Man fetur
Man fetur shi ne duk wani abu da za a iya yi don amsawa da wasu abubuwa don ya saki makamashi a matsayin makamashin zafi ko kuma a yi amfani da shi don aiki . Tun da farko an yi amfani da manufar ne kawai ga waɗancan kayan da ke da ikon fitar da makamashin sinadarai amma tun daga lokacin kuma an yi amfani da su ga wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashin zafi, kamar makamashin nukiliya (ta hanyar fission na nukiliya da haɗakar makaman nukiliya ).
 combustible matter | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Abubuwan sunadarai da energetic material (en)  |
| Amfani |
energy storage (en) da energy source (en) |
| Contributing factor of (en) | Gobara |
| Has characteristic (en) |
combustion (en) |
| Manifestation of (en) |
combustibility (en) |
Ƙarfin zafi da aka saki ta halayen mai za a iya canza shi zuwa makamashin inji ta injin zafi . Wasu lokuta, zafi da kansa yana da daraja don zafi, dafa abinci, ko tsarin masana'antu, da kuma hasken da ke tare da konewa . Hakanan ana amfani da man fetur a cikin sel na kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin da aka sani da respiration ta salula, inda kwayoyin halitta suna da iskar oxygen don saki makamashi mai amfani. Hydrocarbons da kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa sune mafi yawan tushen man fetur da mutane ke amfani da su, amma ana amfani da wasu abubuwa, gami da ƙarfe na rediyoaktif.
Fuels suna bambanta da wasu abubuwa ko na'urorin da ke adana yuwuwar makamashi, kamar waɗanda ke sakin makamashin lantarki kai tsaye (kamar batura da capacitors ) ko makamashin injina (kamar tashi sama, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, iska mai ƙarfi, ko ruwa a cikin tafki).
Tarihi
gyara sashe Na farko da aka sani amfani da man fetur shine kona itacen da Homo erectus yayi kusan shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>A cikin mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam ] [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">da</span> aka samu daga tsire-tsire ko kitsen dabbobi ne mutane ke amfani da su. An yi amfani da gawayi, asalin itace, tun aƙalla 6,000 KZ don narke karafa. An maye gurbinsa da coke kawai, wanda aka samo daga kwal, yayin da gandun daji na Turai suka fara raguwa a kusan karni na 18. Yanzu ana amfani da briquette na gawayi azaman mai don dafa barbecue .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
Masana ilmin sinadarai na Farisa ne suka sarrafa danyen mai, tare da bayyana cikakkun bayanai a cikin littafan larabci kamar na Muhammad bn Zakariyya Rāzi . Ya bayyana yadda ake karkatar da danyen mai/man fetur zuwa kananzir, da kuma sauran mahadi na hydrocarbon, a cikin Kitab al-Asrar ( Littafin Sirri ). Ana kuma samar da kananzir a daidai wannan lokacin daga shale na man fetur da bitumen ta hanyar dumama dutsen da za a hako mai, sannan a narkar da shi. Har ila yau, Rāzi ya ba da bayanin farko na fitilar kananzir ta amfani da ɗanyen mai, yana mai nuni da ita a matsayin "naffatah". [1]
Titunan Baghdad an yi su ne da kwalta, wanda aka samu daga man fetur wanda ya zama mai isa daga filayen yanayi a yankin. A cikin karni na 9, an yi amfani da rijiyoyin mai a yankin Baku na zamani, Azerbaijan . Masanin tarihin Balarabe Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Mas'ūdī ne ya bayyana waɗannan fagagen a ƙarni na 10, da kuma Marco Polo a ƙarni na 13, wanda ya bayyana fitar da rijiyoyin a matsayin ɗaruruwan jigilar jiragen ruwa. [2]
Tare da haɓaka injin tururi a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1769, gawayi ya zama mafi yawan amfani da shi, wanda konewarsa ke fitar da makamashin sinadarai da za a iya amfani da shi don mayar da ruwa zuwa tururi. Daga baya aka yi amfani da gawayi wajen tuka jiragen ruwa da na’urori masu saukar ungulu . A karni na 19, ana amfani da iskar gas da ake hakowa daga kwal don hasken titi a Landan. A cikin ƙarni na 20th da 21st, babban amfani da gawayi shine samar da wutar lantarki, yana samar da 40% na wutar lantarki a duniya a 2005. [3]
An karɓo albarkatun mai da sauri a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, saboda sun fi maida hankali da sassauƙa fiye da tushen makamashi na gargajiya, kamar ikon ruwa. Sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na al’ummarmu ta wannan zamani, inda akasarin kasashen duniya ke kona man fetir don samar da wutar lantarki, amma sai ga shi sun gagara saboda dumamar yanayi da illolin da ke tattare da kona su. [4]
A halin yanzu halin da ake ciki ya kasance zuwa ga abubuwan da ake sabunta su, kamar man fetur na biofuels kamar barasa.
Chemical
gyara sasheSinadarai abubuwa ne da ke sakin kuzari ta hanyar amsawa da abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, musamman ta hanyar konewa .
An raba makamashin sinadarai ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, ta hanyar halayensu na zahiri, azaman mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gas. Na biyu, bisa ga abin da suka faru: primary (natural man fetur) da sakandare (artificial man fetur) . Don haka, gabaɗayan rarrabuwa na makamashin sinadarai shine:
| Firamare (na halitta) | Sakandare (na wucin gadi) | |
|---|---|---|
| Man fetur mai ƙarfi | itace, kwal, peat, taki, da dai sauransu. | coke, gawayi |
| Ruwan mai | man fetur | dizal, fetur, kananzir, LPG, kwal tar, naphtha, ethanol |
| Gaseous mai | iskar gas | hydrogen, propane, methane, gawayi gas, ruwa gas, fashewa tanderu gas, coke tanda gas, CNG |
Man fetur mai ƙarfi
gyara sashe
Man fetur mai ƙarfi yana nufin nau'ikan kayan ƙarfi daban-daban waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman mai don samar da makamashi da samar da dumama, yawanci ana fitarwa ta hanyar konewa. Man fetur mai ƙarfi ya haɗa da itace, gawayi, peat, gawayi, allunan man hexamine, da pellets da aka yi daga itace (duba pellets ), masara, alkama, hatsin rai da sauran hatsi . Har ila yau, fasahar roka mai ƙarfi tana amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan mai (duba ƙwararrun masu haɓakawa ). An yi amfani da man fetur mai ƙarfi da ɗan adam shekaru da yawa don haifar da wuta . Coal shi ne tushen mai wanda ya ba da damar juyin juya halin masana'antu, daga tanderun harbi, zuwa injin tururi . An kuma yi amfani da itace da yawa don tafiyar da locomotives . Dukansu peat da gawayi har yanzu ana amfani da su wajen samar da wutar lantarki a yau. An hana yin amfani da wasu ƙaƙƙarfan mai (misali kwal) a wasu yankunan birane, saboda rashin tsaro matakan hayaki masu guba. Amfani da wasu ƙaƙƙarfan mai kamar itace yana raguwa yayin da fasahar dumama da samun ingantaccen man fetur ya inganta. A wasu wuraren, gawayi mara hayaki sau da yawa shine kawai tsayayyen man da ake amfani dashi. A Ireland, ana amfani da briquettes peat azaman mai mara hayaƙi. Ana kuma amfani da su wajen kunna wutan kwal.
Ruwan mai
gyara sashe
Man fetur na ruwa mai ƙonewa ne ko ƙwayoyin da ke haifar da kuzari waɗanda za a iya haɗa su don ƙirƙirar makamashin injina, yawanci suna samar da kuzarin motsa jiki . Wajibi ne kuma su dauki siffar kwantenansu; tururin man fetur mai ƙonewa ne, ba ruwan ruwa ba.
Yawancin makamashin ruwa da ake amfani da su a ko'ina ana samun su ne daga burbushin halittu na matattun shuke-shuke da dabbobi ta hanyar fuskantar zafi da matsa lamba a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar su man hydrogen (don amfani da motoci ), ethanol, man jet da man dizal, waɗanda duk an kasafta su azaman mai. Emulsified man fetur a cikin ruwa, kamar orimulsion, an ɓullo da a matsayin hanyar yin nauyi mai yawa juzu'i amfani a matsayin ruwa mai. Yawancin man fetur na ruwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin sufuri da tattalin arziki.
Wasu kaddarorin gama gari na mai shine cewa suna da sauƙin jigilar su kuma ana iya sarrafa su cikin sauƙi. Hakanan suna da sauƙin amfani don duk aikace-aikacen injiniya da kuma cikin amfanin gida. Ana ba da man fetur kamar kananzir a wasu ƙasashe, misali a cikin shagunan da gwamnati ke tallafawa a Indiya don amfanin gida.
Diesel na al'ada yayi kama da man fetur a cikin cewa cakude ne na hydrocarbons aliphatic da aka fitar daga man fetur . Ana amfani da kananzir a cikin fitulun kananzir kuma a matsayin mai don dafa abinci, dumama, da ƙananan injuna. Gas na halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi babban methane, zai iya zama kawai a matsayin ruwa a yanayin zafi sosai (ba tare da la'akari da matsa lamba ba), wanda ke iyakance amfani da shi kai tsaye azaman mai mai ruwa a yawancin aikace-aikace. LP gas cakude ne na propane da butane, dukkansu biyun iskar gas mai sauƙi ne a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayin yanayi. Yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa na iskar gas (CNG) amma yana da yawa fiye da iska, baya ƙonewa da tsabta, kuma yana da sauƙin matsawa. Wanda aka fi amfani da shi don dafa abinci da dumama sararin samaniya, LP gas da propane da aka matsa suna ganin ƙarin amfani a cikin abubuwan hawa. Propane shine man fetur na uku da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya.
-
Locomotive dizal -
fetur -
Kerosene -
Man fetur na tushen man fetur -
Ragowar man fetur ko mai Bunker C
Gas mai
gyara sashe
Gas ɗin mai shine ɗayan adadin man da ke da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun. Yawancin iskar gas sun ƙunshi hydrocarbons (kamar methane ko propane ), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ko gauraye da su. Irin wannan iskar gas tushe ne na yuwuwar makamashin zafi ko makamashin haske wanda za'a iya watsawa da sauri ta hanyar bututu daga inda aka samo asali kai tsaye zuwa wurin da ake amfani da su. An bambanta iskar gas da mai da ruwa mai ƙarfi da kuma tataccen mai, kodayake wasu iskar gas ɗin ana shayar da su don ajiya ko jigilar kayayyaki. Duk da yake yanayin iskar gas ɗin su na iya zama da fa'ida, guje wa wahalar jigilar mai da kuma haɗarin zubewar da ke tattare da mai a cikin ruwa, kuma yana iya zama haɗari. Zai yiwu gas ɗin mai ba a gano shi ba kuma yana tarawa a wasu wurare, yana haifar da haɗarin fashewar iskar gas . Don haka, ana ƙara masu wari zuwa mafi yawan iskar gas ta yadda za a iya gano su da wani wari na musamman. Mafi yawan nau'in iskar gas da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu shine iskar gas .
Biofuels
gyara sasheBiofuel za a iya faɗo ma'anarsa da ƙarfi, ruwa, ko man gas wanda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma an samo shi daga biomass . Hakanan za'a iya amfani da biomass kai tsaye don dumama ko wuta-wanda aka sani da man biomass . Ana iya samar da Biofuel daga kowace tushen carbon wanda za'a iya cika shi da sauri misali shuke-shuke. Yawancin tsire-tsire daban-daban da kayan da aka samo daga shuka ana amfani da su don kera mai.
Wataƙila farkon man da ɗan adam ke amfani da shi shine itace. Shaidu sun nuna an yi amfani da wutar da aka sarrafa har zuwa shekaru miliyan 1.5 da suka gabata a Swartkrans, Afirka ta Kudu. Ba a san ko wane nau'in hominid ne ya fara amfani da wuta ba, saboda duka Australopithecus da wani nau'in Homo na farko sun kasance a wuraren. A matsayin man fetur, itace yana ci gaba da amfani da shi har zuwa yau, kodayake an maye gurbin shi don dalilai da yawa ta wasu hanyoyin. Itace tana da ƙarfin ƙarfin 10-20 MJ / kg . [5]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Bilkadi, Zayn. "The Oil Weapons". Saudi Aramco World. 46 (1): 20–27.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "History of Coal Use". World Coal Institute. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ↑ IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013; IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018
- ↑ Elert, Glenn (2007). "Chemical Potential Energy". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 2007-09-11.