Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong [lower-alpha 1] (26 Disamba 1893 zuwa ranar 9 Satumba 1976), wanda kuma aka fi sani da shugaba Mao, ɗanjuyin juya halin gurguzu na ƙasar Sin ne wanda ya kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar ƙasar Sin (PRC), wadda ya jagoranci a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin daga kafa PRC a shekarar 1949 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1976. A akidar Marxist-Leninist, ra'ayoyinsa, dabarun soja, da manufofin siyasa gabaɗaya an san su da Maoism.
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Mao ɗan ƙauye ne mai wadata a Shaoshan, Hunan. Ya goyi bayan kishin kasar Sin, kuma yana da ra'ayin adawa da mulkin mallaka a farkon rayuwarsa, kuma musamman abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin Xinhai na 1911 da na May Fourth Movement na 1919 sun yi tasiri sosai. Daga baya ya karbi Marxism-Leninism a lokacin da yake aiki a jami'ar Peking a matsayin ma'aikacin laburare kuma ya zama memba na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP), wanda ya jagoranci yunkurin girbi na kaka a 1927. A lokacin yakin basasar kasar Sin tsakanin Kuomintang (KMT) da jam'iyyar CCP, Mao ya taimaka wajen kafa rundunar sojojin kasar Sin da ma'aikatanta da na manoma, ya jagoranci manufofin gyare-gyaren filaye na Soviet Jiangxi, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban CCP a cikin dogon lokaci. Maris Ko da yake jam'iyyar CCP na dan lokaci ta yi kawance da KMT karkashin jam'iyyar hadin gwiwa ta biyu a lokacin yakin kasar Sin da Japan na biyu (1937-1945), yakin basasar kasar Sin ya sake komawa bayan mika wuyan ƙasar Japan, kuma sojojin Mao sun fatattaki gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa, wadda ta koma Taiwan a shekarar 1949.
A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 1949, Mao ya shelanta kafuwar PRC, jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist wacce CCP ke sarrafawa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya karfafa ikonsa ta hanyar yin gyare-gyaren filaye na kasar Sin a kan masu mallakar gidaje, da yakin neman murkushe masu adawa da juyin juya hali, da "Kamfen na yaki da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na uku da biyar", da kuma nasarar da aka samu ta hanyar tunani a yakin Koriya, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar baki daya. na Sinawa miliyan da dama. Daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1958, Mao ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da tattalin arzikin da aka tsara a ƙasar Sin, da gina kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin na farko, da kaddamar da shirin raya masana'antu, da kaddamar da ayyukan soji kamar aikin "Bomb Biyu, Tauraron Dan Adam" daya, da aikin 523. Manufofinsa na ketare a wannan lokacin sun mamaye rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya haifar da dambarwa tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1955, Mao ya kaddamar da kungiyar Sufan, kuma a shekarar 1957 ya ƙaddamar da yakin yaki da 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil adama, inda aka tsananta wa a kalla mutane 550,000 wadanda akasari masu ilimi da 'yan adawa. A shekara ta 1958, ya kaddamar da babban shirin ci gaba da nufin sauya tattalin arzikin ƙasar Sin cikin sauri daga noma zuwa masana'antu, wanda ya haddasa yunwa mafi muni a tarihi da kuma mutuwar mutane miliyan 15-55 tsakanin shekarar 1958 zuwa 1962. A shekara ta 1963, Mao ya kaddamar da yunkurin koyar da ilimin gurguzu, kuma a shekarar 1966 ya kaddamar da juyin juya halin al'adu, shirin kawar da abubuwa masu "maganin juyin juya hali" a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin wanda ya shafe shekaru 10 ana gwagwarmayar fadace-fadace, da lalata kayayyakin tarihi. da kuma daukakar ɗabi'ar ɗabi'ar Mao da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba. An tsananta wa dubun dubatar mutane a lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci, yayin da aka kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai daga dubunnan daruruwan zuwa miliyoyi. Bayan shekaru na rashin lafiya, Mao ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya a cikin 1976 kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 82. A zamanin Mao, yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ya karu daga kusan miliyan 550 zuwa sama da miliyan 900 yayin da gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da manufofinta na kayyade iyali ba.
Mutumin da ke da cece-kuce a ciki da wajen ƙasar Sin, har yanzu ana daukar Mao a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a karni na ashirin. Bayan siyasa, ana kuma san Mao a matsayin masanin ra'ayi, mai dabarun soja, kuma mawaƙi. A lokacin Mao, kasar Sin ta shiga tsakani sosai da sauran rikice-rikicen gurguzu na kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar yakin Koriya, yaƙin Vietnam, da yakin basasar Cambodia, wanda ya kawo Khmer Rouge kan mulki. Gwamnati a lokacin mulkin Mao ita ce ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane da yawa tare da kiyasin daga mutane miliyan 40 zuwa 80 da aka kashe ta hanyar yunwa, tsanantawa, aikin kurkuku, da kisa. [2] [3] [4] An yaba wa Mao bisa yadda ya mayar da ƙasar Sin daga mulkin mallaka zuwa kan gaba a duniya, inda ta samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilmin karance-karance, da kare Haƙƙin mata, da kula da lafiya, da ilimin firamare da kuma tsawon rai. [5]
English romanisation of name
gyara sashe
A lokacin rayuwar Mao, kafofin watsa labaru na Ingilishi a duk duniya sun mayar da sunansa Mao Tse-tung, ta yin amfani da tsarin Wade-Giles na fassarar Sinanci na Standard Sinanci ko da yake tare da lafazin dawafi a cikin harafin Tsê ya ragu. Saboda fahimtarsa, an yi amfani da rubutun sosai, har ma da ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta PRC bayan Hanyu Pinyin ya zama tsarin romanization na PRC na Sinanci na Mandarin a 1958; sanannen ɗan littafin maganganun siyasa na Mao, The Little Red Book, an ba shi suna a hukumance Quotations daga shugaba Mao Tse-tung a cikin fassarorin Ingilishi. Yayin da rubutun Mao Zedong da aka samo daga pinyin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ana ci gaba da amfani da rubutun Mao Tse-tung wanda aka samo daga Wade-Giles a cikin littattafan zamani har zuwa wani lokaci.
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheMatasa da juyin juya halin Xinhai: 1893-1911
gyara sashe
An haifi Mao Zedong a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1893, a kauyen Shaoshan, Hunan. Mahaifinsa, Mao Yichang, tsohon talaka ne wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manoma mafi arziki a Shaoshan. Da yake girma a cikin karkarar Hunan, Mao ya bayyana mahaifinsa a matsayin mai horo mai tsauri, wanda zai doke shi da ’yan uwansa uku, maza Zemin da Zetan, da kuma wata yarinya da aka yi reno, Zejian.[6] Mahaifiyar Mao, Wen Qimei, 'yar addinin Budda ce mai kishin addinin Buddah wadda ta yi ƙoƙari ta fusata halin mijinta. [7] Mao shima ya zama dan addinin Buddha, amma ya yi watsi da wannan bangaskiya a tsakiyar shekarunsa na samari. [7] Yana da shekaru 8, an aika Mao zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Shaoshan. Koyon tsarin darajar Confucianism, daga baya ya yarda cewa bai ji daɗin rubutun Sinanci na gargajiya da ke wa'azin ɗabi'a na Confucian ba, maimakon haka yana fifita litattafai na gargajiya kamar Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. [8] Sa'ad da yake ɗan shekara 13, Mao ya gama karatun firamare, kuma mahaifinsa ya haɗa shi a cikin shirin aure da Luo Yixiu ɗan shekara 17, ta haka ya haɗa danginsu masu mallakar ƙasa. Mao ya ƙi amincewa da ita a matsayin matarsa, ya zama mai sukar aure kuma ya ƙaura na ɗan lokaci. Luo ya kunyata a cikin gida kuma ya mutu a cikin 1910, yana da shekaru 21 kacal. [9]
Yayin da yake aiki a gonar mahaifinsa, Mao ya yi karatu sosai [10] kuma ya haɓaka "hankalin siyasa" daga ɗan littafin Zheng Guanying wanda ya koka da tabarbarewar ikon Sinawa kuma ya yi jayayya game da ɗaukar tsarin dimokraɗiyya na wakilai. [11] Mai sha'awar tarihi, Mao ya sami wahayi daga bajintar soja da kishin ƙasa na George Washington da Napoleon Bonaparte. [12] Zanga-zangar da Gelaohui ya jagoranta ce ta haifar da ra'ayinsa na siyasa wanda ya barke bayan yunwa a Changsha, babban birnin Hunan; Mao ya goyi bayan bukatun masu zanga-zangar, amma sojojin sun murkushe masu adawa tare da kashe shugabanninsu. [13] Yunwa ta bazu zuwa Shaoshan, inda manoma masu fama da yunwa suka kwace hatsin mahaifinsa. Ya ki amincewa da ayyukansu a matsayin kuskuren ɗabi'a, amma ya yi iƙirarin tausayawa halin da suke ciki. [14] Yana da shekaru 16, Mao ya ƙaura zuwa babbar makarantar firamare a Dongshan kusa da, [15] inda aka zalunce shi saboda asalin sa na ƙauye. [16]
A 1911, Mao ya fara makarantar sakandare a Changsha. [17] Tunanin juyin juya hali ya yi ƙarfi a cikin birnin, inda aka yi ta kiyayya ga cikakkiyar masarauta ta Sarkin sarakuna Puyi kuma da yawa suna ba da ra'ayin jamhuriya. Jigon 'yan jamhuriyar shine Sun Yat-sen, Kirista mai ilimin Amurka wanda ya jagoranci al'ummar Tongmenghui.[18] A Changsha, jaridar Sun ta rinjayi Mao, The People's Independence (Minli bao), [19] kuma ya yi kira ga Sun ya zama shugaban kasa a cikin rubutun makaranta. [20] A matsayin alamar tawaye ga sarkin Manchu, Mao da abokinsa sun yanke aladun layinsu, alamar biyayya ga sarki.[21]
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Da kwarin guiwar jamhuriyar Sun, sojojin sun tashi a kudancin kasar Sin, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin Xinhai. Gwamnan Changsha ya gudu, ya bar birnin a karkashin ikon jamhuriyar. [22] Da yake goyan bayan juyin juya hali, Mao ya shiga sojojin 'yan tawaye a matsayin soja mai zaman kansa, amma bai shiga cikin fada ba. Lardunan arewa sun kasance masu biyayya ga sarki, kuma suna fatan gujewa yakin basasa, Sun wanda magoya bayansa suka kira "shugaban rikon kwarya" ya yi sulhu da Janar Yuan Shikai. An kawar da daular, ta haifar da Jamhuriyar Sin, amma Yuan ya zama shugaban kasa. Bayan juyin juya hali, Mao ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a shekara ta 1912, bayan watanni shida a matsayin soja. [23] A wannan lokacin, Mao ya gano gurguzu daga labarin jarida; Da yake ci gaba da karanta ƙasidu daga Jiang Kanghu, ɗalibi wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Sin, Mao ya kasance mai sha'awar duk da haka bai gamsu da ra'ayin ba. [24]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Definition of Mao Tse-tung". Dictionary.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ "Definition of Mao Tse-tung" . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 17 November 2021.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ MacFarquhar, Roderick (13 January 1997). The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58863-8 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Johnson, Ian (5 February 2018). "Who Killed More: Hitler, Stalin, or Mao?" . The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2020.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ .
etal.
Invalid|url-status=39–56(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Feigon 2002; Pantsov & Levine 2012.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012.
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Terrill 1980; Feigon 2002, Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Feigon 2002 Terrill 1980
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Feigon 2002; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966;Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Pantsov & Levine 2012
- ↑ Schram 1966; Terrill 1980
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