Wikipedia

Lagos (birni)

Lagos shiene Babbar Birni a Najeriya koma yanacikin biranan da suke sauran girma a Afrika.

Birnin Legas, ko kuma Birnin Ikko, shi ne babban birnin Jihar Legas da ke Najeriya. Legas yana daya daga cikin birane mafi girma da yawan jama'a a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya. Legas ne birni na biyu mafi girma a Afirka, kuma na bakwai a duniya.[1] Kimanin mutum miliyan 15.3 (a shekara ta 2022) ke rayuwa a Legas.[2] Garin Legas na da mutane kimanin 23.5 million a shekara ta 2018, wanda ya maida shi babban birni mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Legas ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci a jihar Legas da Najeriya gaba daya.[3][4] Legas tana daya daga cikin birane goma masu habbaka da sauri a duniya[5][6]Babban birnin yana matsayin na hudu a kawo kudin shiga (GDP) a Africa[7]kuma akwai daya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi hada-hada Afirka.[8]Birnin Legas cibiya ne na ilimi, gargajiya a sassan Afirka da ke kudancin sahara.

Legas island
Jihar lagos mai yawan jama'a
chunkoson jama'a a garin Lagos
Bene na farko a Nigeria wanda ke birnin Badagry a Lagos
Babban filin jirgin sama dake
Tinubu Square
Lagos wanda aka fi sani da "Murtala Muhammad International Airport"
Gabar Teku na Badagry wanda ke babban birnin Lagos
Babbab Asibitin EKO dake Victoria Island a Lagos
Tinubu Square

Legas a da gida ne ga mutanen Awori, wani reshe ne na Yarbanci na yammacin Afirka. Amma yanzu ta zama birnin tashoshin jiragen ruwa wanda ya samo asali daga tsibirai dabam-dabam.[9]

Gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanar da harkokin wannan babban birni har izuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba birnin zuwa kananan hukumomi 7 da muke da su a yau.[10][11] da kuma karin birane 3 wanda ya sa kananan hukumomin suka koma 13 wanda suka samar da jihar Legas na yau.[12][13]

Har wa yau, an mai da Ikeja ta zamo babban birnin jihar a shekara ta 1976, sannan Abuja ta koma babban birnin tarayya a shekara ta 1991. Wuraren da ake kira birnin Legas watau "Lagos Metroplitan Area"[14] [15][16]sun hada da manyan biranen[17] jihar guda 16 har da Ikeja. Wannan manyan birane sun mamaye kashi 37% na fadin kasar Legas, sannan tana dauke da fiye da kaso 86% na mutanen jihar Legas.

Akwai rudani game da ainihin yawan mutane birnin Legas. A kidaya da akayi na shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mutane miliyan 8 a birnin. Sai dai gwamnatin jihar ta nuna rashin amincewarta ga adadin kidayan inda ta daki nata adadin da kimanin mutane miliyan 16. A shekara ta 2015 wani kundi wanda gwamnati bata tantance shi ya sanya mutanen Legas har zuwa kusa da jihar Ogun kimanin mutum miliyan 21.[18][19][20]

Tarihi

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Tambarin Lagos na Musamman
 
Lagos
 
Lagos

Mutanen Awori (reshen yaren yarbanci) ne suka fara zama a ainihin garin a karni na 15.[21][22][23] Daga baya mutanen Awori sun koma wani tsiburi da ake kira Iddo sannan sai kuma babban tsiburin Lagos.[24][25]A karni na 16, Daular Benin ta ci nasarar mutanen mamaye mutane Awori sannan tsibirin ya zama tushen yaki wanda ake kira Eko a karkashin Oba (sarki) na lokacin.[26][27] Har yanzu ana kiran garin Lagos Eko a gargajiyance.v

Lagos wanda ke nufin "tafki" (lakes) a You Portugal suna ne wanda mutanen Portugal suka baiwa wajen. A tarihance, garin ya kasance na yaruka daba daban wanda suke rayuwa a wajen. Bayan mutanen Awori da kuma mamaye ta daga jaruman mayakan Bini, jihar ta jawo ra'ayin turawan Portugal a karni na 15.[28]

Mai binciken kasashe dan Portugal ya ziyarci wajen a shekara ta 1472, inda ya sanya wa wajen suna Lago de Curamo watau Tafkin Curamo.

A farkon karni na 19, Turawa sunyi kokarin kawo karshen cinikayyar bayi na "Transatlantic Slave Trade" ta hanyar kafa kungiyoyin "West Africa Squadron" ko kuma "Preventative Squadron" wanda sukayi ta bibiyar jiragen ruwa da ke daukan bayi daga yankunan da ke kusa da ruwa kama daga Sierra Leone har zuwa Kogin Niger Delta (watau Najeriya a yau) da kuma can nesa da kudancin yankin Congo don kafa dokaki da manyan mutane dake yankin Afurka ta yamma.[29]A shekara ta 1849 Turawa sun nada John Beecroft a matsayin karamin jakadan Benin da Biafra matsayin da ya rike (a karkashin gwamna Fernando Po) har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1854. An nada John Duncan a matsayin maitamakin karamin jakada kuma an maida shi Wydah. A lokacin da aka nada Beecroft, masarautar Lagos (a karkashin mulkin Oba Kosoko) tana yammacin yakin Benin da Biafra wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan tashoshin fataucin bayi a yankin.[30]A cikin shekara ta 1851 tare da matsi don tsaida cinikayyar bayi, turawa sun karbe Lagos wanda ake kiran lokacin da 'yantar da Lagos (Bombardment of Lagos ko Capture of Lagos),[31][32] inda aka sauke Kosoko kuma aka daura Oba Akitoye. Oba Akitoye ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Turawa da Lagos don haramta kasuwanci bayi a yankin. Sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar a shekara ta 1952 ya kawo natsuwa a Lagos inda turawa suka bada kariya ga mutanen Lagos.[33][34] Turawa sun fara mulkan Lagos a ran 5 March shekara ta 1962. An amso ragowar sashen Najeriya a shekara ta 1887, sannan kuma a lokacin da aka kaddamar yankin mulkin mallakan turawa na Najeriya a shekara ta 1914, Lagos ta zamo babban birnin kasan, har zuwa farkon samun 'yancin kasar a shekara ta 1960. Tun a karni na 19 ga wata Lagos ta zamo cibiyar hada-hada tsakaninta da turawa.[35][36][37] An samar da hanyoyin titunan jirgin kasa da wayoyin tarho da suke hada sadarwa tsakanin Najeriya da London 1886.[38][39][40]An kawo wutan lantarki a cikin gari a shekara ta 1898.[41][42]A cikin lokaci kankani, Lagos ta samu cigaba da bunkasa a dalilin ribar man-fetur a Njeriya.[43]

Kafin kirkirar jihar Lagos a 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1967, Lagos ta kasance babban birni mai cin gashin kanta wanda gwamnatin tarayya ta nata a karkashin Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs, a yayinda Lagos City Council (LCC) ke gudanar da harkokin gwamnatin jihar.[44]Lagos tare da sauran birane daga mulkin turawa (Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe da kuma Badagry), aka hada aka samar da jihar Lagos. An rarraba Birnin Lagos zuwa kananan hukumomi 7 da muke da su a yau, a yayinda sauran biranen suka rarrabu zuwa kananan hukumomi (13) na jihar. Birnin Lagos na taka rawa biyu a matsayin babban birnin jihar da kuma babban birnin Kasa har zuwa shekara ta 1976 lokacin da aka maida Ikeja ta zamo babban birnin Jihar. Lagos ta sama sauye-sauye da yawa a lokacin mulkin sojojin Najeriya.[45]Har wayau, an canza babban birnin Najeriya daga Lagos zuwa Abuja a ranar 12 ga watan December shekara ta 1991.[12]

Labarin Kasa

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An kasa Lagos zuwa kashi biyu, kasa (mainland) da kuma tsiburi (Island)

Sashin Birnin

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Gini mafi tsawo a Najeriya yana Lagos. A iya samun tsarin gine-gine na zamani na turawa iri-iri a birnin Lagos. Ana iya samun tsarin gine-ginen Brazil kamansu Water House da Shitta Bey Mosque.[46][47][48]Benaye na skyscrappers na nan a tsakiyar tsibirin sannan akwai gine-gine masu tsawo a sashen cikin gari (mainland).[49]A kwanan nan ne gwamnati ta tada tsofaffin wuraren shakatawa da kuma dazuka da nufin fadada filayen zaman al'umma. Akwai gine-gine na ado na ban sha'awa da kece raini da yawa a cikin birnin.[50][51][52][53][54]


Tsibiri (Island)

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Island shine kalmar geography wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kiran wuraren da ke kan hanyoyin ruwan da suka hadu da tekun Atlantic Ocean wanda ya samar da bakin tekun Lagos, da waje mai turbaya a Lagos (mainland). Tsibirin din ya hada da tsibirai daban-daban wanda koramu ke tsakaninsu wanda aka hade su da gadoji. Wannan sashin na Lagos shine ainihin wurin kasuwanci da bushasha. Kuma a wannan yankin ne benaye na zamani suke. Kananan hukumomi dake cikin tsibirin sun hada da Lagos Island da Eti-Osa. Sannan kuma ainihin wuraren dake da manyan gidaje sun hada da Ikoyi da kuma Victoria Island.

Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na tsibirin Lagos shine Marina. yana nan dab da kasuwannin idumota da Balogun kuma a nan ne mafi akasarin bankuna da wuraren cinikayya suke. Gadoji guda uku suka hade tsibirin da kuma sashin doron kasa na Lagos. Sune gadar Carter Bridge wacce ta fara daga Iddo, gadar Eko Bridge wacce akafi sani da a da da gadar mainland ta biyu, sai kuma gada ta uku watau Third Mainland Bridge wacce ta taho daga sashin mai tarin jama'a zuwa koramar Lagos (Lagos lagoon). Akwai kuma gadar Ikoyi wanda ke cikin tsibirn, wacce ta hada Ikoyi da Lekki Phase 1.[55]Za'a fara ginin gada na hudu a shekara ta 2022 a cewar gwmanan Lagos, Babajide Sanwo-Olu.[56][57]

Lagos Island

gyara sashe

Lagos Island shi ke dauke da cibiyar kasuwancin garin (central business district). Gundumar na dauke da manyan benaye. Wurin har wayau na dauke da manyan wararen kasuwanci kamar Idumota da kuma kasuwar Balogun.

Ikoyi

gyara sashe

Ikoyi wani yanki ne dake gabacin tsibirin Lagos. Har wayau, Ikoyi ta hade da Victoria Island ta gadar Falomo Brigde. Hedikwatocin gwamnatin tarayya da sauran wuraren gwamnatin kamar Federal secretariat Complex duk suna cikin Ikoyi. A cikin Ikoyi akwai barikin sojojin da na 'yan sanda da gidajen yari masu tsaro sosai.

Victoria Island

gyara sashe

Tsibirin Victoria Island na yankin kudancin Lagos Island. Tana da wuraren haya masu tsadan gaske da kuma wuraren holewa da shakatawa duk auna can. Wannan tsibiri tare da Ikoyi na da wuraren kasuwanci sannan kuma akwai gabar teku na shakatawa da aka tsara.

Ajah/Lekki

gyara sashe

Itama Lekki tana da wurare masu alfarma kaman makwabtan ta Ikoyi da Victoria Island. Girman yankin ya fara daga Lekki toll gate, (inda nan ne aka gudanar da zanzangar #EndSars a watan October shekara ta 2019) har zuwa Ibeju-Lekki da sauran kananan yankuna da ke gefen ta. Akwai wurare na gani na fada acikin Lekki, kamar su Lekki Conservation Centre da Novare Mall daLekki Free Trade Zone – Dangote, Lagos Business School, Eleko Beach, Elegushi Beach, La Campaigne Tropicana – beach/tourist getaway, jami'ar Pan-Atlantic University. Har wayau wurin na takama da babban mutuware na Catholica dake Lekki.

Iddo

gyara sashe

Akan hanyar ruwa na tafkin tsibirin Lagos akwai wani karamin garin da ake kira Iddo. Iddo ta kasance akan hanyar titin jirgin kasa kuma tana karkashin karamar hukumar Lagos mainland[58]

MainLand

gyara sashe

Akwai tarin mutanen Lagos a Lagos Mainland sannan mafi akasarin ma'aikatu suna can. An san yankin da mawaka da kuma wuraren rawa na dare kamar Yaba da Surulere.

Yanayi

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Lagos na da yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Aw) a tsarin rabon yanayi na "Köppen climate classification". Wato akwai ruwan sama na tsawon watanni hudu na ruwa mai karfi 60mm (2.4in). Damuna na farawa ne daga watan Aprelu zuwa October, a yayin da rani kan fara daga watan Nuwamba zuwa March. Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine June akalla 315.5 mm ko kuma 12.42in a watan. Sannan kuma wata mafi karancin ruwan sama shine January wanda ke da kasa da 13.2 mm (0.52in).

Lagos na da yanayi na zafi/sanyi da ke tsakanin 28.3 zuwa 32.9°C (82.9 zuwa 91.2 °F). Lagos na da irin yanayi na Southern Hemisphere, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan March da kimanin 32.9 zuwa 24.1 °C (91.2 zuwa 75.4 °F). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine August 28.3 to 21.8 °C (82.9 to 71.2 °F).

Climate data for Lagos (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes: 1886–present
Watan Janairu Fabrairu Maris Afrilu Mayu Yuni Yuli Ogusta Satumba Oktoba Nuwamba Disamba Shekara
Record high °C (°F) 40.0
(104.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.6
(103.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.7
(92.7) 		39.9
(103.8) 		36.4
(97.5) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.8
(80.2)
Average low °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.8
(73.0)
Record low °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.2
(0.52) 		40.6
(1.60) 		84.3
(3.32) 		146.3
(5.76) 		202.4
(7.97) 		315.5
(12.42) 		243.0
(9.57) 		121.7
(4.79) 		160.0
(6.30) 		125.1
(4.93) 		39.7
(1.56) 		14.8
(0.58) 		1,506.6
(59.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.5 2.8 6.6 9.0 12.5 16.2 13.2 11.6 12.7 11.2 4.9 2.1 104.3
Average relative humidity (%) 81 79 76 82 84 87 87 85 86 87 84 82 83
Average dew point °C (°F) 21
(70) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		24
(74)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.3 168.0 173.6 180.0 176.7 114.0 99.2 108.5 114.0 167.4 186.0 192.2 1,843.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.3 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.7 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.8 5.4 6.2 6.2 5.1
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1952–1967),[59] NOAA (monthly sun hours)[60]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[61]

Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[62] Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)[63]


Al'umma

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Tattalin Arziki

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Al'adu

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Wuraren Shakatawa

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ World's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020, by CityMayors.com
  2. ↑ "Population". Lagos State Government. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  3. ↑ John Campbell (10 July 2012). "This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million". The Atlantic. Washington DC. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  4. ↑ The Most Populated Cities of the World. World Megacities - Nations Online Project". nationsonline.org. Retrieved 23 September 2021
  5. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
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  7. ↑ "These cities are the hubs of Africa's economic boom". Big Think. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
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  10. ↑ "A Flood-Free Lagos: The Regional Imperative". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  11. ↑ Olukoju, Ayodeji (1996). "The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter-War Years". Labour History Review. Liverpool University Press. 61: 49–70. doi:10.3828/lhr.61.1.49. Retrieved 27 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Lagos State Information". National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Population - Lagos State". Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  14. ↑ A Flood-Free Lagos: The Regional Imperative". Retrieved 27 November2015.
  15. ↑ "Olukoju, Ayodeji (1996). "The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter-War Years". Labour History Review. Liverpool University Press. 61: 49–70. doi:10.3828/lhr.61.1.49. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  16. ↑ "Lagos Metropolitan Area: Scope and scale of the shelter problem". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  17. ↑ "Administrative Levels - Lagos State". Nigeria Congress. Archived from the original on 25 December 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  18. ↑ Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas". City Population. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "Population". Lagos State Government. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  20. ↑ Pacetti, M.; Passerini, G.; Brebbia, C.A.; Latini, G. (2012). The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability. ISBN 9781845645786.
  21. ↑ Peil, Margaret (1991). Lagos: the city is the people (World cities series). G.K. Hall. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-816-1729-93.
  22. ↑ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-195-3377-09.
  23. ↑ Hutchison, Ray (2009). Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. SAGE. p. 427. ISBN 978-1-412-9143-21.
  24. ↑ Barnes, Sandra T. (1986). Patrons and Power: Creating a Political Community in Metropolitan Lagos. Indiana University Press, International African Library. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-2533-4297-3. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  25. ↑ Locatelli, Francesca; Nugent, Paul (2009). African Cities: Competing Claims on Urban Spaces. Brill. p. 114. ISBN 978-9-0041-6264-8. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  26. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84162-239-2.
  27. ↑ Smith, Robert Sydney (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3 ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-299-11604-2.
  28. ↑ "The Origin of Eko (Lagos)". Edo Nation. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  29. ↑ "Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 9780520037465.
  30. ↑ "A. Adu Boahen (1985). Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 (General history of Africa). Vol. 7. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 134. ISBN 978-9-231-0171-31.
  31. ↑ A. Adu Boahen (1985). Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 (General history of Africa). Vol. 7. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 134. ISBN 978-9-231-0171-31.
  32. ↑ Sir William M.N. Geary (2013). Nigeria Under British Rule (1927). Routledge. pp. 24–28. ISBN 978-1-136-9629-43.
  33. ↑ "The Reduction of Lagos:Introduction". 25 March 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  34. ↑ Austen, R. (1 April 2009). "Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900, by Kristin Mann". African Affairs. 108 (431): 328–329. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp004. ISSN 0001-9909.
  35. ↑ Agawu, Kofi (2014). "19th century Lagos". Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-317-7940-66.
  36. ↑ J. F. Ade Ajayi; Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998). Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. Vol. 6. University of California Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-520-0670-11.
  37. ↑ "1914 - 2014 Colonial Footprints: Lagos, Then and Now". The Centenary Project (Google Arts and Culture). March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  38. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-841-6223-92.
  39. ↑ Ulrich, Hans F.; Lehrmann, Ernst P. (2008). Telecommunications Research Trends. Nova Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-604-5615-86.
  40. ↑ Noam, Eli M. (1999). Telecommunications in Africa (Global communications series). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-3562-74.
  41. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84162-239-2.
  42. ↑ Olukoju, Ayodeji (2003). "Chapter two. Electricity supply in Lagos, 1898-2000". INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN FACILITIES IN LAGOS, 1861-2000. OpenEdition Books. African Dynamics. Institut français de recherche en Afrique (IFRA-Nigeria). pp. 22–45. ISBN 9791092312225.
  43. ↑ 2008 All Africa Media Research Conference"(PPT). Pan African Media Research Organisation. p. 8. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  44. ↑ "Lagos State Information". National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  45. ↑ Draper, Robert; Hammond, Robin (1 January 2015). "Lagos Nigeria: Africa's First city". National Geographic. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  46. ↑ Herskovits, Melville J. (2013-11-05). The Human Factor in Changing Africa. Routledge, 2013. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-136-5296-10.
  47. ↑ Brook, James (6 September 1987). "Brazilian Houses In Nigeria Are A Legacy Of Thousands Of Freed Slaves". Chicago Tribune. New York. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  48. ↑ "Five Architectural Wonders of Lagos". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  49. ↑ "Bakare, Tonye (15 May 2016). "Open House Lagos opens a new vista in Lagos architecture". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  50. ↑ de Blij, Harm; Muller, Peter O. (1998-03-24). Geography, Update: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. Wiley, 1998. p. 349. ISBN 9780471291121.
  51. ↑ Immerwahr, Daniel. The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos, 1960-1986. Journal of African Cultural Studies (Thesis). 19. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. p. 165-186. JSTOR 25473387. [dead link]
  52. ↑ "A cursory look at the colonial roots of Lagos, Nigeria". Google Arts and culture (The Centenary Project). 1 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  53. ↑ "THE RISE OF FUTURE CITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA". Cityscape. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  54. ↑ Akin George - 29 November 2016. "Rising Residential Towers In Lagos: Changing The Megacity Skyline". Independent. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  55. ↑ "Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge in Lagos, Nigeria". Julius Berger International. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  56. ↑ "Sanwo-Olu says Opebi-Mende link bridge, 4th mainland bridge projects to commence 2022 - Nairametrics". 3 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January2022.
  57. ↑ "Lagos to begin construction of 4th Mainland Bridge 2022 - Sanwo-Olu - P.M. News". Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  58. ↑ "Giant Cities of Tiny Islands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012
  59. ↑ "Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  60. ↑ "Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  61. ↑ "Station Murtala" (in Faransanci). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  62. ↑ "Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria". Time and Date. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  63. ↑ "Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
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