Wikipedia

Usman Dan Fodiyo

Usman Dan Fodiyo malamin Addinin Musulunci wanda ya jaddada Musulunci, a nahiyar Afrika kuma shi ya ƙirƙira masarautar Sokoto
(an turo daga Usman Dan Fodio)

Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu, 1754 a garin Marratta, a yankin Agadez, Jamhurriyar Nijar[permanent dead link]

Usman Dan Fodiyo
Sultan na Sokoto

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Maratta (en) Fassara da Gobir, 15 Disamba 1754
ƙasa Daular Sokoto
Ƙabila Mutanen Fulani
Mutuwa Jahar Nasarawa Sokoto, 1817
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Ahali Abdullahi dan Fodio
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Larabci
Hausa
Fillanci
Sana'a
Sana'a marubuci, mai falsafa da maiwaƙe
Imani
Addini Musulunci
Shehu Usumanu

Usman Ɗan fodiyo
عُثْمَانْ طَࢽْ ࢻُودِیُواْ (Hausa)
عثمان بن فوديُ (Larabci)
عثمان بن فودي
Title Sarkin Musulmi, Amir al-Mu'minin, Shehu
Personal
Haihuwa 15 December 1754
Marratta, Niger Republic
Mutuwa 20 April 1817
Sokoto
Addini Islam
Yara
Iyaye
  • Mallam Muhammadu Fodio (father)
  • Maimuna (mother)
Dynasty Masarautar Sokoto
Reshan addini Sunna
Mazhabi Malikiyya
Akida Athari[1]
Darika Ƙadiriya[2][3]
Samar da Ƙasar Musulunci
Muslim leader
Gada daga None
Magaji (Mohammad Bello):
Muhammed Bello, Yaro.
Gabashi (Gwandu):
Abdullahi dan Fodio, Dan uwa.
Gidan jsman dan fodio

Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai, 1817 a cikin garin Sokoto.

Sunan Shehun malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da Larabci: عثمان بن فودي‎ ) Fodiyo kalmar fullanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu, mahaifiyar sa kuma mai suna malama Maimunatu.

Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai da matan da ya aura hudu (ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu Ƴaƴayen sa biyu wadanda aka fi sani sune, ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello, da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u.[4] [5] Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi, ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa. Tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a dede wannan lokacin Alummar kasar hausa suna sukar addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin ka karanta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin Musulunci ne, Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa ƙungiyar Khalifancin Sakkwato.[6].

Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin[7] Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma Sultan na Sakkwato na farko.

A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.[8]. [9]Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu 1804 har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu 1812, ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.[10]

Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu 1400.[11] A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci hakana kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye.

Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci.[12]

Tashin ci gaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif 1650 zuwa alif 1750, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja]

Farkon rayuwa

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An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne.[13] Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi na addini da Fikihu.

Ilimi

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Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.[14]Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.[14]Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa.[14] Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.

Jihadin Fulani

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Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.[15][16][17].

Kano

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Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.[18]

A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna  a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse,

Magwan da Fanisau.[19] Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci.[20]

Katsina

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A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi.[21]

Daura

gyara sashe

Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani.[22] Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.[23]

Mulki

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Iyali da dangi

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Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne.[24].

An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (1761-1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (1777-1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka:

Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (1793- Nuwamba 1817) da Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta.

Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad. An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar:

  • Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi.
  • Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta Muhammad Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi.
  • Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a 1817.
  • Muhammad Buhari (1785-1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar Tambuwal, kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki.

Hauwa, wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai:

  • Muhammad Bello (1781-1837), Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami.
  • Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri.
  • Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto

Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki.

Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (1812-1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (1867-1873).

Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi:

  • Amina
  • Ibrahim Dasuki
  • Hajara
  • Uwar Deji Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (1840-1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad.
  • Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yamma. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (1867-1873).

Ayyuka

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Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka.[25] A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa.[26] Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai.[26] A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi.[27] Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.”[27] Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.[28]

s/n Suna
1 Al-madkhal[14]
2 Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan
3 Al-farq[29]
4 Bayan Wujub al-Hijra
5 Ihya' as Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah
Magabata
Babu kowa 		Sarkin Musulmi na Farko
1804–1815 		Magaji
Muhammed Bello

.

Karatu

gyara sashe
  • Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, 08033994793.ABA (page:233-236)
  • Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
  • Omipidan Teslim Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817)[permanent dead link] OldNaija
  • Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). 08033994793.ABA
  • Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). 08033994793.ABA
  • Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo.
  • Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
  • Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview[30] International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987)
  • Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)[31]
  • Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate.[32] A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.
  • Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland,[33] (1996).
  • Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study.[34] Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  • B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
  • Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
  • Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472
  • Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
  • R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972.
  • Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. 08033994793.ABA.
  • S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
  • J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
  • 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
  • Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery – A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, 08033994793.ABA.
  • Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986).
  • Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) 08033994793.ABA.
  • F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
  • M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
  • David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
  • Bunza[35]

.

Bibiliyo

gyara sashe
  • Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. ISBN 978-135-166-7
  • Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. ISBN 978-125-085-2. OCLC 238787986.
  • Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864). Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. ISBN 978-2165-84-0. OCLC 316802318.
  • Staudinger, Paul. (1990). In the heart of the Hausa states. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 0-89680-160-8. OCLC 21559544.
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Diddigin bayanai

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Hadin waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Jackson, Sherman A. (2009). Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0195382068.
  2. ↑ University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center: "An Interview on Uthman dan Fodio" by Shireen Ahmed 22 June 1995
  3. ↑ Loimeier, Roman (2011). Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Northwestern University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0810128101.
  4. ↑ Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa (pp.
  5. ↑ Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa
  6. ↑ I. Suleiman, The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio (1757-1817) (2009)
  7. ↑ citation needed
  8. ↑ I.Suleiman, The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio (1757-1817) (2009).
  9. ↑ https://religiondocbox.com/Islam/68196378-University-of-maiduguri-centre-for-distance-learning.html
  10. ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.46
  11. ↑ T. A. Osae & S. N. Nwabara (1968). a Short history of WEST AFRICA A.D 1000-1800. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 80. ISBN 0-340-07771-9.
  12. ↑ John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
  13. ↑ Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Kano Millennium,100 years in History. p38
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History. p39
  15. ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349
  16. ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.249
  17. ↑ Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History. p.p, 44-45.
  18. ↑ Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto,Bohari,in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4
  19. ↑ Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History.p.73.ISBN: 978-881-0958-6
  20. ↑ Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History.p.74. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6
  21. ↑ Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto, Bohari, in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4
  22. ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.70
  23. ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.72
  24. ↑ Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano.Kano Millennium:100 years in History.p. 38. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6
  25. ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Furniss, Graham (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.372
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Furniss, Graham. (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.373
  28. ↑ Bobboyi,H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.385-387
  29. ↑ Bobboyi, H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.351
  30. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ↑ "Nigeria Usman Dan Fodiyo and the Sokoto Caliphate". Retrieved 8 October 2014.[permanent dead link]
  35. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 2009-06-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf


Sarakunan Sokoto
Usman Dan Fodiyo | Muhammadu Bello | Abubakar Atiku | Ali Babba bin Bello | Ahmadu Atiku | Aliyu Karami | Ahmadu Rufai | Abubakar II Atiku na Raba | Mu'azu | Umaru bin Ali | Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar | Muhammadu Attahiru I | Muhammadu Attahiru II | Muhammadu dan Muhammadu | Hassan dan Mu'azu Ahmadu | Siddiq Abubakar III | Ibrahim Dasuki | Muhammadu Maccido | Sa'adu Abubakar
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