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Yaƙin Duniya na III

 

Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III.  Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.

Yaƙin Duniya na I (WWIII ko WW3), wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku, rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa-1918) da Yaƙin Duniya na II a shekara ta alif 1939-1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan iko, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da makaman nukiliya ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai.

Tun lokacin da Manhattan Project ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta Amurka a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar rushewar wayewa ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan Yaƙin Cold (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman nukiliya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu.

Magana

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  Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III".  Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka.  A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", Lokaci ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na Lokaci Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948.    Lokaci ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata".

Shirye-shiryen Soja

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Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II .

Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba

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  Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Winston Churchill ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg"> </span> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin, akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da Daular Burtaniya".[1] Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja.

Aikin Dropshot

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Operation Dropshot shine shirin gaggawa na Amurka na 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da nukiliya da na al'ada tare da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba.

A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa.

An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi.

Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland

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Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. [2] Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.[2] Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.[2][3] A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.[2] Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.[3]

Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace

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A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na NATO na hanawa.[4] Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . [5][6] Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa.

Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron Denmark da Norway daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952.

Amurka, Ingila, Kanada, Faransa, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Netherlands, da Belgium sun shiga.

Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki.

Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga Norway da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.[7][8]

Exercise Strikeback

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  Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa

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Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.

Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su.

Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama.

Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine

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Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.

Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su.

Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa

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Tsohon shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko

Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi.

"Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.[9]

Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.[9][10][11][12] A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da Poland a faɗake.[13][14]Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. [15][16]

Shirye-shiryen Tsaro

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Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba.

Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program.

Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO

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Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka

Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO.

 
zanga-zangar da aka yi a Amsterdam game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981

Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , Belgium, Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da Turkiyya har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.[17] Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, [17] da Girka har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a Jamus.

A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin mafaka na jirgin sama, ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da Panavia Tornados . [18]

Tarihin kusa

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Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa.

Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953 

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Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da Koriya ta Arewa, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti Koriya ta Kudu, Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da China. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.[19]  Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet.

Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961

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Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, Berlin, da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali.

Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962

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Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet B-59, wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).

Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya:

  • Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov.
  • Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban.
  • Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka.

Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu:

  1. Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin Fadar White House da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya.
  2. Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici.  Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin yanayi, ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.[20] Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya.

Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969

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Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da China a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria.

Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'.

Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin Mao Zedong.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia.

Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973

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Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3.   An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.[21][22]

Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979

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Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.[23] Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.[24]

Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983

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Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). [25]

Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983

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A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na NATO na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na Soviet da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da Poland a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.[9]

Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare.  Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta Cheget a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba.

Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999

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A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin NATO kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark.

A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta NATO ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. [26] Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.[27][28][29]

Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu

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Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu

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Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022

A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya ba da umarnin mamaye Ukraine, wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka Joe Biden da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. [30][31][32][33] Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a Belarus.[34]

Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.[35][36]

Yaduwar amfani da kalmar

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Yaƙin Cold

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Babban tarin makaman nukiliya tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi)

Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe.   Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara. 

A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa Yaƙin Cold, wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III.  Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.[37][38] 

Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya".  Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.[39] A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.[40] 

Yaƙi da ta'addanci

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Hare-haren Satumba 11

"Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da Hare-haren Satumba 11 wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.[41] Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da Tarihin Amurka". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi.

Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci

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A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant.  Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]".

A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".[42] 

Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku"

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A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, Paparoma Francis ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali".   

Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba

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A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Albert Einstein ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan wayewar ɗan adam don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone.   Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". [43] [44] 

Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".[45] James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance CIA), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.[46]

Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".[47] Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. [47] A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan.   Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin Saudi Arabia da Iran, Isra'ila da Iran, Indiya da Pakistan, Ukraine da Rasha, Poland da Belarus, Koriya ta Kudu da Koriya ta Arewa, ko Taiwan da China na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar Amurka, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja NATO da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.[48]

Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.[49] A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu.

Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.[50] A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa.

Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine.

Dubi kuma

gyara sashe
  • Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya
  • Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi
  • Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi
  • Gasar makaman nukiliya
  • Holocaust na nukiliya
  • Ta'addanci na nukiliya
  • Yaƙin Cold na Biyu
  • Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya
  • Yaƙi
  • Yaƙin Duniya na I
  • Yaƙin Duniya na II

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 (11 August 1945). "Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization'". Department of History, Northeastern University. Archived from the original (online photocopy) on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2008.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kennedy, Michael (2017). "ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND". History Ireland. 25 (1): 36–39. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 90005263. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Archives, The National (2020-04-03). "The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches". The National Archives blog (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  4. ↑ Lord Ismay. "Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens". NATO the first five years 1949–1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  5. ↑ "Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens". NATO the first five years 1949–1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  6. ↑ X (July 1947). "The Sources of Soviet Conduct". Foreign Affairs. 25 (4): 575–576. doi:10.2307/20030065. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030065.
  7. ↑ Time, 29 September 1952
  8. ↑ "NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – Sydney Morning Herald, p. 2
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Benjamin B. Fischer (17 March 2007). "A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  10. ↑ Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions, 85–7.
  11. ↑ Beth Fischer, Reagan Reversal, 123, 131.
  12. ↑ Pry, War Scare, 37–9.
  13. ↑ Oberdorfer, A New Era, 66.
  14. ↑ SNIE 11–10–84 "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.
  15. ↑ Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions, 87–8.
  16. ↑ Pry, War Scare, 43–4.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 amp, Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ↑ Hans M. Kristensen (5 October 2007). "U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  19. ↑ Downs, Bill (25 January 1968). "The USS Pueblo incident". ABC Evening News. ABC. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  20. ↑ "Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis". thebulletin.org. 16 October 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  21. ↑ "Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences'". 7 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan". Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  23. ↑ "Norad false alarm causes uproar". CBC Canada. 2012-11-20. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  24. ↑ Andrews, Evan. "5 Cold War Close Calls". The History Channel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Shane, Scott. "Cold War's Riskiest Moment". Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983). Archived from the original on 19 August 2006.
  26. ↑ "Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS". Slate Magazine. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  27. ↑ "Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3". www.telegraph.co.uk. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  28. ↑ Bora, Birce. "'Which parts of Syria should be bombed?'". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  29. ↑ "Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2015-11-26. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  30. ↑ Sauer, Pjotr (2022-09-21). "Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war". The Guardian (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  31. ↑ "Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions". Reuters (in Turanci). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  32. ↑ Samuels, Brett (11 March 2022). "Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III'". The Hill. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  33. ↑ "Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine". CNBC (in Turanci). 2022-09-21. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  34. ↑ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (2023-03-26). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  35. ↑ Simhony, Limor. "NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III". Foreign Policy (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  36. ↑ Miller, Paul (8 March 2022). "Ukraine Is Not World War III". The Dispatch. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  37. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  38. ↑ Buckley, William F. Jr. (22 October 2007). "World War IV?". National Review. 59 (19): 62. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2019. (published online 6 September 2007)
  39. ↑ "American History: The Cold War". VOA (in Turanci). 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  40. ↑ Yenne, Bill (2005). Secret Weapons of the Cold War. Berkly Book, New York
  41. ↑ Micallef, Joseph V. (24 January 2017). "Are We Already Fighting World War III?". Military.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  42. ↑ Obama, Barak (13 January 2016). "2016 State of the Union Address". The White House. government of the United States of America. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  43. ↑ The New Quotable Einstein. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.
  44. ↑ Johnson, M. Alex (18 April 2005). "The culture of Einstein". MSNBC (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  45. ↑ Brinton, Crane, (1948). From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government, (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.
  46. ↑ Burnham, James, (1947). Struggle for the World, (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Forrow, Lachlan; Blair, Bruce G.; Helfand, Ira; Lewis, George; Postol, Theodore; Sidel, Victor; Levy, Barry S.; Abrams, Herbert; Cassel, Christine (30 April 1998). "Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (18): 1326–1332. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804303381824. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 9562589.
  48. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  49. ↑ Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022). "Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection". Nature Food. 3 (8): 586–596. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0. PMID 37118594 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 251601831 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  50. ↑ Graham Allison (2017). Destined for War, Scribe, p. 215
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