300 106/2.9 56.2 0.427 172/155 97/26,75
Mali 12,666,987 1,240,000 32.7%/15.9% 2,200 111/2.8 53.8 0.359 156/139 38/8,00
Burkina Faso 15,730,977 274,200 25.3% 1,900 79/3.6 51 0.331 150/116 N/A
Cape Verde 499,000 322,462 7,000
Ivory Coast 20,617,068 322,463 3,900
Gambiya 1,782,893 11,295 2,600
Ghana 24,200,000 238,535 4,700
Gine 10,057,975 245,857 2,200
Guinea-Bissau 1,647,000 36,125 1,900
Liberia 4,128,572 111,369 1,300
Mauritaniya 3,359,185 1,030,700 4,500
Nijar 17,129,076 1,267,000 1,200
Senegal 12,855,153 196,712 3,500
Sierra Leone 6,190,280 71,740 1,600
Togo 7,154,237 56,785 1,700

Harshe da ƙabilu

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Yarbawa Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)
 
A San albumar Khoisan
 
Maasai mata da yaran Masai
 
matan Saho
 
Boer

Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da Bantu, Hausa, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Fulatanci, yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, Zulu, da Amharic. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara.

Tattalin arziƙi

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Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.[20]

Ilimi

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Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi:

  • Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018.
  • Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara.
  • Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga.
  • Fadada ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi.

Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.[21][22][23]

Al'adu

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Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.[24]

  • Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.
     
    wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba
  • Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku.
  • Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban.
  • Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman.
  • Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin.
  • Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban.
  • Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama.
  • Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.

Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban.

Yawon buɗe ido

gyara sashe

An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.[25] Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.[26]

Ƙungiyoyin Yanki

gyara sashe

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."
  2. ↑ Raunig, Walter (2005). Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. ISBN 3-447-05175-2. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.
  4. ↑ Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.
  5. ↑ Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.
  6. ↑ F.R.C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires, (Brill: 1997), p. 174
  7. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Zamani: A Survey of East African History, (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104
  8. ↑ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490
  9. ↑ Schlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
  10. ↑ Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
  11. ↑ Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.; Timmermann, Axel; Rightmire, G. Philip; d’Errico, Francesco (1 August 2018). "Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (in Turanci). 33 (8): 582–594. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005. ISSN 0169-5347. PMC 6092560. PMID 30007846.
  12. ↑ Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 2, 08033994793.ABA.
  13. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division". Esa.un.org. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 (2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, 08033994793.ABA.
  15. ↑ "Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  16. ↑ "Research – CPI – Overview". Transparency.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  17. ↑ "Business Enabling Environment". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  18. ↑ "National Literacy Survey". National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  19. ↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  20. ↑ Pugliese, Jessica (2 January 2014). "Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa". brookings.edu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  21. ↑ Gabara, Nthambeleni (12 November 2009). "Developed nations should invest in African universities". buanews.gov.za. BuaNews Online. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Firsing, Scott (18 January 2016). "How severe is Africa's Brain Drain?". London School of Economics Blogs. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  23. ↑ Ngwé, Luc (24 January 2018). "African brain drain: is there an alternative?". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  24. ↑ Richmond, Yale; Gestrin, Phyllis (2009). Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity. Boston: Intercultural Press. ISBN 978-1-931930-91-8. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  25. ↑ "Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods" (PDF). Worldbank.org. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  26. ↑ "South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government". BBC. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
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