Wikipedia

Upper Paleolithic

Upper Paleolithic (ko Upper Palaeolithic) shine kashi na uku kuma na karshe na Paleolittic ko Tsohon Stone Age. Gabaɗaya, ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 50,000 da 12,000 da suka gabata (farkon Holocene), bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyin da suka dace da bayyanar halayyar zamani a cikin mutane na zamani na farko, har zuwa zuwan Juyin Juya Halin Neolithic da aikin gona.

Upper Paleolithic
archaeological period (en) Fassara da historical period (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na Paleolithic (en) Fassara
Mabiyi Middle Paleolithic
Lokacin farawa 40,000 years BCE da 50,000 years BCE
Lokacin gamawa 77 century "BCE"
Wuri
Map
 50°N 80°E / 50°N 80°E / 50; 80
Yaduwar mutane na zamani na farko daga Afirka

An yi imanin cewa mutane na zamani (watau Homo sapiens) sun fito ne a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata. Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa hanyoyin rayuwarsu sun canza kadan daga na Mutanen da suka gabata na Paleolithic na Tsakiya, [1] har zuwa kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da aka sami karuwa a cikin bambancin kayan tarihi da aka samu da ke da alaƙa da ragowar ɗan adam na zamani.Wannan lokacin ya yi daidai da ranar da aka fi sani da ita don fadada mutane na zamani daga Afirka a duk faɗin Asiya da Eurasia, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga halakawar Neanderthals.

Upper Paleolithic yana da shaidar farko da aka sani game da ƙauyuka da aka tsara, a cikin hanyar sansanoni, wasu tare da ramukan ajiya. Ayyukan fasaha sun bunƙasa, tare da zane-zane na kogo, petroglyphs, zane-zane da zane-zanen a kan ƙashi ko hauren giwa. Hakanan ana samun shaidar farko ta kamun kifi na mutum, daga kayan tarihi a wurare kamar kogon Blombos a Afirka ta Kudu. ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu rikitarwa sun fito, waɗanda ke tallafawa da hanyoyin abinci daban-daban da amintacce da nau'ikan kayan aiki na musamman. Wannan mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka ƙididdigar rukuni ko kabilanci.[2]

Jama'ar Ostiraliya sun faru ne ka c. 60 ka. An cika Turai bayan c. 45 ka. An san mutane na zamani da suka fadada zuwa arewa zuwa Siberia har zuwa 58th parallel da kimanin 45 ka (mutumin Ust'-Ishim).Upper Paleolithic ya kasu kashi biyu ta Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), daga kimanin 25 zuwa 15 ka. Jama'ar Amurka sun faru a wannan lokacin, tare da yawan mutanen Gabas da Asiya ta Tsakiya sun isa gadar ƙasar Bering bayan kimanin 35 ka, kuma suna fadada zuwa Amurka da kimanin 15 ka.A Yammacin Eurasia, Paleolithic ya sauƙaƙe cikin abin da ake kira Epipaleolithic ko Mesolithic daga ƙarshen LGM, farawa 15 ka. Komawar glacial na Holocene ya fara 11.7 ka (10th millennium BC), yana fadawa cikin Tsohon Duniya Epipaleolithic, kuma yana nuna farkon farkon nau'ikan noma a cikin Fertile Crescent.

Hanyar rayuwa da fasaha

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Dukansu Homo erectus da Neanderthals sun yi amfani da kayan aikin dutse iri ɗaya. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi Richard G. Klein, wanda ya yi aiki sosai a kan kayan aikin dutse na dā, ya bayyana kayan aikin dutsen na hominids na dā kamar yadda ba zai yiwu a rarraba su ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa kusan ko'ina, ko Asiya, Afirka ko Turai, kafin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata duk kayan aikin dutse sun yi kama da juna kuma ba su da ƙwarewa.

 
Flint Knives, Al'adun Ahmarian, Nahal Boqer, Isra'ila, 47,000-40,000 BP. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Isra'ila.

Da farko daga cikin kayan tarihi na Afirka, masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa za su iya rarrabewa da rarraba waɗanda ba su kai shekaru 50,000 ba zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar maki, kayan aikin zane, wuka, da kayan aikin hakowa da furewa. Wadannan sabbin nau'ikan kayan aikin dutse an bayyana su kamar yadda aka bambanta da juna; kowane kayan aiki yana da takamaiman manufa. Mutanen zamani na farko waɗanda suka faɗaɗa zuwa Turai, waɗanda aka fi sani da Cro-Magnons, sun bar kayan aikin dutse masu yawa, waɗanda aka sassaƙa da waɗanda aka zana a kan ƙashi, hauren giwa da ƙaho, zane-zanen kogo da siffofin Venus.[3][4][5]

Neanderthals sun ci gaba da amfani da fasahar kayan aikin dutse na Musterian kuma mai yiwuwa fasahar Châtelperronian. Wadannan kayan aiki sun ɓace daga rikodin archaeological a kusan lokaci guda Neanderthals da kansu sun ɓace ካብ rikodin burbushin halittu, kimanin 40,000 cal BP.[6]

 
Tushen dutse don yin kyawawan takalma, Boqer Tachtit, Negev, Isra'ila, kusan 40,000 BP

Sau da yawa ana samun ƙauyuka a cikin ƙanƙanin kwarin, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da farautar garken dabbobi masu wucewa. Wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama a duk shekara, kodayake galibi ana amfani da su a yanayi; mutane sun koma tsakanin shafuka don amfani da hanyoyin abinci daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban na shekara. Yin farauta yana da mahimmanci, kuma caribou / reindeer na daji "watakila shine nau'in da ke da mahimmanci a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafen ɗan adam game da farauta".[7]

Ci gaban fasaha ya haɗa da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin masana'antar kayan aikin dutse, tare da Masana'antu da suka danganci takalma masu kyau maimakon mafi sauki da gajeren flakes. An yi amfani da Burins da racloirs don yin aiki da ƙashi, ƙaho da fata. harpoons masu ci gaba sun bayyana a wannan lokacin, tare da ƙugiyar kifi, fitilar mai, igiya, da allurar ido. Kifi na nau'in kifi na Pelagic da kewayawa a cikin teku an tabbatar da shi ta shafukan yanar gizo daga Timor da Buka (Solomon Islands). [8]

Canje-canje a cikin halayyar ɗan adam an danganta su da canje-canje a yanayin yanayi, wanda ya haɗa da raguwar zafin jiki na duniya. Wadannan sun haifar da mummunar sanyi na lokacin glacial na ƙarshe (wanda aka fi sani amma ba daidai ba ana kiransa zamanin kankara na ƙarshe). Irin waɗannan canje-canje na iya rage wadatar katako mai amfani kuma ya tilasta mutane su kalli wasu kayan. Bugu da ƙari, dutse ya zama mai laushi a yanayin zafi kuma bazai yi aiki a matsayin kayan aiki ba.

Alamun rubutu

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Fasahar Lascaux, tare da dabba mai fentin, da dots huɗu, yiwuwar sanarwa don watanni na Lunar [9]

Wasu alamun sanarwa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su kusa da hotuna na dabbobi, na iya bayyana tun farkon zamanin Palaeolithic a Turai a kusa da 35,000 KZ, kuma yana iya zama farkon rubutun asali: an yi amfani da alamomi da yawa a hade a matsayin hanyar isar da bayanan halayyar yanayi game da dabbobi da aka farauta.[9] Lines da dots (•) an yi amfani da su a bayyane don nuna watanni na wata, yayin da alamar (Y) a bayyane take nuna "Don haihuwa". Wadannan haruffa an haɗa su ne don isar da lokacin kiwo na dabbobin da aka farauta.[9]

Canje-canje a cikin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa

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Upper Paleolithic ya rufe rabi na biyu na lokacin glacial na ƙarshe daga 50,000 zuwa 10,000 kafin yanzu, har zuwa dumama na Holocene. Bayanan asalin kankara daga Antarctica da Greenland.

Yanayin lokacin a Turai ya ga canje-canje masu ban mamaki, kuma ya haɗa da Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, lokacin sanyi na lokacin glacial na ƙarshe, wanda ya kasance daga kimanin 26.5 zuwa 19 kya, yana da sanyi a ƙarshen, kafin saurin dumama (duk kwanakin sun bambanta da kaɗan ga yankuna daban-daban, da kuma a cikin karatu daban-daban). A lokacin Maximum, yawancin Arewacin Turai an rufe su da kankara, wanda ya tilasta yawan mutane zuwa yankunan da aka sani da mafaka na karshe na Glacial Maximum, gami da Italiya ta zamani da Balkans, sassan Yankin Iberian da yankunan da ke kusa da Tekun Baƙi.

Wannan lokacin ya ga al'adu kamar Solutrean a Faransa da Spain. Rayuwar ɗan adam na iya ci gaba a saman kankara, amma ba mu san komai game da shi ba, kuma kaɗan ne game da rayuwar ɗan adam da ta riga kan kankara na Turai. A farkon lokacin, har zuwa kimanin 30 kya, Mousterian Pluvial ya sanya arewacin Afirka, gami da Sahara, mai ruwa sosai kuma tare da ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da yau; bayan ƙarshen Pluvials Sahara ya zama busasshiyar.

 
Yammacin mafaka na Ƙarshe na Ƙasar Turai, 20,000 BP.
  

Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum ya biyo bayan oscillation na Allerød, mai dumi da danshi na duniya wanda ya faru a kusa da 13.5 zuwa 13.8 kya. Sa'an nan kuma akwai saurin farawa, watakila a cikin shekaru goma, na yanayin sanyi da bushewar Younger Dryas, yana ba da Yanayin sub-arctic ga yawancin arewacin Turai. Har ila yau, hauhawar Preboreal a cikin yanayin zafi ya fara da sauri a kusa da 10.3 kya, kuma a ƙarshen sa a kusa da 9.0 kya ya kawo yanayin zafi kusan zuwa matakan yau, kodayake yanayin ya fi rigar. [ana buƙatar hujja]Wannan lokacin ya ga Upper Paleolithic ya ba da hanya ga farkon lokacin al'adun Mesolithic mai zuwa.

Yayin da kankara suka koma baya matakan teku sun tashi; Channel Channel, Irish Sea da North Sea sun kasance ƙasa a wannan lokacin, kuma Black Sea tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi. Musamman bakin tekun Atlantika da farko ya kasance da nisa zuwa teku a cikin sharuddan zamani a mafi yawan yankuna, kodayake bakin tekun Bahar Rum ya koma baya kaɗan, sai dai a arewacin Adriatic da Aegean. Hawan matakan teku ya ci gaba har zuwa akalla 7.5 kya (5500 KZ), don haka shaidar aikin ɗan adam a bakin tekun Turai a cikin Upper Paleolithic galibi ya ɓace, kodayake wasu alamu sun dawo da su ta jiragen kamun kifi da ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, musamman daga Doggerland, yankin da ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin Tekun Arewa.

Jerin lokaci

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50,000-40,000 BP

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Sanannun ragowar archaeological a Turai da Afirka na jikin mutum na zamani: kai tsaye kwanan wata, daidaita kwanakin carbon tun daga 2013 [10]
 
Jerin Layer a Ksar Akil a cikin Hanyar Levantine, da kuma gano burbushin halittu guda biyu na Homo sapiens, wanda aka rubuta zuwa shekaru 40,800 zuwa 39,200 BP don "Egbert", [11] da 42,400-41,700 BP don "Ethelruda" [11]

50,000 BP

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  • An sami kayan aikin dutse na Aboriginal da yawa a cikin laka a Castlereagh, Sydney, Australia. Da farko lokacin da waɗannan sakamakon suka kasance sabo sun kasance masu kawo rigima; kwanan nan kwanan wata na wannan sashi ya sake fasalin kuma ya tabbatar da waɗannan kwanakin.[12]
  • Farawar ruwan sama na Mousterian a Arewacin Afirka.
  • Mazauna kogon Fa-Hien Lena, Sri Lanka sun haɓaka fasahar baka da kibiya 48,000 BP (ko da yake fasahar baka ta farko da aka sani ta kasance kusan 65,000 BP daga Sibudu Cave, Afirka ta Kudu ).[13][14][15][16]

48,000 KZ

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Shaidar farko kai tsaye ga Neanderthals farautar zakuna na kogo. Wannan ya dogara ne akan kwarangwal na zaki da aka samu a Seigsdorf, Jamus wanda ke da raunin farauta.[17]

45,000-43,000 BP

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  • Shaidar farko ta mutane na zamani da aka samu a Turai, a Kudancin Italiya. Wadannan ba kai tsaye ba ne.[18]
  • Abubuwan tarihi na farko na lissafi, Ƙashin Lebombo, mai yiwuwa ne ko kalandar wata, wanda aka rubuta zuwa 44,000-43,000 BP a Eswatini (Swaziland) , kudancin Afirka.[19]
  • Tsohon sanannun hakar ma'adinai a cikin rikodin archaeological, Ngwenya Mine a Swaziland, kimanin shekaru 43,000 da suka gabata, inda mutane suka haƙa Hematite don yin jan pigment ochre. [20][21]
  • Farkon zane-zane na ɗan adam a Leang Bulu' Sipong a Sulawesi, Indonesia.[22]

43,000-41,000 BP

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  • An tono kayan tarihi na microlithic daga Kana, West Bengal, Indiya.
  • Kayan ado da kwarangwal na mutane na zamani, a Ksar Akil a Lebanon. Wadannan suna da kwanan wata kai tsaye.[18]
  • Denisova hominins suna zaune a cikin tsaunukan Altai (Rasha, China, Mongolia, da Kazakhstan).

40,000-30,000 BP

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40,000-35,000 BP

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Kafar ƙashi, Aurignacian, ~35,000 BC
  • Mazaunan ɗan adam na farko a Perth, Ostiraliya, kamar yadda binciken archaeological ya tabbatar a kan Kogin Upper Swan .
  • A wannan lokacin, Melbourne, Ostiraliya ta mamaye mafarauta-masu tarawa.
  • Cibiyar al'adu ta farko a cikin Swabian Alps, tsohuwar hoton mutum (Venus na Hohle Fels), farkon Aurignacian.
  • Löwenmensch adadi da aka kirkira a Hohlenstein-Stadel, daya daga cikin zane-zane na farko. Yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ulm, Ulm, Jamus.
  • Fita na farko sun bayyana a Jamus.
  • Alamun rubutu a cikin koguna, a bayyane yake suna isar da ma'anar kalandar game da halayyar nau'in dabbobi da aka zana kusa da su, sune rubuce-rubuce na farko da aka sani (proto-) a tarihi . [9] 
  • Yawancin manyan dabbobi da megafauna a Ostiraliya sun ƙare.
  • Kifi na nau'in kifi a Jerimalai shelter, Timor.
     
    Venus na Dolní Věstonice, tsohuwar siffar yumbu a duniya (29,000 - 25,000 BC)
  • Misalan zane-zanen kogo a Spain sun kasance daga kusan 40,000 BP, suna mai da su tsofaffin misalai na zane-zanensa na kogo da aka gano a Turai (duba: Caves of Nerja). Masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa zane-zanen na iya zama Neanderthals, maimakon mutane na zamani.[23]
  • An yi zane-zane na bango tare da dawakai, rhinoceroses da aurochs a Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardéche gorge, Faransa. An gano shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994.
  • Shaidar ci gaba da kasancewar Neanderthal a yankin Iberian a shekaru 37,000 da suka gabata an buga shi a cikin 2017.[24]
  • Nazarin Archaeological yana tallafawa kasancewar mutum a yankin Chek Lap Kok (yanzu Filin jirgin saman Hong Kong) daga shekaru 35,000 zuwa 39,000 da suka gabata.[25]
  • Zar, Yataghyeri, Damjili da Taghlar caves a Azerbaijan.
  • Shaidar farko ta mutanen da ke zaune a Japan.[26]

35,000 BP

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  • Kostenki XVII, wani Layer na shafin Kostenki (Kostyonki), a tsakiyar Kogin Don, ya mamaye Al'adun Spitsyn na farko.

30,000 BP

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  • Kayan aikin dutse na farko sun bayyana a Japan.
  • Ƙarshen ruwan sama na Mousterian a Arewacin Afirka.
  • Yankin Sydney ya mamaye Aboriginal Australians (musamman, mutanen Eora da Dharug) a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar radiocarbon dating.[27] A cikin binciken archaeological a Parramatta, Yammacin Sydney, an gano cewa Aboriginals sun yi amfani da gawayi, kayan aikin dutse da yiwuwar wuta ta dā.
  • Ginin mutum na farko a Alice Springs, Yankin Arewa, Ostiraliya . [28]
  • Kilu Cave a Buka a cikin Solomons shaida ce ga mazaunin mutum na farko na Tsibirin teku da kuma kewayawa a cikin teku.
 
An adana Venus na Brassempouy a cikin Musée d'Archéologie Nationale a Saint-Germain-en-Laye, kusa da Paris.
 
Zaki na kogo mai shekaru 30,000 da zane-zane mai laushi da aka samo a cikin Chauvet Cave, Faransa

30,000-20,000 BP

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29,000-25,000 BP

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  • Fashewar dutsen Ciomad, fashewar dutsen wuta ta ƙarshe a cikin Carpathians.
  • Venus na Dolní Věstonice (Jamhuriyar Czech). Ita ce yumbu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya.
  • Venus na Willendorf, Austria, an halicce shi. Yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihin Halitta, Vienna.
  • Red Lady na Paviland ta rayu kusan shekaru 29,000-26,000 da suka gabata. Shaidar kwanan nan ta bayyana cewa shi shugaban kabilanci ne.
  • Yanayin ɗan adam a Beijing, China ya kasance daga kimanin shekaru 27,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata.[29]

24,000 BP

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  • Farawar Mousterian Pluvial na biyu a Arewacin Afirka.

23,000 BP

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  • An halicci Venus na Petřkovice a Petřkonice a Ostrava, Jamhuriyar Czech . Yanzu yana cikin Cibiyar Archeological, Brno.

22,000 BP

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  • Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum: Brassempouy" id="mwAdI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Venus of Brassempouy">Venus na Brassempouy, Grotte du Pape, Brassempogy, Landes, Faransa, an halicce su. Yanzu yana cikin Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye .

21,000 BP

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  • Abubuwan tarihi sun nuna cewa aikin ɗan adam na farko ya faru a wani lokaci a Canberra, Ostiraliya. Shaidar archaeological na zama a yankin sun hada da mafaka na dutse, zane-zane na dutse wuraren binnewa, sansani da wuraren dutse, da kayan aikin dutse da shirye-shirye.
  • Ƙarshen ruwan sama na biyu a Arewacin Afirka.

20,000-10,000 BP

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  • Ƙarshen Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara na Ƙarƙwarar. An yi imanin cewa matsakaicin matakan teku ya kai mita 110 zuwa 120 (360 zuwa 390 ƙasa da yanzu, [30] tare da ma'anar kai tsaye cewa yawancin wuraren binciken archaeological na bakin teku da ƙananan kwarin kogi suna ƙarƙashin ruwa a yau.

18,000 BP

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  • An zana dawakai, kogon Pech Merle, Dordogne, Faransa. An gano shi a watan Disamba, 1994.
  • An yi Mai jefa mashi mai kaifi, daga Le Mas-d'Azil, Ariège, Faransa. Yanzu yana cikin Musée de la Préhistoire, Le Mas d'Azil .
  • Garin Mammoth-bone a Mezhyrich, Ukraine yana zaune.

17,000 BP

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Hoton kogon Lascaux, 15,000 BC, Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO
  • Ana fentin hannayen mutane a kogon Pech Merle, Dordogne, Faransa. An gano shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994.
  • Tsohon filin wasa na Dryas.
  • An zana Hall of Bulls a Lascaux a Faransa. An gano shi a cikin 1940. An rufe shi ga jama'a a 1963.
  • Mutumin da ke da shugaban tsuntsaye tare da bison da Rhinoceros, Lascaux, an fentin shi.
  • An yi fitila tare da zane-zane, daga kogon La Mouthe, Dordogne, Faransa. Yanzu yana cikin Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye .
  • Ana yin zane-zane a cikin kogon Cosquer, inda bakin kogon yanzu yake ƙarƙashin ruwa a Cap Margiou, Faransa.

15,000 BP

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  • Bølling interstadial.
  • A cikin littafin nan, Le Tuc d'Audoubert, Ariège, Faransa.
  • Paleo-Indians suna motsawa a fadin Arewacin Amurka, sannan zuwa kudu ta Amurka ta tsakiya.
  • An yi mace mai ciki da deer (?), daga Laugerie-Basse, Faransa. Yanzu yana cikin Musée des Antiquités Nationales, St.-Germain-en-Laye .

14,000 BP

 
Labaran Reindeer Age
  • Tsohon Dryas na filin wasa, Allerød interstadial.
  • Paleo-Indians sun nemi babban wasa kusa da abin da ke yanzu Hovenweep National Monument.
  • Bison, a kan rufin wani kogo a Altamira, Spain, an fentin shi. An gano shi a cikin 1879. An yarda da shi a matsayin gaskiya a cikin 1902.
  • Matashi na Dryas a filin wasa.
  • Farawar lalacewar Holocene.

12,000 KZ

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  • Gine-gine na katako a Kudancin Amurka (Chile).
  • Jirgin tukwane na farko a Japan.

11,000 BP

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  • Shaida ta farko game da mazaunin ɗan adam a Argentina.
  • Mutumin Arlington Springs ya mutu a tsibirin Santa Rosa, a bakin tekun California, Amurka.
  • Rashin mutum da aka ajiye a cikin koguna waɗanda yanzu suna bakin tekun Yucatán, Mexico.[31]
  • Ginin Al'adun Creswellian a kan Hengistbury Head, Ingila, ya kasance daga wannan shekara.

10,000 BP

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  • Shaidar kisan kiyashi a kusa da Tafkin Turkana, Kenya ya nuna yakin basasa.[32]

Al'adu

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Hoton daga siffofin Venus na Mal'ta, daga al'adun Upper Paleolithic na gabashin, Al'adun Mal'ta-Buret, Siberia

 

  • Al'adun Châtelperronian suna kusa da tsakiya da kudu maso yammacin Faransa, da arewacin Spain. Ya bayyana cewa an samo shi ne daga al'adun Musterian, kuma yana wakiltar lokacin haɗuwa tsakanin Neanderthals da Homo sapiens. Wannan al'ada ta kasance daga kimanin 45,000 BP zuwa 40,000 BP.[6]
  • Al'adun Aurignacian sun kasance a Turai da kudu maso yammacin Asiya, kuma sun bunƙasa tsakanin 43,000 da 26,000 BP. Wataƙila ya kasance na zamani tare da Perigordian (ƙungiya mai hamayya na al'adun Châtelperronian da suka gabata da kuma al'adun Gravettian daga baya).
  • Al'adun Gravettian sun kasance a duk faɗin Turai. Shafukan Gravettian gabaɗaya suna tsakanin 33,000 da 20,000 BP.
  • Al'adun Solutrean sun kasance a gabashin Faransa, Spain, da Ingila. An tsara kayan tarihi na Solutrean c. 22,000 zuwa 17,000 BP.
  • Al'adun Magdalenian sun bar shaidu daga Portugal zuwa Poland a lokacin daga 17,000 zuwa 12,000 BP.
  • Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai:
    • 33,000 BP, al'adun Gravettian a kudancin Ukraine
    • 30,000 BP, al'adun Szeletian
    • 22,000 BP, al'adun Pavlovian, Aurignacian
    • 13,000 BP, Al'adun Ahrensburg (Yammacin Jamus, Netherlands, Ingila)
    • 12,000 BP, Epigravettian
  • Arewa da yammacin Afirka, da Sahara:
    • 32,000 BP, al'adun Aterian (Algeria, Libya)
    • 12,000 BP, Ibero-Maurusian (a.k.a. Oranian, Ouchtatian), da al'adun Sebilian
    • 10,000 BP, al'adun Capsian (Tunisia, Algeria)
  • Tsakiyar, kudu, da gabashin Afirka:
    • 50,000 BP, al'adun Fauresmith
    • 30,000 BP, al'adun Stillbayan
    • 12,000 BP, al'adun Lupembian
    • 11,000 BP, al'adun Magosian (Zambia, Tanzania)
    • 9,000 BP, al'adun Wiltonian
  • Yammacin Asiya (ciki har da Gabas ta Tsakiya):
    • 50,000 BP, al'adun Jabroudian (Gabas)
    • 40,000 BP, al'adun Amoudian
    • 30,000 BP, Al'adun Emireh
    • 20,000 BP, al'adun Aurignacian
    • 12,000 BP, Kebarian, al'adun Athlitian
  • Kudancin, tsakiya da arewacin Asiya:
    • 30,000 BP, al'adun Angara
    • 11,000 BP, al'adun Khandivili
  • Gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya:
    • 30,000 BP, al'adun Sen-Doki
    • 16,000 BP, Lokacin Jōmon ya fara ne a Tsohon Japan
    • 12,000 BP, al'adun Yumbu na pre-Jōmon (Japan)
    • 10,000 BP, al'adun Hoabinhian (Northern Vietnam)
    • 9,000 BP, al'adun Jōmon (Japan)
  • Oceania:
    • 40,000 BP, al'adun Whadjuk da Noongar (Perth, Australia) [33]
    • 35,000 BP, Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung da al'adun Wathaurong (Melbourne, Australia)
    • 30,000 BP, Eora da Darug al'adun (Sydney, Australia) [34][35]
    • 30,000 BP, al'adun Arrernte (Alice Springs, Tsakiyar Ostiraliya) [36]

Dubi kuma

gyara sashe

 

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Rightmire, G. P. (2009). "Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: middle and later Pleistocene hominids in Africa and Southwest Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (38): 16046–16050. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616046R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903930106. PMC 2752549. PMID 19581595.
  2. ↑ Gilman, Antonio. 1996. "Explaining the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution". pp. 220–239 (Chap. 8) in Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell
  3. ↑ "Klein: Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans 3 of 3". Access Excellence.
  4. ↑ "Klein: Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans 1 of 3". Access Excellence.
  5. ↑ Samfuri:"'Modern' Behavior Began 40,000 Years Ago In Africa", Science Daily, July 1998
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Higham, Tom; Douka, Katerina; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brock, Fiona; Basell, Laura; Camps, Marta; Arrizabalaga, Alvaro; Baena, Javier; Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio; Bergman, Christopher; Boitard, Coralie; Boscato, Paolo; Caparrós, Miguel; Conard, Nicholas J. (21 August 2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–309. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113. S2CID 205239973. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nature.com" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource—in many areas the most important resource—for peoples' inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present. ... The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." Ernest S. Burch, Jr. "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource", American Antiquity, Vol. 37, No. 3 (July 1972), pp. 339–368.
  8. ↑ "The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition".
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Bacon, Bennett; Khatiri, Azadeh; Palmer, James; Freeth, Tony; Pettitt, Paul; Kentridge, Robert (5 January 2023). "An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 33 (3): 1–19. doi:10.1017/S0959774322000415. S2CID 255723053 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1017/S0959774322000415" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (2013-09-11). "Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 8 (9): e72931. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872931D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770606. PMID 24039825.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (2013-09-11). "Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 8 (9): e72931. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872931D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770606. PMID 24039825.
  12. ↑ Stockton, Eugene D.; Nanson, Gerald C. (April 2004). "Cranebrook Terrace Revisited". Archaeology in Oceania. 39 (1): 59–60. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x. JSTOR 40387277.
  13. ↑ Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (6): 1566–1580. Bibcode:2008JArSc..35.1566B. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006.
  14. ↑ Backwell, L; Bradfield, J; Carlson, KJ; Jashashvili, T; Wadley, L; d'Errico, F (2018). "The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave". Journal of Archaeological Science. 92 (362): 289–303. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.11. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  15. ↑ Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Antiquity. 84 (325): 635–648. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00100134. S2CID 162438490.
  16. ↑ Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (8): 1918–1930. Bibcode:2011JArSc..38.1918L. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001.
  17. ↑ Russo, Gabriele; Milks, Annemieke; Leder, Dirk; Koddenberg, Tim; Starkovich, Britt M.; Duval, M.; Zhao, J.-X.; Darga, Robert; Rosendahl, Wilfried; Terberger, Thomas (2023-10-12). "First direct evidence of lion hunting and the early use of a lion pelt by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 13 (1): 16405. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1316405R. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42764-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10570355 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37828055 Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (2013-09-11). "Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 8 (9): 6. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872931D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770606. PMID 24039825. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "D6" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Francesco d’Errico et al. (2012) Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(33): 13214-13219. It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. (2012). "Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (33): 13214–13219. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913214D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204213109. PMC 3421171. PMID 22847420.
  20. ↑ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007, "Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-05..
  21. ↑ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007, .
  22. ↑ Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (2021-01-01). "Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi". Science Advances (in Turanci). 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7806210. PMID 33523879 Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbín, R.; et al. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
  24. ↑ Zilhão, João; et al. (2017). "Precise dating of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Murcia (Spain) supports late Neandertal persistence in Iberia". Heliyon. 3 (11): e00435. Bibcode:2017Heliy...300435Z. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00435. PMC 5696381. PMID 29188235.
  25. ↑ "The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  26. ↑ "Prehistoric Archaeological Periods in Japan". Charles T. Keally.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Settlers' history rewritten
  28. ↑ "Arrernte Aboriginal Art and Culture Centre Alice Springs". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  29. ↑ "The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian". 2014-11-14.
  30. ↑ Sea level data from main article: Cosquer cave
  31. ↑ "Divers find traces of ancient Americans". NBC News. 9 September 2004.
  32. ↑ M. Mirazón Lahr et al., "Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya", Nature 529, 394–398 (21 January 2016), doi:10.1038/nature16477. "Here we report on a case of inter-group violence towards a group of hunter-gatherers from Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana ... Ten of the twelve articulated skeletons found at Nataruk show evidence of having died violently at the edge of a lagoon, into which some of the bodies fell. The remains ... offer a rare glimpse into the life and death of past foraging people, and evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers." "Evidence of a prehistoric massacre extends the history of warfare". University of Cambridge. 20 Jan 2016. Retrieved 20 Mar 2017.. For early depiction of interpersonal violence in rock art see: Taçon, Paul; Chippindale, Christopher (October 1994). "Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T.". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 4 (2): 211–48. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001086. S2CID 162983574..
  33. ↑ Mulvaney, D J and White, Peter, 1987, Australians to 1788, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney
  34. ↑ Dousset, Laurent (2005). "Daruk". AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database. Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  35. ↑ "Aboriginal people and place". Sydney Barani. 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Thorley, Peter (2004). "Rock-art and the archaeological record of Indigenous settlement in Central Australia". Australian Aboriginal Studies (1). Retrieved 18 June 2011.
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