Zanen dutsen da aka zana yana nuna garken rakuma, dawa, da sauran dabbobi a kudancin Sahara da Nijar
’Yan Adam sun rayu a yankin da ake kira Nijar a yanzu tun da farko. An gano gawar Australopithecus bahrelghazali mai shekaru 2 zuwa 3.5 a makwabciyar kasar Chadi . Masana tarihi a Nijar na da aiki da yawa a gabansu, ba tare da sanin tarihin al'ummomin da ke zaune a kudancin kasar ba, gidan mafi yawan 'yan Nijar na zamani.[1] Hamada da tsaunukan arewa, duk da haka, sun ba da hankali ga tsoffin garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su da kuma zane-zanen dutsen da aka riga aka samu a tsaunin Aïr da hamadar Ténéré .
Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 60,000 da suka shige, ’yan Adam sun zauna a hamadar Sahara ta arewacin Nijar tun daga lokacin. Daga baya, a kan kasa mai albarka a lokacin, daga akalla 7,000 KZ an yi kiwo, kiwo da tumaki da awaki, manyan kauyuka da tukwane. An gabatar da shanu zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya ( Ahaggar ) daga 4,000 zuwa 3,500 KZ. Hotunan dutse masu ban sha'awa, da yawa da aka samu a tsaunin Aïr, kwanan wata 3,500 zuwa 2,500 KZ, suna nuna ciyayi da kasancewar dabbobi fiye da yadda ake tsammani na zamani.[2]
Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa yankin da a yanzu ke sahara na arewa maso gabashin Nijar ya kasance gida ne ga al'ummomin zamanin Holocene . Wani rukunin yanar gizo na Saharan ya kwatanta yadda mafarauta-masu kamun kifi suka zauna a gefen tafkuna masu zurfi a kusa da 7700-6200 KZ, amma sun bace a lokacin matsanancin fari wanda wata kila ya dade har tsawon shekaru sama da 6200-5200 KZ. Wasu tsoffin kauyuka na arewa da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun kasance tun daga zamanin Green Sahara na 7500-7000 zuwa 3500-3000 BCE.[3] Lokacin da yanayin ya koma ciyayi na savanna—wanda ya fi yanayin yau—kuma tafkuna sun sake bayyana a cikin hamadar Ténére ta zamani, yawan jama’a da ke yin farauta, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Wannan yawan jama'a na karshe ya rayu har zuwa kusan lokutan tarihi, daga 5200-2500 BCE, lokacin da lokacin bushewar yanzu ya fara.[4]
Kamar yadda Sahara ta bushe bayan 2000 KZ, arewacin Nijar ya zama hamada a yau, tare da matsuguni da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke manne da iska a arewa, da Kaouar da gabar tafkin Chadi a yamma, da (ban da tarwatsawa. oases) galibin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin da a yanzu ke kan iyakar kudu da Najeriya da kuma kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.
Arewacin Afirka yana jin dadin yanayi mai kyau a lokacin da ake fama da talauci; Abin da ake kira Sahara a yanzu yana tallafawa nau'in halittu na savanna, tare da giwaye, rakuman ruwa, da sauran dabbobin ciyawa da na daji a yanzu suna kama da yankin Sahel da ke kudu da hamada. Masanin tarihi kuma dan Afirka Roland Oliver ya bayyana lamarin kamar haka.
[A] tsaunuka na tsakiyar Sahara bayan hamadar Libya ,... a cikin babban dimbin yawa na Tibesti da Hoggar, tsaunin tsaunuka, a yau babu dutse, an rufe su a wannan lokacin da gandun daji na itacen oak da goro, lemun tsami, alder . da elm . Kananan gangaren, tare da wadanda ke goyon bayan bastions - Tassili da Acacus zuwa arewa, Ennedi da Air zuwa kudu - dauke da zaitun, juniper da Aleppo Pine . A cikin kwaruruka, koguna masu gudana na shekara-shekara suna cike da kifaye kuma suna iyaka da ciyayi masu dauke da iri.[5]
Wani bincike da UNESCO ta buga a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa karfe a Termit, a gabashin Nijar na iya farawa tun daga 1500 BC.[6] Wannan binciken, wanda zai kasance da matukar muhimmanci ga tarihin Nijar da kuma tarihin yaduwar fasahar sarrafa karafa a duk yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, har yanzu yana da cece-kuce.[1] Tsofaffin karatun da aka yarda da su sun sanya yaduwar fasahar tagulla da karfe har zuwa yau daga farkon ƙarni na farko AZ: Shekaru 1500 bayan Termit Massif ya gano.[7]
Rugujewar kasuwancin tekun Djado a arewa maso gabashin Nijar
Akalla a karni na 5 KZ, Carthage da Masar sun zama matattarar zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi na cinikin gishiri, tufa, beads, da kayayyakin karfe na Yammacin Afirka. Da wannan fatauci, Nijar ta kasance a kan hanya tsakanin daulolin Sahel da dauloli na tekun Bahar Rum .
Kasuwanci ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin Romawa . Kodayake akwai nassoshi na gargajiya game da tafiya kai tsaye daga Bahar Rum zuwa Afirka ta Yamma (Daniels, p. 22f), galibin wannan ciniki an gudanar da su ta hanyar ƴan tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ke zaune a yankin don haka suna sane da amintattun hanyoyin shiga wuraren bushewa.[8]
Binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan a Bura (a kudu maso yammacin Nijar) da kuma kusa da kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso sun tabbatar da wanzuwar al'adun Bura na zamani tun daga karni na 3 AZ zuwa karni na 13 AD. Tsarin matsugunan Bura-Asinda da alama ya mamaye kwarin Neja na kasa. Amma ana bukatar karin bincike don fahimtar rawar da wannan wayewar ta farko ta taka a dadadden tarihi da na tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma .
Herodotus ya rubuta game da Garamantes da suke farautar Habasha Troglodytes da karusansu; wannan asusun yana da alaƙa da hotunan dawakai suna zana karusai a cikin fasahar kogo na zamani a kudancin Maroko da Fezzan, wanda ya ba da asali ga ƙa'idar cewa Garamantes, ko wasu mutanen Saran, sun ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙaruwar don samar da Roma da Carthage tare da zinariya da hauren giwa. Sai dai an ce ba a samu ƙwarangwal ɗin dawaki ba tun daga farkon wannan yankin, kuma da a ce dawa karusan motocin da ba za su iya yin ciniki ba saboda ƙarancin ƙarfinsu.[9]
Bayanan farko na raƙuma na gida a yankin sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 3. Mutanen Berber sun yi amfani da su, sun ba da damar yin hulɗa akai-akai a duk faɗin Sahara, amma hanyoyin kasuwanci na yau da kullun ba su ci gaba ba har sai farkon musulunta na yammacin Afirka a ƙarni na 7 da 8.[9] Manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu sun haɓaka. Na farko ya bi ta hamada ta yamma daga Maroko na zamani zuwa Niger Bend, na biyu daga Tunisiya ta zamani zuwa yankin tafkin Chadi . Waɗannan shimfiɗawa sun kasance gajeru kuma suna da mahimmancin hanyar sadarwa na oases na lokaci-lokaci waɗanda suka kafa hanyar tuƙi a matsayin wanda ba shi da ƙarfi kamar fil a taswira. Gabashin Fezzan tare da hanyar kasuwancinsa ta kwarin Kaouar zuwa tafkin Chadi, Libya ba za ta iya wucewa ba saboda rashin tudun ruwa da iska mai zafi.[10] An yi watsi da hanyar da ta tashi daga Niger Bend zuwa Masar a ƙarni na 10 saboda hatsarori.
An kafa Masarautar Agadez a shekara ta 1449 kuma ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci da addini na yankin. Daga baya daular Songhai ta mamaye ta a shekara ta 1500.[11]
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara sun taimaka wajen yaɗa addinin musulunci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu. A cikin ƙarni na 17, yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani da fari sun haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin arewacin Nijar.[11]
Nijar ta kasance muhimmiyar mashigar tattalin arziƙi, kuma daulolin Songhai, Mali, Gao, da Kanem-Bornu, da kuma wasu jihohin Hausa, sun yi iƙirarin iko da wani yanki na yankin. A cikin ƙarnukan baya-bayan nan, Tuareg ƴan ƙabilar makiyaya sun kafa manyan ƙungiyoyin tarayya, suka yunƙura zuwa kudu, suka yi wa jihohin Hausa daban-daban, suka yi taho-mu-gama da Daular Fulani ta Sakkwato, wadda ta mamaye yawancin ƙasar Hausa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Daga ƙarshe ya zama yankin da ake kira daular Bornu, wanda ya ƙare a 1893.[12][ana buƙatar hujja]
Daular Usmaniyya ta yi iƙirarin mulkin mallaka na yankin Agadez ; ya zama wuri mafi nisa na daular a Afirka kuma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mallaka har zuwa mamayewar Faransa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.[11]
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yammacin Afirka, c. 1918
A ƙarni na 19, an fara tuntuɓar Turai sa’ad da masu binciken Turai na farko—musamman Mungo Park (British) da Heinrich Barth (Jamus) suka bincika wurin neman bakin kogin Neja . Ko da yake an fara yunƙurin wanzar da zaman lafiya a ƙasar Faransa kafin shekara ta 1900, amma ba a fatattaki ƙabilun da ba su da tushe, musamman Abzinawa hamada, sai a shekara ta 1922, lokacin da Nijar ta zama ƙasar Faransa.[13][ana buƙatar hujja]
Tarihin mulkin mallaka da ci gaban Nijar ya yi daidai da na sauran yankunan Faransa na yammacin Afirka . Faransa ta yi mulkin mallaka a yammacin Afirka ta hannun wani gwamna a Dakar, Senegal, da gwamnoni a kowane yanki, ciki har da Nijar. Baya ga bayar da iyakacin izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ga mazauna yankunan, kundin tsarin mulkin Faransa na shekara ta 1946 ya tanadi raba madafun iko da iyakacin shiga harkokin siyasa ga majalisun ba da shawara na cikin gida.[14][ana buƙatar hujja]
An sake yin bita a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen ketare tare da zartar da dokar sake fasalin ƙasashen waje ( Loi Cadre ) na 23 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1956, sannan kuma matakan sake tsarawa da Majalisar Faransa ta kafa a farkon shekara ta 1957. Baya ga kawar da rashin daidaiton kaɗa ƙuri'a, Waɗannan dokokin sun tanadi samar da sassan gwamnati, tare da tabbatar wa yankuna wani ma'auni na cin gashin kansu kan al'amuran cikin gida kamar ilimi, lafiya, da ababen more rayuwa.
Bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar Faransa ta biyar a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban, shekarar 1958, an bai wa yankunan Faransa ta Yamma da Afirka ta Equatorial Afirka 'yancin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan zama membobin su a cikin Al'ummar Faransa, wani tsari na Tarayyar Faransa wanda ya ba da damar wasu iyaka. mulkin kai kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin hanyar samun 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe.
Zaɓen da za a yi ranar 4 ga Disamba (kan ko za a ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'ummar Faransa, ba da jimawa ba na 'yan majalisar dokokin Jamhuriyar Nijar) sun fafata da ɓangarori biyu na siyasa na majalisar yankin. Jam'iyyar Neja Progressive Party (PPN), wadda asalinta reshe ne na African Democratic Rally (RDA), ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta UCFA kuma shugaban PPN kuma mataimakin kakakin majalisar Hamani Diori . Ɗaya bangaren kuma shi ne jagoran masu rinjaye na majalisar, Djibo Bakary . Shi kuwa Movement Socialist Africain (wanda aka sani da sunan Sawaba – ƴancin kai a cikin harshen Hausa ) ya yi kira da a kaɗa ƙuri’a: ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsare guda biyu a Faransa ta Yamma don yin hakan.
Duk da yake akwai tambayoyi game da tasirin Faransa a cikin jefa ƙuri'a. An tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen biyu a ranar 16 ga watan. Jam'iyyar PPN ta jagoranci UCFA (e 358,000) ta doke Sawaba (babu 98,000), inda ta samu kujeru 54 zuwa 4 a majalisar wakilai 60. A ranar 18 ga wata ne Nijar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a cikin al'ummar Faransa kuma majalisar yankin ta zama majalisar wakilai. Ana bikin wannan rana (18 Disamba 1958) a matsayin ranar jamhuriya, ranar hutun ƙasar Nijar, kuma ana la'akari da ranar kafuwar ƙasa. A cikin Maris 1959 wannan ya zama Majalisar Dokoki.
A shekarar 1958 Diori ya zama shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi, sannan ya zama firaministan Nijar a shekarar 1959. Bayan da aka shirya gamayyar haɗakar shugabannin Hausawa, Fula, da Djerma, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da sarakuna da shugabannin gargajiya, domin nuna goyon bayansu ga ƙuri'ar "Eh" ta Nijar a zaɓen raba gardama na 1959, Diori ya samu tagomashi a Faransa. A lokacin 1959-1960, gwamnatin Faransa ta haramtawa duk jam'iyyun siyasa ban da PPN, wanda hakan ya sa Nijar ta zama ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya . Shugabannin Sawaba sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira, kuma aka naɗe jam'iyyun UCFA cikin PPN.
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1960 Faransa ta amince Nijar ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai. Jamhuriya ta biyar ta Faransa ta zartar da bita ga Al'ummar Faransa da ke ba da izinin zama membobin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli ne majalisar dokokin Nijar ta zama majalisar dokokin Nijar. An ayyana ‘yancin kai a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1960 a karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Diori. Bayan haka, a watan Nuwamba 1960 Majalisar Dokoki ta zaɓi Diori a matsayin sabon shugaban Nijar. A lokacin shugabancinsa, gwamnatin Diori ta fi son kiyaye tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma ci gaba da kulla dangantakar tattalin arziƙi da Faransa. An sake zaɓe shi ba tare da hamayya ba a shekara ta 1965 da 1970.
Diori ya samu karramawa a duniya baki ɗaya a matsayinsa na mai magana da yawun al'amuran Afirka kuma a matsayinsa na mai yin sulhu a rikicin da ya shafi sauran ƙasashen Afirka. A cikin gida kuwa, gwamnatinsa na cike da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma gwamnati ta kasa aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da ake buƙata ko kuma rage yawan yunwar da fari na Sahel ya haifar a farkon shekarun 1970. Ana ƙara sukar shi a gida saboda sakacinsa a cikin lamuran cikin gida, Diori ya yi juyin mulki a 1963 kuma ya tsira daga kisan gilla a 1965. Da yake fuskantar yunƙurin juyin mulkin soji da kuma hare-haren 'yan Sawaba, ya yi amfani da masu ba da shawara da sojojin Faransa don magance barazanar mulkinsa, duk da zanga-zangar ɗalibai da ƙungiyoyin jama'a na nuna adawa da abin da suka ɗauka na Faransanci necolonialism . Sai dai alaƙarsa da Faransa ta yi tsami a lokacin da gwamnatinsa ta nuna rashin gamsuwa da matakin zuba jari a fannin samar da sinadarin Uranium a lokacin da shugaban Faransa Georges Pompidou ya ziyarci Nijar a shekarar 1972.
Jam'iyyar PPN ta yi aiki a matsayin wani dandali na wasu 'yan siyasa na 'yan siyasa da suka taru a kusa da Diori da masu ba shi shawara Boubou Hama da Diamballa Maiga, wadanda ba su canza ba daga zabensu na farko a 1956. A shekara ta 1974 jam'iyyar ba ta gudanar da taro ba tun 1959 (wanda aka shirya a ƙarshen 1974 a lokacin yunwar da ta haifar da rikicin siyasa, amma ba a gudanar da shi ba). Jerin sunayen zaɓukan PPN na ƙunshe da sarakunan gargajiya daga manyan ƙabilun ƙasar waɗanda bayan zaɓen majalisar wakilai, an ba su ikon biki kawai. Rikicin ƙabilanci ma, ya tashi a lokacin mulkin Diori. Ɓangaren siyasa da majalisar ministocin da suka biyo baya sun kasance kusan na ƙabilun Djerma, Songhai da Maouri daga yammacin ƙasar, ƙabila ɗaya da Faransawa suka dogara da ita lokacin mulkin mallaka. Babu wata ƙungiyar Siyasa da ta taɓa ƙunshe da ɗan ƙabilar Hausa ko Fulani, duk da cewa Hausawa ne na yawan jama’a, wanda ya zama sama da kashi 40% na ‘yan Nijar.
Rikicin jama'a ya biyo bayan zargin cewa wasu ministocin gwamnati na karkatar da hannun jarin tallafin abinci tare da zargin Diori da ƙara ƙarfin mulki. Diori ya iyakance naɗin majalisar ministoci ga Djerma, dangi, da abokai na kurkusa. Bugu da ƙari, ya samu sabbin madafun iko ta hanyar ayyana kansa a matsayin ministan harkokin waje da tsaro.
A ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1974, Laftanar Kanar Seyni Kountché ya jagoranci juyin mulkin soja wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Diori. An tsare Diori har zuwa 1980 kuma ya kasance a tsare a gida . Gwamnatin da ta biyo baya, yayin da take fama da yunƙurin juyin mulkin da kanta, ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa shekarar 1993. Yayin da ake samun wadatar zuci, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta wancan lokacin ta ba da damar 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma ɗauri da kisa ba gaira ba dalili. An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1993 (shekaru 33 bayan samun ‘yancin kai), kuma zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na farko ya faru ne a shekarar 2007.
Bayan mutuwar Kountché a cikin 1987, Shugaban Ma’aikatansa kuma ɗan uwansa, Col. Ali Saibu . Saibou ya 'yantar da wasu dokoki da manufofin Nijar, tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Ya saki fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da Diori da tsohon ɗan siyasarsa Djibo Bakary . Sai dai ƙoƙarin da shugaba Saibou ya yi na shawo kan sauye-sauyen siyasa ya ci tura ta fuskar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da ɗalibai na kafa tsarin dimokuradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa. Gwamnatin Saibou ta amince da waɗannan buƙatun a ƙarshen 1990. Sabbin jam’iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin jama’a sun kunno kai, aka kuma kira taron ƙasa a watan Yulin 1991 don shirya yadda za a amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma gudanar da zaɓe na gaskiya da adalci. Muhawarar ta kasance mai yawan cece-kuce da zargi, amma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa. André Salifou, taron ya samar da yarjejeniya kan tsarin gwamnatin riƙon kwarya.
An kafa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya a watan Nuwamba 1991 don gudanar da harkokin ƙasa har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa cibiyoyin jamhuriya ta uku a watan Afrilun 1993. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya taɓarɓare a tsawon lokacin miƙa mulki, wasu nasarorin sun fito fili, ciki har da nasarar gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki; amincewa da muhimman dokoki kamar dokokin zaɓe da na karkara; da kuma gudanar da zaɓuka masu ‘yanci da gaskiya da kuma rashin tashin hankali a duk faɗin ƙasar. 'Yancin 'yan jarida ya bunƙasa tare da fitowar sabbin jaridu masu zaman kansu. A cikin 1993, Mahamane Ousmane, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democratic and Social Convention (CDS), ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa tare da goyon bayan ƙawance jam'iyyun. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin ɓangarorin ta ruguje ne a shekarar 1994 wanda ya kai ga gurgunta gwamnati saboda CDS da kanta ba ta da rinjaye a majalisar. Ousmane ya rusa majalisar tare da kiran sabon zaben ‘yan majalisar dokoki, amma jam’iyyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) ta lashe kujeru mafi girma, don haka Ousmane ya tilastawa ya nada Hama Amadou na MNSD a matsayin firaminista. Sai firaministan ya shirya wani harin ba- zata .
Tun a shekarar 1990, ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa da Toubou da ke jagorantar Tawayen Abzinawa suna iƙirarin cewa ba su da kulawa da wadata daga gwamnatin tsakiya. Yayin da aka fara aiwatar da shirin a 1991, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Afrilun 1995 tare da Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Gwamnati ta amince da shigar da wasu tsoffin 'yan tawaye a cikin soja, tare da taimakon Faransa, taimaka wa wasu su koma rayuwar farar hula.
Guguwar gwamnati tsakanin Shugaban ƙasa da Firimiya da ba su yarda ba ya baiwa Col. Ibrahim Baré Mainassara shine dalilin hamɓarar da jamhuriya ta uku tare da hamɓarar da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Nijar na farko ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya, a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1996. Yayin da yake jagorantar hukumar soji da ke tafiyar da gwamnati (Conseil de Salut National) a lokacin miƙa mulki na watanni shida, Baré ya sanya ƙwararrun ƙwararru don tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Jamhuriya ta huɗu da aka sanar a watan Mayu 1996.
Baré ya shirya zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Yuni 1996. Ya fafata da wasu ‘yan takara huɗu ciki har da Ousmane. Kafin a kammala kaɗa ƙuri'a, Baré ya rusa kwamitin zaɓen ƙasar ya naɗa wani wanda ya sanar da shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen da sama da kashi 50% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A lokacin da ƙoƙarin da ya yi na tabbatar da juyin mulkin da ya yi da kuma zaɓen da ya biyo baya ya kasa shawo kan masu hannu da shuni su maido da taimakon tattalin arziƙi na ɓangarori daban-daban da na ƙasashen biyu, Bare mai tsananin son rai ya yi biris da takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa da Libya ta ƙaƙaba mata na neman kuɗaɗe don tattalin arziƙin Nijar. A ci gaba da take haƙƙin jama'a da gwamnati ta yi, an ɗaure shugabannin adawa; 'yan jarida sukan kama, duka, da korarsu daga wani jami'in tsaro da ba na hukuma ba wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan sanda da sojoji; sannan an wawashe ofisoshin yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu tare da ƙona su ba tare da hukunta su ba.
A cikin Afrilu 1999, an kashe Baré a juyin mulkin da Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wanda ya kafa kwamitin sulhu na rikon ƙwarya na ƙasa don sa ido kan rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta biyar mai tsarin shugaban ƙasa na Faransa. A ƙuri'un da masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa suka gano cewa suna da 'yanci da adalci, al'ummar Nijar sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a watan Yulin 1999 tare da gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisa da na shugaban ƙasa a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 1999. Da yake jagorantar ƙawancen MNSD/CDS, Tandja Mamadou ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Majalisar ta koma mulkin farar hula a watan Disambar 1999.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2004, Nijar ta gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a duk faɗin ƙasar a wani ɓangare na shirin raba madafun iko. An zaɓi wasu mutane 3,700 a sabbin ƙananan hukumomi 265 da aka kafa. Jam'iyyar MNSD mai mulki ta sami muƙamai fiye da kowace jam'iyyar siyasa; sai dai jam'iyyun adawa sun samu gagarumar nasara.
A watan Nuwamba da Disamba 2004, Nijar ta gudanar da zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa. An zaɓi Mamadou Tandja a wa'adin shugabancinsa na shekaru biyar na biyu da kashi 65% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a zaɓen da masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa suka kira na gaskiya da adalci. Wannan shi ne zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na farko tare da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa bisa tafarkin dimokuraɗiyya, kuma ya zama zakaran gwajin dafi ga matasan jamhuriyar Nijar.
A zaɓukan ‘yan majalisar dokoki na 2004, MNSD, CDS, Rally for Social Democracy (RSD), Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP) na Nijar, da Social Party for Niger Democracy Jam'iyyar (PSDN) wacce ke marawa Tandja baya, ta samu kujeru 88 daga cikin 113 na majalisar dokokin ƙasar.
Rikicin Abzinawa na biyu a Nijar ya fara ne a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da wata ƙungiya da ba a san ta ba, Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice (MNJ) ta ɓulla. Ƙungiyar Abzinawa mafi rinjaye ta fitar da buƙatu da dama, waɗanda suka shafi ci gaban arewa. Ta kai hari kan sojoji da sauran wurare tare da binne nakiyoyi a arewacin ƙasar. Rashin tsaro da ya haifar ya durƙusar da masana'antaryawon buɗe ido ta Nijar tare da hana saka hannun jari a harkar haƙar ma'adinai da mai. Aljeriya ta taimaka wajen tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Mali a watan Agustan 2008, wadda wani ɓangare na 'yan tawaye ya karya a watan Disamba, wanda sojojin Mali suka murƙushe tare da wasu 'yan tawaye da suka sauya sheƙa zuwa gwamnati. Nijar ta fuskanci ƙazamin faɗa da katsewar samar da sinadarin Uranium a arewaci mai tsaunuka, kafin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Libya ta goyi bayan, tare da taimakon wani ɓangare na 'yan tawaye, ya kawo tsagaita buɗe wuta da yin afuwa a cikin watan Mayun 2009.
A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2009, shugaba Tandja ya rusa majalisar dokokin ƙasar bayan da kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta yanke hukuncin ƙin amincewa da shirin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan ko za a ba shi damar wa'adi na uku. Bisa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, an zaɓi sabuwar majalisar dokoki cikin watanni uku. Hakan dai ya taɓo gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin Tandja, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin tsawaita wa'adinsa mai iyaka har zuwa shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar kafa jamhuriya ta shida, da kuma 'yan adawar da suka buƙaci ya sauka daga mulki a ƙarshen wa'adinsa na biyu a watan Disambar 2009. Dubi rikicin tsarin mulkin Nijar na 2009 . Sojoji sun mamaye ƙasar kuma an tsare shugaba Tandja a gidan yari, bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa.
Sojojin sun cika alƙawarin da suka yi na mayar da ƙasar bisa mulkin farar hula na dimokuraɗiyya. An gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulki da zaɓukan ƙasa. An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2011, amma da yake ba a bayyana wanda ya yi nasara ba, an gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani a ranar 12 ga Maris 2011. An zaɓi Mahamadou Issoufou na jam'iyyar Demokaradiya da gurguzu ta Nijar a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. An gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisa a lokaci guda.
An yi yunƙurin juyin mulki a daren ranar 30 zuwa 31 ga Maris, 2021, kwanaki kaɗan gabanin rantsar da Mohamed Bazoum, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2021, aka rantsar da Mohamed Bazoum kuma ya karbi mulki.
↑ 1.01.1name="Haour2003">Anne C. Haour. One Hundred Years of Archaeology in Niger. Journal of World Prehistory. Volume 17, Number 1, June 2003, pp. 181–234(54)
↑name="Shillington">Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). ''History of Africa, Second Edition''. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32.
↑T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3. University of California Press, 08033994793.ABA
Babban hanyoyin ayari na sahara, c. 1400
Daular Songhai a mafi girman girmanta, c. 1500
