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Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka

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Dangantakar dake tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da ƙasar Amurka ta kasance a hukumance lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga ƙasar Birtaniya a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin ƙarni na 21, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar Amurka a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. [1]

Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka
alakar kasashen biyu
Bayanai
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka da Najeriya
Wuri

Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da Amurka ta yi matukar taɓarɓarewa sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a Afirka. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga Amurka bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 . Ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara .

A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na take hakkin dan Adam a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 . Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo, huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a yammacin Afirka, musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun Guinea da ISIS da Boko Haram . A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya, wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya.

Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai . Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya . Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. [2] [3] [4]

Dangane da kuri'ar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. [5]

Tarihi

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Fira Ministan Najeriya na farko kuma daya tilo, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a fadar White House tare da shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961, jim kadan bayan 'yancin kan Najeriya.

1960–1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya

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An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya.[6] Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga Nelson Rockefeller, Gwamnan New York.[7] A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Oktoba,[6] Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta - wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin.[8] Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin 1960, Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma.[7] Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma".[9] Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida.[10] Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci".[11]

Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu.[7] Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma.[12] Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki.[7] A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi.[7][12]

 
Shugaba Kennedy a fadar White House tare da tawagar 'yan majalisar Najeriya, Yuni 1962.

A cikin 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta girma da ci gaba, a cikin ƴancin Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka."[7] Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya.[13]

1967–1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya

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A watan Yulin , shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar ƙasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa",[9] ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Jack Gowon sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya.[14] Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici".[15] A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba.[16][15] Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya,[17] gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" - ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba.[15] Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet.[16] Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta - wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya Bolshevik ".[15] Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin,[18] aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba.[19]

A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka - mai yiyuwa ne saboda Henry Kissinger da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya,[20] kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Harold Wilson ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon.[17] Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba".[20] A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington,[20] ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra.[17][16] Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba.[17] Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra.[20] Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini - har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai - yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma.[21] Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.[22]

1970–1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka

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Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, William Rogers, ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon.[23][24] Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba.[24] Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970,[21] kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford (1974-1977).[25] Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata.

Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka.[26] Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba ; yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba.[27] Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki.

Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed - wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 - Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU.[16] Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.[28] Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu.[28] A Angola – kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 – wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.[29] A cikin Janairu 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala.[30][31] An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola.[32] Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka".[21] Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: Daily Times (Nigeria) ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya Nigerian Herald ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar.

Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia.[33] Kuma a cikin Fabrairun 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya - sanye da tankokin yaki - sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas.[34] Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin Fabrairu 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka.[35] An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa.[21][36][37] Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[38] Sau biyu a cikin 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas,[39][21] jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa Accra.[40] A cikin Oktoba 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian,[21] kuma, a cikin Maris 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar New York Times na Afirka ta Yamma, John Darnton a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka.[41]

 
Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter tare da shugaban Najeriya Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo a fadar White House, Oktoba 1977.
 
Shugaba Carter da Janar Obasanjo a Legas, Afrilu 1978. "Na fito daga babbar al'umma don ziyarci babbar kasa," Carter ya gaya wa masu sauraron sa na Najeriya.[42]

1977-1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter

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Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata - ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba,[43] amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola.[44][45] na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma".[45][29] Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, Andrew Young, wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya Joe Garba, kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya.[36][25][44] Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, Donald B. Easum, sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika.[25][43] Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.[25] Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci.[28] Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka[46] (Kuma, lalle ne. a 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka[47]

Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilu 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai,[21] yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara.[48] alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka;[47][49] da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi.[50] A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma.[49] Har ila yau, a cikin 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a Abuja, sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa.[51] Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1976, a 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar.[13] A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a Lusaka tare da shugabannin jihohi. [52][34] Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru - bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin Janairu 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya.[43]

Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka,[53][18] da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya.[54][55] Mataimakin shugaban kasa Walter Mondale ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya.[53] Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoba 1980.[53]

Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia.[56] A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya,[49] yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka.[57] Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba - a idanun 'yan Najeriya - don "masu fushi".[58] A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka.[58] Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a Shaba II ko, daga baya, a cikin Horn of Africa,[49] kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoba 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja.[57] A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da Pretoria kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki.[59] Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, Ronald Reagan, wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi.[60] Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986.[60]

1981-1993: Rashin jin daɗi

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A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419.[61][62][18] Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga opiates da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai - a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka[18][63][64] Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi.[55] Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka.[65] Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka".[66]

A shekarar 1985 ne Janar Ibrahim Babangida na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka[67] Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja.[64] A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa.[68]

1993–1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha

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Martanin diflomasiyya

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Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi - ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya - da kuma diflomasiyya.[69] Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya.[70][64] A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya.[71] Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya ; dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi.[65] An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya.[65]

Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, Moshood Abiola, ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa.[72] A cikin Nuwamba 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar Sani Abacha a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane.[65] A farkon 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu.[73] An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar George E. Moose ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri,[74] kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.[75] Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na Ken Saro-Wiwa da sauran mutanen Ogoni Nine a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka.[76] Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya.[77] An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba.[78][79]

Ya zuwa farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci".[80] Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin Donald McHenry, jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi.[80][81] Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya Walter Carrington, ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually persona non grata" a Najeriya.[82] Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba,[80] musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro.[82] Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya.[83] Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa - musamman a Turai - don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba.[84][85] A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci.[86] Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur.[82]

 
Tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Bill Clinton a shekarar 2008 tare da Dele Momodu, wani dan fafutuka da ya yi fafutukar tabbatar da dimokradiyyar Najeriya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton.

Martanin jama'a

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Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira.[87][88] Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira.[89] Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba".[90] A cikin watan Yulin 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki.[91] Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, TransAfrica, wani yanki na Congressional Black Caucus, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince.[87] A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi.[92] (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan Louis Farrakhan, sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.)[93], baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su Carol Moseley Braun, ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a.[94]

1998-2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya

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Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da Abubakar da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi Abiola mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka.[82] kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji.[95] Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana".[96] Daga baya a cikin 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed saboda rashin tsaro.[97]

 
Shugaban Najeriya Obasanjo tare da Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush a Ofishin Oval, Maris 2006.

Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi.[98] Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba - ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba.[99] Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, George W. Bush, daga 2001 - Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar White House, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka.[100] Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2006.[101] Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar:

“Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. . . Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.”[102]


Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka,[103] kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa".[104] Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba,[105] kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba.[106] A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da Paris Club ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa.[106] Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen 1999 [107][108] Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109,[109] amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65.[107] Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya.[107]

 
Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka John Kerry tare da shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan a Legas, Janairu 2015. Kerry ya gana da Jonathan domin samun kudurinsa na ganin an gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana.

Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka.[110] Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya.[111] Tun bayan zaben Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida - cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar White House da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, Yuli 2015.[112] [113] Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun 2016 Ibrahim Magu shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa, ya ziyarci Washington domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri.[114]

1998-zuwa yau: Alaƙa

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Haɗin gwiwar tsaro

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Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Anthony Lake, sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro.[63] Najeriya ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka,[115] kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a - tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun - ayyukan ECOMOG waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar Laberiya da Saliyo a cikin shekarun 1990.[116][63][117] Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar:[118] Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,,[109] kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai.[119] Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea.[120] buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka Chevron, dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya.[121]

Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya.[100][99] A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci - musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan - ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu musulmi ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan.[122] Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya.[123] Victor Malu ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka.[123]

Shugaban Amurika Barack Obama da na Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari update the press following a bilateral meeting in Washington in September 2016.

Saka Dokar Leahy

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Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin Boko Haram da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya[124]. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya.[125] Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam – jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci[126]. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Johnnie Carson ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka – Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu.[127] Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya.[128]

Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini

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A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini".[129] An cire shi daga jerin a cikin Nuwamba 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin.[130]

A cikin Janairu 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780.[131] Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka",[132] amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar New York Times cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba.[131] Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka.[133] Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama, ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin - Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka - amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka.[134]

Alaƙar tattalin arziki

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Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya - musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar 1990 - ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha.[8][82] Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya.[135][136] Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga 1975.[137] [138][7] Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”.[69] Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka[87] Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin."[139]

 
Graph na masu samar da mai na Amurka bisa ga girma, tare da nuna Najeriya da launin toka.

Mai da gas

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Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da man fetur a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka.[60][140][141] Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta - a 2003, kamfanin ChevronTexaco da ExxonMobil Corp tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa.[142][117] Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen.[143] A cikin 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana.[47]

Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC.[87] A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya:[53][34] a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka.[60].Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s.[143][117] Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya,[116][144] Gwamnatin Bush ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC.[142]

Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa.[145][146] Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993:

Amurka ta shigo da ɗanyen mai daga Najeriya, 1993-2021[145]
Shekara 1993 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2020 2021
Ganga miliyan 263.5 226.5 320.1 393.0 358.9 19.9 68.1 24.4 39.4
Share of total 10.6% 8.6% 9.6% 10.6% 10.7% 0.7% 2.7% 1.1% 1.8%

Kasuwanci

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A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi.[7] A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa;[147] da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya.[47] Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a 1977,[148] kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980[149][53] galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki [149] Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya.[150]

 
Shugaba Bush da Shugaba Obasanjo a lokacin taron G8 na aiki a Evian, Faransa, 2003.

Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar.[151] A cikin 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa).[152] Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019.[152] wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara,[151] kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4.[153] Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya.[153]

Zuba jari

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A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai.[143] A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa.[143] Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977.[47] A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya.[154] Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman Citibank, sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida.[148] Wasu sun yarda: misali, Chase Manhattan, First National Bank of Chicago, da Bank of America kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida.[154] An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki.[154]

Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.[155] Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai.[69][87] Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka,[149] amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya - wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya.[149][156]

A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata.[153] Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105.[153] A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya.[151]


Taimakon kasashen waje

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Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare - a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi.[157] Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11.[158] Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya – a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko.[158]

Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya

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Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka

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An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka[159][61] Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka,[159] wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu.[94] A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 - kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima.[94] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje.[94] Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan - musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 - saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka.[55] A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "brain drain" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka.[160]

Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya

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Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen.[5] A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta.[5] Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa.[5]

Bayan zaɓen Donal J. Trump a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai BBC ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe.[161] Jaridar The Washington Post da The Guardian sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar Biafra. [162][163] Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga Donald Trump a watan Janairun 2017.[164] A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB Nnamdi Kanu ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP.[165] A tsawon shugabancinsa, Pew Research ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan Najeriya sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya,[5] kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan Isra'ila, Philippines, da kuma Kenya.[166] A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka - fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%.[167]

Ofishin jakadanci

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Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a New York da Atlanta.[168] Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a Abuja, babban birnin tarayyar Nijeriya, da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin Legas. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya.[169] Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka.[107]

An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai.[170] Amurka da Najeriya dukkansu membobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka.[151]

Hadin gwiwar soja

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Sojojin ruwa na Amurika suna tafiya tare da jirgin ruwan Najeriya a wani ɓangare na atisayen tashar hadin gwiwa ta Afirka, 2011.

Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin George W.Bush ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika.[171][144] A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin Gulf of Guinea.[144] A halin yanzu, Najeriya memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da Najeriya sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoba 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun 2005[172] na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka.[173] Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can.[174]

Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok

gyara sashe

A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako " ga Najeriya.[175] ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya,[176] da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama.[177] An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka.[178] A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya.[179]

 
A shafin Twitter a watan Mayun 2014, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, Michelle Obama, tabi sahun masu yaɗa kudirin "yunkurin dawo da 'yan matanmu" ("bring back our girls") bayan sace 'yan matan Chibok ɗin.

Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa Najeriya ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata,[180] kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an Najeriya.[177] Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na Boko Haram.[181] Foreign Policy ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”.[182] Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa,[183] Daga baya ma'aikatar Pentagon ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka.[126] Ya zuwa 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba.

Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram

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An gudanar da zaman taron farko na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar 2011, bayan harin bam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan Abuja, da kuma kiran dan majalisa Pat Meehan da 'yar majalisa Jackie Speier.[172][184] Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013.[184] Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto ƴan matan makarantar Chibok ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su,[111] musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar Amurika game da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aminci, da kuma take hakin bil'adama da jami'an Najeriya ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta - Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar - yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan Najeriya.[126] An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin Disamba 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci.[126] A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru.[185]

Ziyarar jihohi

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Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya.

Visits by Nigerian and U.S. heads of state, 1960–2021
Head of state Country Year Dates Description
Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa   Nigeria 1960 October 8 Met with President Dwight D. Eisenhower during a visit to the UN General Assembly.[101]
Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa   Nigeria 1961 July 25–28 Official visit.[101]
Lieutenant General Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 1977 October 10–13 State visit with President Jimmy Carter.[101]
President Jimmy Carter   U.S. 1978 March 31–April 3 Met with head of state Olusegun Obasanjo.[186]
President Shehu Shagari   Nigeria 1980 October 3–8 Official visit.[101]
President-elect Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 1999 March 30 Met with President Bill Clinton during a private visit.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 1999 October 27–30 Official working visit.[101]
President Bill Clinton   U.S. 2000 August 26–28 Met with President Olusegun Obasanjo and addressed the National Assembly.[187]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2001 May 10–12 Working visit.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2001 November 2 Met with President George W. Bush during a private visit.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2002 June 20 Met with President George W. Bush during a private visit.[101]
President George W. Bush   U.S. 2003 July 11–2 Met with President Olusegun Obasanjo.[188]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2004 June 10–11 Met with President George W. Bush during the G8 Economic Summit; attended the funeral of former President Ronald Reagan.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2004 December 2–3 Working visit.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2005 May 5 Working visit.[101]
President Olusegun Obasanjo   Nigeria 2006 March 28–29 Working visit.[101]
President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua   Nigeria 2007 December 12–15 Working visit.[101]
Acting President Goodluck Jonathan   Nigeria 2010 April 11–13 Attended the Nuclear Security Summit.[101]
President Goodluck Jonathan   Nigeria 2011 June 8 Working visit.[101]
President Goodluck Jonathan   Nigeria 2013 September 23 Met with President Barack Obama at the UN General Assembly.[101]
President Goodluck Jonathan   Nigeria 2014 August 5–6 Attended the U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit.[101]
President Muhammadu Buhari   Nigeria 2015 July 20–21 Official working visit.[101]
President Muhammadu Buhari   Nigeria 2016 March 31–April 1 Attended the Nuclear Security Summit.[101]
President Muhammadu Buhari   Nigeria 2018 April 29–May 1 Official working visit.[101]

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ United Nations 2022.
  2. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979.
  3. ↑ Ayam 2008.
  4. ↑ Nwachuku 1998.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Pew Research Center 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Office of the Historian 2022a.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Ayam 2008, p. 118.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ayam 2008, pp. 117-118.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 14.
  10. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 577.
  11. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 578.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nwachuku 1998, p. 576.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Aluko 1979, p. 97.
  14. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 579.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 18.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Ayam 2008, p. 119.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Nwachuku 1998, p. 580.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lewis 2006, p. 104.
  19. ↑ Ayam 2008, p. 117.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 19.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 Aluko 1979, p. 91.
  22. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 20.
  23. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1976, pp. 19-20.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Nwachuku 1998, p. 581.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 119.
  26. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 126.
  27. ↑ Ayam 2008, p. 120.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Aluko 1979, p. 94.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Ayam 2008, p. 121.
  30. ↑ Anon. 1976a.
  31. ↑ Noer 1993, p. 777.
  32. ↑ Ayam 2008, pp. 120-121.
  33. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 91.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Ottaway 1978.
  35. ↑ Kaufman 1978.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Nwachuku 1998, p. 582.
  37. ↑ Darnton 1976a.
  38. ↑ Ayam 2008, pp. 119-120.
  39. ↑ Anon. 1976b.
  40. ↑ Darnton 1976b.
  41. ↑ Darnton 1977.
  42. ↑ Carter 1978.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Aluko 1979, p. 95.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Aluko 1979, p. 93.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 118.
  46. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, pp. 122-123.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Aluko 1979, p. 96.
  48. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, pp. 120-121.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 124.
  50. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 121.
  51. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 584-585.
  52. ↑ Aluko 1979, p. 92.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Nwachuku 1998, p. 583.
  54. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 584.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Aka 2002, p. 250.
  56. ↑ Aluko 1979, p. 100.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Aluko 1979, p. 101.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 125.
  59. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1979, pp. 121-122.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Ayam 2008, p. 122.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Aka 2002, p. 249.
  62. ↑ Obot 2004, p. 18.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Hoffman 1996, p. 150.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Ayam 2008, p. 124.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Moose 1995, p. 604.
  66. ↑ Lewis 2006, pp. 104-105.
  67. ↑ Weller 1985.
  68. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, pp. 590-591.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Moose 1995, p. 603.
  70. ↑ Aka 2002, pp. 226, 255.
  71. ↑ Campbell 1994, p. 313.
  72. ↑ Campbell 1994, p. 314.
  73. ↑ Obot 2004, p. 20-21.
  74. ↑ Moose 1995, p. 605.
  75. ↑ Hoffman 1996, p. 151.
  76. ↑ Lewis 2006, pp. 105-106.
  77. ↑ Hartman 1995.
  78. ↑ Payne 1995.
  79. ↑ Kassebaum 1995.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Hoffman 1996, p. 146.
  81. ↑ Lippman 1995.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 Lewis 2006, p. 106.
  83. ↑ Hoffman 1996, p. 157.
  84. ↑ Hoffman 1996, pp. 156-157.
  85. ↑ Ayam 2008, p. 128.
  86. ↑ Ayam 2008, pp. 118, 128.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Hoffman 1996, p. 149.
  88. ↑ Booker & Minter 2003, p. 49.
  89. ↑ Hoffman 1996, pp. 153-154.
  90. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 278.
  91. ↑ Anon 1997.
  92. ↑ Adebanwi 2012, pp. 650-652.
  93. ↑ Adebanwi 2012, p. 654.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 Booker & Minter 2003, p. 52.
  95. ↑ Lewis 2006, pp. 106-107.
  96. ↑ Obot 2004, p. 23.
  97. ↑ Fainberg 2009.
  98. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 254.
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Aka 2002, p. 272.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Lewis 2006, p. 109.
  101. ↑ 101.00 101.01 101.02 101.03 101.04 101.05 101.06 101.07 101.08 101.09 101.10 101.11 101.12 101.13 101.14 101.15 101.16 101.17 101.18 101.19 101.20 101.21 Office of the Historian 2022b.
  102. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 256.
  103. ↑ Lewis 2006, pp. 102, 111.
  104. ↑ Lewis 2006, p. 85.
  105. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 260.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Lewis 2006, p. 111.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Lewis 2006, p. 110.
  108. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 261.
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Lewis 2006, p. 107.
  110. ↑ Aka 2002, pp. 243, 254.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Gordon 2015.
  112. ↑ White House Press Secretary 2015.
  113. ↑ Page 2016, p. 1.
  114. ↑ Page 2016, p. 3.
  115. ↑ Booker & Minter 2003, pp. 43.
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Lewis 2006, p. 102.
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 Aka 2002, p. 248.
  118. ↑ Ayam 2008, p. 129.
  119. ↑ Booker & Minter 2003, pp. 50-51.
  120. ↑ Akpuru-Aja 2003, p. 255.
  121. ↑ Veney 2019, p. 120.
  122. ↑ Aka 2002, pp. 274-275.
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Aka 2002, p. 258.
  124. ↑ Veney 2019, p. 125.
  125. ↑ Opeyemi 2015.
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 Cooper 2015.
  127. ↑ Schmitt 2014.
  128. ↑ Kokim 2015.
  129. ↑ Anon. 2019.
  130. ↑ Lewis 2021.
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Kanno-Youngs 2020.
  132. ↑ Trump 2020.
  133. ↑ Shear & Davis, p. 2017.
  134. ↑ Jakes 2020.
  135. ↑ Lewis 2006, p. 84.
  136. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 257.
  137. ↑ Lewis 2006, p. 105.
  138. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 575.
  139. ↑ Lewis 2006, pp. 109-110.
  140. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 247.
  141. ↑ Booker & Minter 2003, pp. 43-44.
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Booker & Minter 2003, p. 44.
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 143.3 Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 21.
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Veney 2019, p. 119.
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 United States Energy Information Administration 2022.
  146. ↑ OPEC 2021.
  147. ↑ Ogunbadejo 1976, p. 31.
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Ogunbadejo 1979, p. 123.
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 Ayam 2008, p. 123.
  150. ↑ Nwachuku 1998, p. 591.
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 151.3 United States International Trade Administration 2021.
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 World Bank 2022.
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 153.2 153.3 United States Trade Representative 2022.
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 Darnton 1976c.
  155. ↑ Ayam 2008, p. 125.
  156. ↑ Aka 2002, p. 275.
  157. ↑ McConville 2022.
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 United States Government 2022.
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 Lewis 2006, p. 103.
  160. ↑ Aka 2002, pp. 251-252.
  161. ↑ Globescan 2017.
  162. ↑ "'He just says it as it is': why many Nigerians support Donald Trump". the Guardian (in Turanci). 31 October 2020.
  163. ↑ "Perspective | Trump trashes Nigeria and bans its immigrants. Nigerians love him for it". Washington Post.
  164. ↑ "Biafran pro-Trump rally turns violent in Nigeria". BBC News. 20 January 2017.
  165. ↑ "Trump's rally: IPOB commends US over Kanu's VIP invitation". Vanguard News. 3 February 2020.
  166. ↑ Akinwotu 2020.
  167. ↑ "Scorned by Trump, many Nigerians love him all the same". Reuters (in Turanci). 3 November 2020.
  168. ↑ Nigerian Consulate 2022.
  169. ↑ United States Consulate 2022.
  170. ↑ United States Department of State 2020.
  171. ↑ Aka 2002, pp. 257-258.
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Solomon 2013, p. 437.
  173. ↑ United States Department of State 2022.
  174. ↑ Barraza 2021.
  175. ↑ Hudson 2014.
  176. ↑ Ahmad 2014.
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 Parkinson & Henshaw, p. 2021.
  178. ↑ Miller 2014.
  179. ↑ Sherwood 2014.
  180. ↑ Zengerle 2014.
  181. ↑ Anon. 2014.
  182. ↑ Lubold 2014.
  183. ↑ Stewart 2014.
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Veney 2019, p. 122.
  185. ↑ Crawford 2015.
  186. ↑ Office of the Historian 2022c.
  187. ↑ Office of the Historian 2022d.
  188. ↑ Office of the Historian 2022e.

Bibliography

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