Wikipedia

Adabin Afirka

Adabin Afirka wallafe-wallafen ne daga Afirka, ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna".

Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na Chinua Achebe, wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai.

Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani, yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.[1]

Littattafan baki

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Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu[2] ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: labari mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.[3] Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, karin magana da ma'ana. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Fula, Swahili, Hausa, da Wolof.[4]

A Aljeriya, waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Berber lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira Isefra, an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.[5] A matsayin wani misali, a Mali, ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma.

Littattafan da suka gabata

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Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A Habasha, akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen Ashanti na Ghana; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun Yoruba na Najeriya; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan Sahel na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga Timbuktu kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a Larabci amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau Fula da Songhai). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine Utendi wa Tambuka ko "Labarin Tambuka".

Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar Ibn Khaldun sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na Fes da Alkahira, tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu.

Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka

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Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789).

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .[6] Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka.

A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na Afirka ta Kudu ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a 1935. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na Kenya ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The Black Hermit, labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( nuna bambanci tsakanin kabilun Afirka).

Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na Chinua Achebe . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya.

Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre.

Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin Biafra da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta yakin basasa na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na Malawi a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; Ken Sharwarwarwar;

Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka

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Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman Turanci, Faransanci, da Portuguese) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar Hausa .

Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.[7] Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai.

A shekara ta 1986, Wole Soyinka na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe kyautar Nobel a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a Aljeriya a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, Doris Lessing (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021.

Ci gaban zamani

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Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.[8] Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.[9] Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.[10] Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani".

Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .[11]

Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka

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An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.[12]

Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka

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Bayani

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  1. ↑ Joseph (1996), p. 304.
  2. ↑ George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.
  3. ↑ "African literature" at info-please.
  4. ↑ Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), "African Literature". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  5. ↑ Aoudjit, A. (2017). Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.
  6. ↑ Newell, Stephanie, Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' , Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's Ethiopia Unbound".
  7. ↑ Mazrui, Ali A., et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of UNESCO's General History of Africa, vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were Mario Pinto de Andrade, M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, Daniel P. Kunene and Jan Vansina.
  8. ↑ "La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): Africultures.com
  9. ↑ This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author (Eric Mendi) with the more classical style of Alain Mabanckou: Jeuneafrique.com
  10. ↑ This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: Bellanaija.com
  11. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  12. ↑ Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview", The African Book Publishing Record, Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.

Bayanan littattafai

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  • Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
  • [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Busby, Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992.
  • Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), Tarihin Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935". 
  • Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani, London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka".
  • Gikandi, Simon (ed.), Encyclopedia of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003.
  • Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), Tarihin Cambridge na Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki
  • Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  ISBN 9788193326978
  • Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994

Haɗin waje

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