Mutanen Ijaw
Mutanen Ijaw (waɗanda kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suka sani "Ijo" ko " Izon ") mutane ne a yankin Niger Delta a Najeriya, suna zaune ne a jihohin Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa (asalin Kasar su ta asali), Delta, Edo, Ondo, da kuma jihar Ribas. Yawancinsu ana samun su masunta ne a sansanoni har zuwa yammacin Saliyo har zuwa Gabon . Adadin mutanen Ijaws ya banbanta matuka, miliyan 3.7. Sun daɗe suna rayuwa a wurare kusa da yawancin hanyoyin kasuwancin teku, kuma suna da alaƙa da sauran yankuna a sanadiyyar kasuwanci tun farkon ƙarni na 15.[1][2]
 | |
| Jimlar yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| 15,053,751 | |
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
| Najeriya | |
| Addini | |
| Kiristanci |
Harshe
gyara sashe
Ijaw suna magana ne da yarukan Niger-Congo masu alaƙa da tara, dukansu na reshen Ijoid na itacen Niger-Congo. Bangaren farko tsakanin yarukan Ijo shine tsakanin Gabas Ijo da Yammacin Ijo, mafi mahimmancin tsoffin rukunin harsunan shine Izon, wanda kusan mutane miliyan biyar ke magana dashi.
Akwai manyan rukuni biyu na yaren Izon. Na farko, wanda ake kira da kuma Yammacin ko Izon (Ijaw) ya ƙunshi masu magana da Yammacin Ijaw: Tuomo Clan, Egbema, Ekeremor, Sagbama (Mein), Bassan, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma (Bumo), Kabo (Kabuowei), Ogboin, Tarakiri, da Kolokuma-Opokuma.[ana buƙatar hujja] Yarukan Nembe, Brass da Akassa (Akaha) suna wakiltar Kudu maso gabashin Ijo (Izon). Yarukan Buseni da Okordia ana daukar su Inland Ijo.[3]
Sauran manyan rukunin yaren Ijaw sune Kalabari. Ana ɗaukar Kalabari a matsayin yare na Ijaw na Gabas amma kalmar "Ijaw ta Gabas" ba ita ce sabawa doka ba. Kalabari sunan daya daga cikin kabilun Ijaw ne da ke zaune a gabashin yankin Neja-Delta (Abonnema, Buguma, Bakana, Degema da sauransu) wadanda suka kafa wata kungiya a jihar Ribas, Sauran kabilun Ijaw na "Gabas" su ne Abua, Andoni, Okrika, Ibani (yan asalin Bonny, Finima da Opobo), da Nkoroo . Makwabta ne ga mutanen Kalabari a cikin jihar Ribas ta yanzu, Najeriya .
Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu alaƙa da Ijaw waɗanda suke da yarurruka daban daban amma dangi na kud da kud, alakar gargajiya da yankuna tare da sauran Ijaw sune Epie-Atissa, Engenni (wanda ake kira da ggɛnè), da Degema (wanda ake kira Udekama ko Udekaama). [4] Dangin Ogbia, da mazaunan Bukuma da Abuloma ( Obulom ).
Ƙabilu
gyara sasheƘabilar Ijaw ta ƙunshi dangogin dangi 51. Kasancewa daga cikin wadannan dangin ya dogara ne da layin dangi, al'adun gargajiya da na addini, da kuma tarbiyya.[1]
| Name | State | Alternate Names |
|---|---|---|
| Abua | Rivers | |
| Akassa | Bayelsa | Akaha, Akasa |
| Andoni | Rivers/Akwa Ibom | Obolo |
| Apoi (Eastern) | Bayelsa | |
| Apoi (Western) | Ondo | |
| Arogbo | Ondo | |
| Bassan | Bayelsa | Basan |
| Bille | Rivers | Bile, Bili |
| Bumo | Bayelsa | Boma, Bomo |
| Bonny | Rivers | Ibani, Ubani |
| Buseni | Bayelsa | Biseni |
| Egbema | Delta/Edo | |
| Operemor | Delta/Bayelsa | Operemor, Ekeremo,Ojobo |
| Ekpetiama | Bayelsa | |
| Engenni | Rivers | Ngeni |
| Epie-Atissa | Bayelsa | |
| Furupagha | Edo/ Ondo | |
| Gbaramatu | Delta | Gbaramatu |
| Gbaran | Bayelsa | Gbarain |
| Iduwini | Bayelsa/Delta | |
| Isaba | Delta | |
| Kabo | Delta | Kabowei, Kabou |
| Kalabari | Rivers | |
| Ke | Rivers | Obiansoama, Kenan City |
| Kolokuma | Bayelsa | |
| Kou | Bayelsa | |
| Kula | Rivers | |
| Kumbo | Delta | Kumbowei |
| Mein | Delta/Bayelsa | |
| Nembe | Bayelsa | |
| Nkoro | Rivers | Kala Kirika |
| Obotebe | Delta | |
| Odimodi | Delta | |
| Ogbe | Delta | Ogbe-Ijoh |
| Ogbia | Bayelsa | |
| Ogboin | Bayelsa | |
| Ogulagha | Delta | Ogula |
| Okordia | Bayelsa | Okodia, Akita |
| Okrika | Rivers | Wakirike |
| Olodiama (East) | Bayelsa | |
| Olodiama (West) | Edo | |
| Opobo | Rivers | |
| Opokuma | Bayelsa | |
| Oporoma | Bayelsa | Oporomo |
| Oruma | Bayelsa | Tugbene |
| Oyakiri | Bayelsa | Beni |
| Seimbiri | Delta | |
| Tarakiri (East) | Bayelsa | |
| Tarakiri (West) | Delta | |
| Tungbo | Bayelsa | |
| Tuomo | Delta / Bayelsa |
T.T Clan |
| Ukomu | Edo | |
| Zarama | Bayelsa | |
| Anindokarie Kingdom | Anambra | Ndoki |
Ayyukan gargajiya
gyara sashe
Ijaws na datya daga cikin mutanen Najeriya na farko da suka fara cudanya da Turawan Yamma, kuma sun kasance masu fafutuka ta cinikin bayi tsakanin Turawa masu ziyara da al'umman cikin gida, musamman a zamanin da aka gano quinine, lokacin da Afirka ta Yamma. har yanzu ana kiranta da "Makabartar Farin Mutum" saboda kasancewar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro . Wasu daga cikin layin dangin dangi da suka samo asali tsakanin Ijaws sun haɓaka zuwa manyan kamfanoni waɗanda aka san su da "gidaje"; kowane gida yana da zaɓaɓɓen shugaba da kuma jiragen ruwa na jiragen ruwa don amfani da su wajen kare kasuwanci da yaƙi da abokan hamayya. Sauran sana'o'in da suka fi yawa a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Ijaws sun kasance masunta da noma.
Kasancewar mu mutane ne na tekun, Ijawa da yawa sun kasance cikin aikin jigilar jigilar kayayyaki a farkon da tsakiyar karni na 20 (kafin samun yancin kan Najeriya). Tare da fara binciken mai da iskar gas a yankin su, wasu suna aiki a wannan ɓangaren. Sauran manyan sana'o'in suna cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati na jihohin Bayelsa da Ribas inda suka fi yawa.
Yankunan Gwamnatin Jiha wadanda suka dauki nauyin karatun kasashen waje a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun kuma haifar da kasancewar kwararrun kwararrun Ijaw a Turai da Arewacin Amurka (waɗanda ake kira Ijaw yan kasashen waje). Wani abin da ke taimakawa ga wannan jirgi na ɗan adam shi ne mummunan talaucin da ake fama da shi a ƙasarsu ta Neja Delta, sakamakon rashin kulawa da gwamnatin Nijeriya da kamfanonin mai ke yi shekaru da dama duk da ci gaba da haƙo man fetur a wannan yankin tun daga shekarun 1950.[5]
Rayuwa
gyara sashe
A Ijaw mutane ne masu rayuwa ta kama kifi suna goyon bayan da noma Paddy - shinkafa, plantains, Rogo, yams, cocoyams, ayaba da sauran kayan lambu, kazalika da wurare masu zafi da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar guava, mangoes da pineapples . da ciniki. Smoke-bushe kifi, katako, dabino mai da dabino kernels ake sarrafa don fitarwa. Yayin da wasu dangi (wadanda suke gabas - Akassa, Nembe, Kalabari, Okrika da Bonny ) suke da sarakuna masu karfi da kuma rarrabuwar al'umma, ana jin cewa sauran dangi ba su da wata kungiyar hadin kai har zuwa lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka zo. Koyaya, saboda tasirin masarautar da ke makwabtaka da kowane yanki na yankin Neja Delta har ila yau yana da shugabanni da gwamnatoci a matakin kauye.
Ana kammala aure ne ta hanyar biyan kuɗin sadakin amarya, wanda ke ƙara girma idan amaryar ta kasance daga wani kauye (don biyan diyyar wannan kauye na 'ya'yanta). Bukukuwan jana'iza, musamman ga waɗanda suka tara dukiya da girmamawa, galibi abin ban mamaki ne. Ayyukan addini na gargajiya sun kasance a kusa da "Ruhun ruwa" a cikin kogin Neja, kuma don girmama magabata .
Addini da al'adu
gyara sasheDuk da cewa yanzu Ijaw mabiya addinin kirista ne (65% suna ikirarin su ne), tare da Katolika na Roman Katolika, Anglikan da Pentikostal sune ire-iren Kiristanci da suka fi yawa a tsakanin su, amma kuma sun bayyana al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya da nasu. Bautar kakanni tana da muhimmiyar rawa a addinin gargajiya na Ijaw, yayin da ruhun ruhohi, wanda aka fi sani da Owuamapu ya shahara sosai a cikin yankin Ijaw. Bugu da kari, Ijaw suna yin wani sihiri da ake kira Igbadai, wanda a kwanan nan ake yiwa mutanen da suka mutu tambayoyi kan musabbabin mutuwarsu. Akidun addinan Ijaw sun yarda cewa ruhohin ruwa kamar mutane suke da samun ƙarfi da gazawarsu, kuma mutane suna zama tare da ruhohin ruwa kafin a haifesu. Matsayin addua a tsarin imani na gargajiya na Ijaw shine kula da rayuwa cikin kyawawan ruhohin ruwansu wanda suka zauna tsakanin su kafin a haife su cikin wannan duniyar, kuma kowace shekara Ijaw suna gudanar da bukukuwa don girmama ruhohin da ke tsawan kwanaki. . Babban abin da ke cikin bikin shi ne rawar kwalliya, inda maza ke sanye da kayan aiki masu kyau da maski wanda aka sassaka rawa suna ta rawa don buga ganguna da kuma nuna tasirin ruhun ruwa ta hanyar inganci da tsananin rawar su. Musamman masu ban mamaki masu daukar hoto ana daukar su don kasancewa a hannun wasu ruhohin da suke rawa a madadin su.
A Ijaw suna kuma aka sani gudanar da aiki na al'ada acculturation ( enculturation ), inda wani mutum daga wani daban-daban, da alaqa kungiyar shigarsu ayyukan hajji zama Ijaw. Misalin wannan shi ne Jaja na Opobo, bawan Ibo wanda ya tashi ya zama babban sarki Ibani a cikin karni na 19.
Hakanan akwai wasu adadi kalilan na waɗanda suka musulunta, wadanda suka fi shahara shi ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Delta Delta Volunteer Force, Mujahid Dokubo-Asari . Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin da Edwin K. Clarke sun fito ne daga kabilar Ijaw. Sauran fitattun shugabanni daga ƙabilar Ijaw sun hada da tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan da Heineken Lokpobiri da sauransu.
Kwastomomin abinci
gyara sashe
Kamar yawancin kabilun Najeriya, Ijaws suna da abinci na gida da yawa wadanda basu yadu a Najeriya ba. Yawancin waɗannan abinci sun haɗa da kifi da sauran kayan cin abinci. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abincin sune:
- Polofiyai - Miya ce mai arziki wacce aka yi ta da dawa da kuma dabino
- Kekefiyai - Tukunya ce da aka yi da yankakken baƙin kore (kifi), kifi, sauran abincin kifi ko naman farauta (" bushmeat ") da man dabino
- Soyayyen ko gasasshen kifi da plantain - Kifin da aka soya shi a cikin man dabino aka yi amfani da shi da soyayyen plantain
- Gbe - Gwargwadon ƙwaro na raffia-dabino wanda aka ci ɗanyensa, bushe shi, soyayyen a cikin man gyada ko aka ɗauka a cikin man dabino
- Kalabari "girbin-teku" fulo - Miyar tataccen miya ko abincin da aka dafa tare da foofoo, shinkafa ko dawa
- Owafiya (Gidan Wake) - Tuwon tuya da aka yi da wake, man dabino, kifi ko naman daji, Yam ko Plantain. Sannan a ɗauke da rogon da aka sarrafa ko sitaci.
- Miyar Geisha - Wannan irin kayan miyan da aka dafa ne daga kifin geisha; ana yin sa da barkono, gishiri, ruwa sannan a tafasa shi na tsawan wasu mintuna.
- Opuru-fulou - Wanda kuma ake kira da miyar laushi, wacce aka shirya musamman da prawn, Ogbono ( Irvingia gabonensis tsaba ), busasshen kifi, gishirin tebur, kifin kifi, albasa, ɗanyen barkono, da jan man dabino.
- Onunu - wanda aka yi da andwar daɗawa da boiledan itacen ɓauren bishiyoyi da aka dafa shi. Okrikans galibi suna jin daɗinsa
- Kiri-igina - An shirya ba tare da dafa wuta a kan Ogbono ba ( Irvingia gabonensis tsaba ), busasshen kifi, gishirin tebur, kifin kifi.
- Ignabeni - Miyar ruwa ce wacce aka shiryata da yama ko plantain wanda aka hada da ganyen teabush, barkono, naman akuya, da kifi.
Asalin ƙabila
gyara sasheDa shirya zuwa dama sako-sako da gungu na kauyuka ( confederacies ) wanda hadin guiwa don kare kansu bare, Ijaw ƙara duba kansu kamar yadda na ga guda jiwuwa al'umma, ciri daidai da dangantaka da harshen da al'adu. Wannan halayyar an karfafa ta da yawa daga abin da ake ganin gurbacewar muhalli ne wadanda suka hada da amfani da mai a yankin Neja Delta wanda 'yan kabilar Ijaw ke kira gida, da kuma tsarin raba kudaden shiga da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ake kallo. ta Ijaw a matsayin rashin adalci. Abin da ya haifar da korafin ya haifar da rikice-rikice da dama da manyan hukumomin Tarayyar Najeriya, ciki har da sace-sacen mutane kuma a yayin da aka rasa rayuka da dama. Mutanen Ijaw suna da juriya da girman kai. Tun da daɗewa bayan zamanin mulkin mallaka, mutanen Ijaw sun yi balaguro ta jiragen ruwa da kwale-kwale zuwa Kamaru, Ghana da wasu ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma. Sunyi tafiya zuwa Kogin Niger daga Kogin Nun.[6]
Rikicin Ijaw-Itsekiri
gyara sasheƊaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci daga bangaren Ijaw shi ne karuwar adadi da tsananin rikici tsakanin tsagerun Ijaw da waɗanda suka fito daga garin Itsekiri, musamman a garin Warri .
Mummunan rikice-rikice sun girgiza yankin Kudu maso Kudu, musamman a Jihar Delta, inda kashe-kashen ƙabilanci ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar bangarorin biyu. A watan Yulin 2013, ‘yan sandan yankin sun gano gawarwakin mutane 13 na Itsekiris da Ijaws suka kashe, kan takaddama a kan dan takarar shugaban karamar hukumar. Yawancin kauyukan Itsekiri, da suka hada da Gbokoda, Udo, Ajamita, Obaghoro da Ayerode-Zion da ke kusa da kogin Benin, sun kone yayin da wasu Itsekiris da dama suka rasa rayukansu.
Rikicin mai
gyara sasheTaron Dukan Matasan Ijaw na Disamba 1998 ya faɗiɗa gwagwarmaya tare da kafa Movementungiyar Matasan Ijaw (IYM) da kuma bayar da sanarwar Kaiama . A ciki, damuwar da aka dade ana yi a Ijaw game da rasa ikon mallakar mahaifarsu da rayukansu ga kamfanonin mai sun kasance tare da sadaukar da kai tsaye. A cikin sanarwar, da kuma a wata wasika ga kamfanonin, Ijaws sun yi kira ga kamfanonin mai su dakatar da ayyukansu kuma su fice daga yankin Ijaw. IYM ta yi alkawarin “gwagwarmaya cikin lumana don‘ yanci, cin gashin kai da adalci na muhalli, ”kuma sun shirya kamfen na biki, addu’a, da aiki kai tsaye‘ Canjin Canjin Yanayi ’daga 28 ga Disamba, 1998.
A watan Disambar 1998, jiragen ruwan yaki guda biyu da sojojin Najeriya dubu 10 zuwa 15,000 suka mamaye jihohin Bayelsa da Delta yayin da kungiyar Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) ke shirin yin canjin yanayi. Sojoji da ke shiga babban birnin jihar Bayelsa na Yenagoa sun sanar da cewa sun zo ne domin su far wa matasan da ke kokarin tsayar da kamfanonin mai. A safiyar ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1998, matasa dubu biyu suka yi aiki a cikin Yenagoa, sanye da baƙar fata, suna waƙa da rawa. Sojoji sun bude wuta da bindigogi, da bindigogi, da hayaki mai sa hawaye, inda suka kashe akalla masu zanga-zanga uku tare da kame wasu ashirin da biyar. Bayan wata zanga-zangar neman a saki wadanda aka tsare sojoji sun juya baya, an sake kashe wasu masu zanga-zangar uku. An kona shugaban 'yan tawayen Yenagoa - Cif Oweikuro Ibe- da ransa a gidansa da ke 28 ga Disamba, 1998. Daga cikin danginsa da suka tsere daga harabar kafin a gama lalata shi har da dansa, Desmond Ibe. Sojoji sun ayyana dokar ta baci a duk fadin jihar Bayelsa, sun sanya dokar hana fita zuwa wayewar gari, da kuma hana tarurruka. A shingen shingen sojoji, an buge mazaunan yankin da ƙarfi ko tsare su. Da dare, sojoji sun mamaye gidajen mutane, suna tsoratar da mazauna garin da duka da mata da 'yan mata da fyaɗe.
A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1999 kimanin sojoji dari daga sansanin soja da ke Chevron ’s Escravos sun kai hari kan Opia da Ikiyan, al’ummomin Ijaw biyu a Jihar Delta. Bright Pablogba, shugaban gargajiyar Ikiyan, wanda ya zo kogin don tattaunawa da sojoji, an harbe shi tare da yarinya 'yar shekara bakwai da kuma wasu da dama. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 1,000 da ke zaune a kauyukan biyu, an gano mutane hudu sun mutu kuma sittin da biyu sun bata wasu watanni bayan harin. Haka nan sojoji suka banka wa kauyukan wuta, suka lalata kwale-kwale da kayayyakin kamun kifi, suka kashe dabbobi, suka lalata majami'u da wuraren bautar addini.
Duk da haka, Canjin Canjin Yanayi ya ci gaba, kuma ya katse samar da mai a Nijeriya ta hanyar yawancin 1999 ta hanyar kashe bawuloli ta yankin Ijaw. Dangane da babban rikici tsakanin Ijaw da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya (da ‘yan sanda da sojoji), sojoji sun aiwatar da kisan gillar Odi, inda suka kashe da yawa idan ba daruruwan Ijawa ba.
Ayyukan baya-bayan nan da Ijaws suka yi game da masana'antar mai sun haɗa da sabon ƙoƙari na aiwatar da tashin hankali da kai hare-hare kan wuraren shigar da mai amma ba tare da asarar rayukan ɗan adam ga ma'aikatan mai na waje ba duk da kame-kamen. Waɗannan hare-haren galibi martani ne ga rashin cika su daga kamfanonin mai na yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da al'ummomin da suka ƙarni baƙuncinsu.[7]
Sanannun mutanen Ijaw
gyara sashe- GoodƊank Jonathan, Dan Siyasa Kuma Tsohon Shugaban Kasa
- JP Clark, Mawaki da kuma wan wasan kwaikwayo
- Gabriel Okara, Mawaki da Mawallafi
- Owoye Andrew Azazi, Tsohon janar din soja kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaro
- Timi Dakolo, marubucin waƙoƙin Najeriya
- Ibinabo Fiberesima, yar wasan Nollywood ta Najeriya
- Ben Murray-Bruce, fitaccen attajirin nan na yada labarai a Najeriya kuma Sanata
- Patience Torlowei, Mai Zane da Zane
- Finidi George, fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafar Najeriya
- Samson Siasia, tsohon dan kwallon Najeriya kuma mai horarwa
- Timaya, mawaƙin Najeriya
- Harrysong, mawaƙin Nijeriya-mai rairayi
- Ideye Brown, dan kwallon Najeriya
- Alrlfred Diete-Spiff, tsohon Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Ribas
Ƙungiyoyin Ijaw
gyara sashe- Ƙungiyar Andoni ta Amurka (AFUSA)
- Majalisar Matasan Ijaw
- Majalisar Ijaw ta ƙasa
- Kungiyar Dattawan Ijaw
- Majalisar Ijaw ta matasa
- Taron Matasan Neja Delta
- Ungiyar ƙasashen Izon-Ebe
- Omoungiyar Matasa ta Tuomo
- Agbungiyar Matasan Sagbama
- Ekine Sekiapu Ogbo
- Bomadi Ya Yanke Shawara
- Majalisar Matasan Bayelsa
- 'Yan uwan Ogbia
- Izon Ci gaban Majalisar (IPC)
- Ogbinbiri Progressive Movement
- Egbema Matasan Ci gaban Ajanda
- Cigaban Gidauniyar Shugabancin Matasa (ND-PYLF)
- Kungiyar Ijaw Nation Development Group (Ijaw Peoples Assembly)
- Zonungiyar Matan Izon.
Sauran kafofin
gyara sashe- Human Rights Watch, "Delta Crackdown," Mayu 1999
- Jawungiyar Matasan Ijaw, wasiƙa zuwa "Duk Manajan Daraktoci da Manyan Daraktocin kamfanonin mai na ƙetare waɗanda ke aiki a Ijawland," Disamba 18, 1998
- Aikin Karkashin Kasa, "Ziyarci Duniyar Chevron: Neja Delta", 1999
- Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2004. Nahawu ma'anar Degema. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Hlaváčová, Anna: Ra'ayoyi Uku game da Masquerades tsakanin Ijo na Kogin Neja Delta. A cikin: Masu Yin Raɗa: Masquerades Yara na Afirka. Ottenberg, S.- Binkley, D. (Eds. )[7]
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Ijaw Duniya Nazarin
- Kamus Na Yar Ijaw Akan Layi
- Kabilar Ino: Itace Harshen Ijaw
- Mutanen Ijo
- Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka: Art na Kalabari Masquerade
- Rikicin Warri: Rikicin Rikicin - Rahoton Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Nuwamba 2003 Archived 2021-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Cibiyar Adaka Boro Archived 2021-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
- "Mai na Jini" na Sebastian Junger a cikin Banza na Gaskiya, Fabrairu 2007 (an shiga ta 28/1/2007), ya ɗan yi hulɗa da Ijaw
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Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 596. ISBN 9780195337709.
- ↑ "Ijo People – Ijo Information". Arts & Life in Africa Online. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2006.
- ↑ "Our Story". Indigenous People of Biafra USA. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ↑ Kari 2004
- ↑ Gedicks, Al (2001). Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations. South End Press. pp. 50. ISBN 9780896086401.
ijaw million.
- ↑ Bob, Clifford (2005-06-06). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780521607865.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shoup III, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9781598843637.