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Tarihin Ƙasar Japan

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

 Mutanen farko da suka fara zama a tsibirai na Ƙasar Jafan a zamunan baya a tsakanin shekarun 30,000 BC. Zamanin Jōmon, wacce lokacin Yayoi ke biye da ita a ƙarni na farko BC lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire daga Asiya. A wannan lokacin, an rubuta rubutacciyar hujja ta farko game da Japan a cikin littafin Han na kasar Sin a karni na farko AD.

Tarihin Ƙasar Japan
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Japan

A kusan karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, mutanen Yayoi daga nahiyar sun yi hijira zuwa tsibiran kasar Japan kuma sun bullo da fasahar sarrafa karfe da noma.[1] Saboda suna da wayewar noma, yawan mutanen Yayoi sun karu cikin sauri har suka kai ga mamaye mutanen Jōmon, ƴan asalin tsibiran Jafan waɗanda mafarauta ne.[2] A tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu zuwa tara, yawancin masarautu da ƙabilu na Japan a hankali sun haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin wata cibiyar gwamnati, wanda Sarkin Japan ke mulki. Daular masarautar da aka kafa a wannan lokaci ta ci gaba har wa yau, ana tuna ta a kusan kowanne lokacin biki. A cikin shekarar 794, an kafa sabon babban birni a Heian-kyō (Kyoto a yau), wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin Heian, wacce ta wanzu har ya zuwa 1185. Ana ɗaukar wannan Lokacin na Heian a matsayin shekaru na musamman a tarihin al'adun Jafananci na gargajiya. Rayuwar addinin mutanen Jafan tun daga wannan lokaci zuwa yanzu sun kasance a cakuɗe da al'adun Shinto na asali da mabiya addinin Buddhanci.

A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, iko na gidajen sarautu sun ragu, sun fara komawa a hankali daga farko zuwa gwamnatin farar hula musamman Fujiwara sannan zuwa ga sojojin samurai. Kabilar Minamoto karkashin Minamoto no Yoritomo sun yi nasara daga Yaƙin Genpei na 1180–85, inda suka fatattaki 'yan uwan adawansu na soja, Taira. Bayan ya kwace mulki, Yoritomo ya kafa babban birninsa a Kamakura kuma ya sanyawa kansa lakabin shogun. A cikin shekarun 1274 da 1281, Kamakurate ya jajircewa hare-haren Mongoliya har guda biyu, amma a cikin 1333 wani abokin hamayya ya kifar da shi, wanda ya haifar da lokacin Muromachi. A wannan lokacin, shuwagabannin yaƙi na yankin da ake kira daimō sun bunkasa cikin iko a kan karagar shogun. A ƙarshe, Japan ta afka ya zuwa lokacin yakin basasa. A cikin ƙarshen karni na 16, an sake hade kawunan mutanen Japan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shahararre daimō Oda Nobunaga da magajinsa, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Bayan mutuwar Toyotomi a shekara ta 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu ya hau mulki kuma sarki ya nada shi shōgun. Tokugawa shogunate, wanda ke mulki daga Edo ( Tokyo na yau), ya jagoranci zama na wadata da lumana wanda akafi sani da zamanin Edo (1600-1868). Tokugawa shogunate ya sanya tsauraran matakai ga al'ummar Japan kuma ya yanke kusan duk wata hulɗa da duniyar waje.

Portugal da Japan sun yi hulɗa a shekarar 1543, lokacin da mutanen Portugal suka zama Turawa na farko da suka fara isa Japan ta hanyar sauka a kudancin tsibirin. Sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Japan, duk da irin wannan ƙayyadaddun hulɗodin nasu sun gabatar da bindigogi ga ymaakianJapan . Balaguron Perry na a kasar Amurka a 1853–54 ya ƙara kawo ƙarshen keɓancewar kasar Japan; wannan ya taimaka wajen rushewar mulkin shogun da kuma dawo da mulki ga sarki a lokacin yakin Boshin a 1868. Sabon shugabancin kasa na lokacin Meiji ya sauya ƙasashen tsibiran da aka keɓe zuwa wata daula wacce ta bi tsarin mulkin Yammacin Turai kuma ta zama babban kasa .Duk da cewa dimokuradiyya ta haɓaka sannan kuma al'adun farar hula na zamani sun sami cigaba a lokacin Taishō (1912-26), sojojin Japan masu ƙarfi suna da ƙarfin iko na cin gashin kansu kuma sun mulke shugabannin farar hula na Japan a tsakanin shekarun 1920s da 1930s. Sojojin Japan sun kai hari a Manchuria a shekara ta 1931, kuma daga 1937 rikici ya rikide zuwa wani dogon yaki da kasar Sin. Harin da Japan ta kai a Pearl Harbor a 1941 ya janyo yaki da Amurka da abokanta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka mamaye sojojin Japan, amma sojojin sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare duk da hare-haren jiragen sama waɗanda suka yi mummunar barna ga cibiyoyin jama'a. Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya sanar da mika wuyar kasar Japan a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1945, bayan harin nukiliyar Hiroshima da Nagasaki da kuma harin Soviet Manchuria.

Ƙungiyoyin majibintan sun mamaye ƙasar Japan har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka kafa sabon tsarin mulki a 1947 wanda ya mayar da Japan zuwa tsarin mulki na kundi. Bayan 1955, Japan ta fuskanci ci gaɓar tattalin arziki sosai a ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma ta zama cibiyar tattalin arzikinduniya. Tun daga shekaru goma da suka gabata na shekarun 1990, haɓakar tattalin arzikin Japan ya ragu.

Kafin shigar Tarihi da kuma tsohuwar kasar jafan

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Lokacin Paleolithic

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Mafarauta sun isa Japan a lokacin Paleolithic , tare da mafi daɗaɗɗen shaidar da ke kusan shekaru 38-40,000 da suka gabata.[3]Shaida kaɗan na kasancewarsu ya rage, saboda ƙasa mai acidic ta Japan takan ƙasƙantar da ragowar kashi. Koyaya, gano na musamman ga gatari-ƙasa a Japan wanda aka yi kwanan watan sama da shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata na iya zama shaida ta Homo sapiens na farko a Japan.[4]Wataƙila ’yan adam na farko sunken isa Japan ta teku a kan jiragen ruwa.[5]An yi kwanan wata shaidar zama ɗan adam zuwa shekaru 32,000 da suka gabata a cikin Kogon Yamashita na Okinawa.[6]kuma har zuwa shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata akan Kogon Shiraho Saonetabaru na Tsibirin Ishigaki[7]An sami shaidar da ke nuna cewa mazauna Paleolithic na Japan sun yi mu'amala da megafauna da aka yanka a yanzu, gami da giwa Palaeoloxodon naumanni, da ƙaton barewa Sinomegaceros yabei.[8]

Zamanin Jōmon

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Zamanin Jōmon na Japan prehistoric ya kai kusan 13,000 BC[9]har zuwa 1000 BC[10]Kasar Japan ta kasance al'adun 'mafarauta-masu-kasuwa' wadanda suka kai wani babban matsayi na rashin zaman lafiya da hadadden al'adu.[11]Sunan Jōmon, ma'ana "mai alamar igiya", masani ɗan ƙasar Amurka Edward S. Morse ne ya fara amfani da shi, wanda ya gano tukwanen tukwane a cikin 1877.[12]Salon tukunyar tukwane na matakin farko na al'adun Jōmon an ƙawata shi ta hanyar ban sha'awa igiyoyi a cikin saman yumbu mai jika.[13]An yarda da tukwane na Jomon gabaɗaya don kasancewa cikin mafi tsufa a Gabashin Asiya da duniya.[14]

Zamanin Yayoi

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Zuwan mutanen Yayoi daga babban yankin Asiya ya kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci ga tsibiran Jafan. Nasarorin ƙarni na juyin juya halin Neolithic  sun mamaye tsibiran a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na ƙarni, musamman tare da haɓakar noman shinkafa.[15]da karfe. Har zuwa kwanan nan, ana tsammanin farkon wannan sauye-sauyen al'adu da fasaha ya fara kusan 400 BC.[16]Shaidun rediyo-carbon yanzu sun nuna cewa sabon yanayin ya fara shekaru 500 da suka gabata, tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 800 BC.[17][18]An ba shi makamai tagulla da ƙarfe da kayan aikin da aka shigo da su da farko daga China da yankin Koriya, Yayoi ya fito daga arewacin Kyūshū, a hankali ya maye gurbin Jōmon.[19]Har ila yau, sun gabatar da aikin saƙa da siliki[20]sababbin hanyoyin aikin itace[21]Faɗawar Yayoi da alama ya haifar da haɗuwa tare da ɗan asalin Jōmon, wanda ya haifar da ƙaramar haɓakar kwayoyin halitta.[22]Waɗannan fasahohin Yayoi sun samo asali ne daga yankin Asiya. Akwai mahawara a tsakanin malamai kan ko wane mataki za a iya danganta yaduwarsu da hijira ko kuma yaduwan al’adu. Ka'idar ƙaura tana goyan bayan nazarin kwayoyin halitta da na harshe.[23]Masanin tarihi Hanihara Kazurō ya ba da shawarar cewa kwararar bakin haure daga nahiyar daga 350 zuwa 3,000 kowace shekara.[24]Yawan jama'ar Japan ya fara karuwa da sauri, watakila tare da haɓaka sau 10 akan Jomon. Ƙididdigar yawan karuwar yawan jama'a a ƙarshen zamanin Yayoi ya bambanta daga miliyan 1 zuwa 4.Ragowar kwarangwal daga ƙarshen lokacin Jōmon yana nuna tabarbarewar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki da ba su da kyau, yayin da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Yayoi na zamani suna da manyan sifofi da ke nuna wuraren ajiyar hatsi. Wannan canjin ya kasance tare da haɓakawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun  al'umma da yaƙin kabilanci, waɗanda ke nuna wuraren kaburbura da katangar sojoji.[25]Ragowar kwarangwal daga ƙarshen lokacin Jōmon yana nuna tabarbarewar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki da ba su da kyau, yayin da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Yayoi na zamani suna da manyan sifofi da ke nuna wuraren ajiyar hatsi. Wannan canjin ya kasance tare da haɓakawa a cikin al'umma da yaƙin kabilanci, waɗanda ke nuna wuraren kaburbura da katangar sojoji.[26] A zamanin Yayoi, a hankali kabilun Yayoi sun hade zuwa masarautu da dama. Rubuce-rubucen farko da aka ambata Japan babu shakka, Littafin Han, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 111 AD, ya bayyana cewa masarautu ɗari sun ƙunshi Japan, wanda ake kira Wa. Wani littafin tarihi na kasar Sin daga baya, wato littafin Wei, ya bayyana cewa a shekara ta 240 AD, daular Yamatai mai karfin gaske, wadda ke karkashin mata na sarautar Himiko, ta samu daukaka a kan sauran, ko da yake masana tarihi na zamani na ci gaba da yin muhawara game da wurin da take da kuma sauran bangarorin. bayaninsa a cikin Littafin Wei.[27]

Zaman Kofun (c. 250–538)

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A lokacin Kofun na gaba, Japan a hankali ta haɗe ƙarƙashin ƙasa ɗaya. Alamar haɓakar ƙarfin sabbin shugabannin Japan ita ce tudun jana'izar da suka gina tun daga shekara ta 250 AD.[28] Yawa an on su na da girma, kamar Daisenryō Kofun, tudun tudu mai siffar rami mai tsayin mita 486 wanda ya ɗauki manyan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata shekaru goma sha biyar ana kammalawa. An yarda da cewa an gina kabarin ne don Sarki Nintoku.[29] Yawancin kofun an kewaye su kuma suna cika su da sassaka-fasakan yumbu na haniwa, galibi masu siffar mayaka da dawakai.[30] Cibiyar haɗin kan ƙasar ita ce Yamato a yankin Kinai  na tsakiyar Japan.[31].Sara Kuban. kasar Yamato zuriyar sarakuna ne na gado wadanda har yanzu suke mulki a matsayin daula mafi dadewa a duniya. Mahukuntan Yamato sun fadada ikonsu a duk fadin kasar Japan ta hanyar mamayar sojoji, amma hanyar da suka fi son fadadawa ita ce ta shawo kan shugabannin yankin su karbi ikonsu domin musanya musu mukamai a gwamnati.[32] Yawancin manyan dangi na cikin gida waɗanda suka shiga jihar Yamato sun zama sanannun da uji.[33] Yankin yankin kotun Yamato a lokacin Kofun Waɗannan shugabannin sun nemi kuma sun sami karɓuwa ta diflomasiyya a hukumance daga China, kuma asusun China ya rubuta irin waɗannan shugabanni biyar da suka biyo baya kamar  sarakuna biyar na Wa. Masu sana'a da masana daga China da Masarautun Koriya Uku  sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da fasahohin nahiyar da ƙwarewar gudanarwa ga Japan a wannan lokacin.</ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 16, 22</ref>. Masaa tarihi sun yarda cewa an yi babban gwagwarmaya tsakanin Tarayyar Yamato da Izumo Federation ƙarni kafin rubuta bayanai[34]

Jafan na gargajiya

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Zamanin Asuka (538-710)

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Zaman Asuka  ya fara tun daga shekara ta 538 AD tare da gabatar da addinin Buddha daga masarautar Baekje ta Koriya[35]Tun daga wannan lokacin, addinin Buddha ya kasance tare da addinin Shinto na ƙasar Japan, a cikin abin da a yau ake kira Shinbutsu-shūgo.[36]Wannan lokacin ya zana sunansa daga babban birnin Masarautar, Asuka, a yankin Kinai.[37] Buddhist Soga  sun karɓi gwamnati a cikin 580s kuma suna sarrafa Japan daga bayan fage na kusan shekaru sittin.Kabilar Buddhist Soga  sun karɓi gwamnati a cikin 580s kuma suna sarrafa Japan daga bayan fage na kusan shekaru sitti[38]Prince Shotoku, mai fafutukar bin addinin Buddah kuma na Soga, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Soga ne, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki da shugaban kasar Japan daga 594 zuwa 622. Shōtoku ya rubuta kundin tsarin mulki mai lamba goma sha bakwai, ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ta Confucian. jami'ai da ƴan ƙasa, kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da aikin farar hula mai fa'ida mai suna Cap and Rank System.[39]A cikin shekara ta 607, Shōtoku ya yi wa China zagi a hankali ta wurin buɗe wasiƙarsa da kalmar, "Mai mulkin ƙasar fitowar rana yana magana da mai mulkin ƙasar faɗuwar rana" kamar yadda aka gani a cikin haruffan kanji na Japan (Nippon) [40]A shekara ta 670, bambancin wannan furci, Nihon, ya kafa kansa a matsayin sunan al'umma, wanda ya dawwama har yau.[41]Yarima Shotoku ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin ɗan tarihi na zamanin Asuka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban mai tallafawa addinin Buddha na farko a Japan. A cikin 645, an hambarar da dangin Soga a juyin mulkin da Prince Naka no Ōe da Fujiwara no Kamatari, wanda ya kafa dangin Fujiwara.[42]Gwamnatinsu ta ƙirƙiro da aiwatar da gyare-gyaren Taika mai nisa. An fara gyare-gyaren ne da sake fasalin ƙasa, bisa ra'ayoyin Confucius da falsafa daga China. Ta mayar da ƙasar Japan ƙasa baki ɗaya, don rarraba daidai  tsakanin masu noma, kuma ta ba da umarnin a haɗa gidan rajista a matsayin tushen sabon tsarin haraji.[43]Ainihin manufar gyare-gyaren ita ce, samar da babban tsarin tsakiya, da kuma kara karfin ikon kotun daular, wanda kuma ya dogara ne kan tsarin gwamnatin kasar Sin. An aike da wakilai da dalibai zuwa kasar Sin domin su koyi rubuce-rubucen Sinanci, siyasa, fasaha, da addini. Bayan gyare-gyaren, Yaƙin Jinshin na 672, rikici mai zubar da jini tsakanin Yarima Ōama da ɗan'uwansa Prince Ōtomo, masu hamayya da karagar mulki biyu, ya zama babban abin da ya haifar da ƙarin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da lambar Taiho, wanda ya haɓaka dokokin da ake da su tare da kafa tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya da ƙananan hukumominta.[44]Totman 2005, pp. 55–57</ref> Waɗannan gyare-gyaren doka sun haifar da ritsuryō jihar, tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya irin na kasar Sin wanda ya kasance a wurin har tsawon rabin karni</ref>Totman 2005, pp. 55–57</ref> Fasahar zamanin Asuka ta ƙunshi jigogin fasahar addinin Buddha.[45]Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan shine haikalin Buddha na Hōryū-ji, wanda Yarima Shotoku ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 607 AD. Yanzu shi ne tsarin katako mafi tsufa a duniya.[46]

Zaman Nara (710-794)

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A shekara ta 710, gwamnati ta gina babban babban babban birni a Heijō-kyō (Nara na zamani) wanda aka kera akan Chang'an, babban birnin daular Tang ta kasar Sin. A cikin wannan lokacin, littattafai biyu na farko da aka yi a Japan sun bayyana: Kojiki da Nihon Shoki,[47] waɗanda ke ɗauke da tarihin tarihin farkon Japan da tatsuniyar halittarta, waɗanda ke bayyana layin daular a matsayin zuriyar gumaka.[48]An haɗa Man'yōshū a ƙarshen rabin karni na takwas, wanda ake ɗauka mafi kyawun tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci.[49]An haɗa Man'yōshū a ƙarshen rabin karni na takwas, wanda ake ɗauka mafi kyawun tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci.[50] A cikin wannan lokacin, Japan ta sha fama da bala'o'i iri-iri, da suka haɗa da gobarar daji, fari, yunwa, da barkewar cututtuka, kamar cutar sankarau a 735-737 ta kashe sama da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar ƙasar.[51]Sarkin sarakuna Shōmu (r. 724–749) ya ji tsoron rashin tsoronsa ya haifar da matsala don haka ya ƙara haɓaka addinin Buddha na gwamnati, gami da gina haikalin Tōdai-ji a cikin 752[52]. Babban malamin addinin Buddah na Gyōki ya tara kudaden gina wannan haikalin, kuma da zarar an kammala shi dan kasar Sin Ganjin ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin nadawa.[53]Duk da haka Japan ta shiga wani lokaci na raguwar yawan jama'a wanda ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa lokacin Heian mai zuwa.[54]Haka kuma an yi wani gagarumin yunƙuri na hambarar da gidan Imperial a lokacin tsakiyar Nara. A cikin shekarun 760s, monk Dōkyō ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa daularsa tare da taimakon Empress Shotoku, amma bayan mutuwarta a cikin 770 ya rasa dukkan ikonsa kuma aka kore shi. Kabilar Fujiwara ta ƙara ƙarfafa ikonta.

Zamanin Heian (794-1185)

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Zamanin Heian (平安時代, Heian Jidai) shine yanki na ƙarshe na tarihin Jafananci na gargajiya, yana gudana daga 794 zuwa 1185. Ya biyo bayan lokacin Nara, wanda ya fara lokacin da sarki na 50, Emperor Kammu, ya ƙaura babban birnin Japan zuwa Heian-kō ( zamani Kyoto). Heian (平安) yana nufin "zaman lafiya" a cikin Jafananci. Karamin samfurin babban birnin Heian-kyōBayan Yaƙin Shekara Uku a ƙarni na 11 A cikin 784, babban birnin ya koma Nagaoka-kyō a takaice, sannan kuma a cikin 794 zuwa Heian-kyō (Kyoto na zamani), wanda ya kasance babban birni har zuwa 1868.[55]Ba da daɗewa ba ikon siyasa a cikin kotun ya wuce zuwa ga dangin Fujiwara, dangin manyan kotuna waɗanda suka ƙara kusantar dangin daular ta hanyar auratayya.[56]Tsakanin shekara ta 812 zuwa 814 AZ, cutar sankarau ta kashe kusan rabin al'ummar Japan.[57] ya da kansa ya ayyana sesshō ("regent") ga sarki mara shekaru. Ɗansa Fujiwara no Mototsune ya ƙirƙiri ofishin kampaku, wanda zai iya yin mulki a wurin babban sarki mai sarauta. Fujiwara no Michinaga, ɗan siyasa na musamman wanda ya zama kampaku a cikin 996, yayi mulki a lokacin girman ikon dangin Fujiwara[58]kuma ya aurar da 'ya'yansa mata huɗu ga sarakuna, na yanzu da na gaba.[59]Kabilar Fujiwara sun ci gaba da mulki har zuwa shekara ta 1086, lokacin da Sarki Shirakawa ya ba da sarauta ga ɗansa Sarki Horikawa amma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da ikon siyasa, yana kafa tsarin mulkin kama-karya,[60]ta inda sarki mai mulki zai yi aiki a matsayin babban mutum yayin da wani magabaci mai ritaya ke rike da mulki a bayan fage[61] A cikin lokacin Heian, ikon kotun daular ya ƙi. Kotun ta shagaltu da kai da gwagwarmayar neman mulki da kuma neman fasaha na manyan kotuna ta yadda ta yi watsi da gudanar da mulki a wajen babban birnin kasar[62]Ƙasar ƙasar da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na jihar ritsuryō ya lalace yayin da iyalai masu daraja daban-daban da umarni na addini suka yi nasarar samun matsayin keɓantawa daga haraji ga masu zaman kansu.[63]A ƙarni na sha ɗaya, mafi yawan filaye a Japan masu mallakar shoen ne ke sarrafa A lokacin farkon Heian, kotun daular ta yi nasarar ƙarfafa ikonta a kan mutanen Emishi na arewacin Honshu.[59] Ōtomo no Otomaro  shi ne mutum na farko da kotu ta ba wa lakabin seii tai-shōgun ("Great Barbarian Subduing General").[60] A cikin shekara ta 802, seii tai-shōgun Sakanoue no Tamuramaro  ta yi sarautar mutanen Emishi, waɗanda Aterui ke jagoranta.[59] A shekara ta 1051, membobin dangin Abe, waɗanda suka mamaye manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnatin yankin, sun fito fili suna nuna adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya. Kotun ta bukaci dangin Minamoto su shiga cikin dangin Abe, wanda suka ci nasara a yakin shekaru tara na tsohon.[61] Don haka kotun ta sake tabbatar da ikonta na dan lokaci a arewacin Japan. Bayan wani yakin basasa - Yaƙin Shekara Uku na Baya – Fujiwara no Kiyohira  ya ɗauki cikakken iko; Iyalinsa, Fujiwara ta Arewa, sun mallaki arewacin Honshu na ƙarni na gaba daga babban birninsu na Hiraizumi.[62] da gwamnatin tsakiya. Don haka an hana kotun daular da kudaden haraji don biyan sojojinta na kasa. Dangane da martani, masu shoen  sun kafa nasu rundunan jaruman samurai.[64]Iyalai guda biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka fito daga rassan dangin sarki,[65]  Taira da Minamoto, sun sami manyan sojoji da yawa a wajen babban birnin. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta fara amfani da wadannan mayaka guda biyu wajen murkushe tawaye da fashin teku.[66]Yawan jama'ar Japan ya daidaita a lokacin marigayi Heian bayan daruruwan shekaru na raguwa.[67]A lokacin farkon Heian, kotun daular ta yi nasarar ƙarfafa ikonta a kan mutanen Emishi na arewacin Honshu.[68]Ōtomo no Otomaro  shi ne mutum na farko da kotu ta ba wa lakabin seii tai-shōgun ("Great Barbarian Subduing General").[l[69]A cikin shekara ta 802, seii tai-shōgun Meyer 2009, p. 62. no Tamuramaro  ta yi sarautar mutanen Emishi, waɗanda Aterui ke jagoranta.[70]A shekara ta 1051, membobin dangin Abe, waɗanda suka mamaye manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnatin yankin, sun fito fili suna nuna adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya. Kotun ta bukaci dangin Minamoto su shiga cikin dangin Abe, wanda suka ci nasara a yakin shekaru tara na tsohon.[71]Don haka kotun ta sake tabbatar da ikonta na dan lokaci a arewacin Japan. Bayan wani yakin basasa - Yaƙin Shekara Uku na Baya – Fujiwara no Kiyohira  ya ɗauki cikakken iko; Iyalinsa, Fujiwara ta Arewa, sun mallaki arewacin Honshu na ƙarni na gaba daga babban birninsu na Hiraizumi.[72]A cikin shekara ta 1156,  takaddama kan gadon sarauta ya barke kuma masu da'awar hamayya biyu (Sarki Go-Shirakawa da Emperor Sutoku) sun yi hayar dangin Taira da Minamoto a cikin bege na samun gadon sarautar da karfin soja. A lokacin wannan yakin, dangin Taira karkashin jagorancin Taira no Kiyomori  sun ci dangin Minamoto. Kiyomori ya yi amfani da nasararsa wajen tara wa kansa mulki a Kyoto har ma ya dora jikansa Antoku a matsayin sarki. Sakamakon wannan yakin ya haifar da fafatawa tsakanin dangin Minamoto da Taira. Sakamakon haka, jayayya da gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin dangin biyu ya haifar da tawayen Heiji a shekara ta 1160. A cikin 1180, Taira no Kiyomori ya fuskanci kalubalantar tawaye karkashin jagorancin Minamoto no Yoritomo, dan kabilar Minamoto wanda Kiyomori ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Kamakura.[73]Ko da yake Taira no Kiyomori ya mutu a cikin 1181, yakin Genpei da ya biyo baya tsakanin dangin Taira da Minamoto ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu. An rufe nasarar dangin Minamoto a shekara ta 1185, lokacin da rundunar da kanin Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune, ya ba da umarni, ta sami gagarumar nasara a Yaƙin Dan-no-ura. Ta haka Yoritomo da masu rike da shi suka zama sarakunan Japan.[74]

Al'adar heian

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A lokacin Heian, kotun daular ta kasance cibiyar fasaha mai girma da al'adu.[75] Ayyukan adabinsa sun haɗa da tarin waƙoƙin Kokinshū da Tosa Diary, dukansu suna da alaƙa da mawaƙin Ki no Tsrayuki, da tarin tarin nau'ikan Littafin Pillow na Sei Shonagon,[76]da Tale na Genji na Murasaki Shikibu, galibi ana ɗaukarsa gwarzayen Jafananci. adabi.[77] Haɓaka rubutattun kalmomin kana wani ɓangare ne na yanayin raguwar tasirin Sinawa a lokacin Heian. Ayyukan Jafananci na hukuma zuwa daular Tang na kasar Sin, wanda ya fara a cikin shekara ta 630,[78]ya ƙare a ƙarni na tara, kodayake ayyukan sufaye da malamai na yau da kullun sun ci gaba, sa'an nan kuma haɓaka fasahar fasaha da waƙoƙin Jafanawa na asali ya haɓaka.[79] [80]Babbar nasarar gine-gine, baya ga Heian-kyō kanta, ita ce haikalin Byōdo-in da aka gina a cikin 1053 a Uji.</ref>

Feudal Japan

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Zamanin Kamakura (1185–1333)

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Bayan ƙarfafa iko, Minamoto no Yoritomo ya zaɓi yin hukunci tare da Kotun Imperial a Kyoto. Ko da yake Yoritomo ya kafa nasa gwamnatinsa a Kamakura a yankin Kantō wanda ke gabashin Japan, kotun Imperial a Kyoto ta ba da izininta bisa doka a lokuta da yawa. A cikin 1192, sarki ya ayyana Yoritomo seii tai-shōgun (征夷大将軍;  Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General), wanda aka gaje shi da shōgun.[81]Ana kiran gwamnatin Yoritomo bakufu (幕府 ("gwamnatin tanti")), tana nufin tantin da sojojinsa suka yada zango. Kalmar Ingilishi shogunate yana nufin bakufu.[82]Japan ta kasance a karkashin mulkin soja har zuwa 1868.[83] Kotun Imperial ta ba da halaccin yin harbin, amma harbin shi ne  masu mulkin ƙasar. Kotun ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka na hukuma da na addini, kuma ƴan ƙwaƙƙwaran sun yi maraba da halartar ƴan ajin manyan sarakuna. Tsofaffin cibiyoyi sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rauni, kuma Kyoto ya kasance babban birnin hukuma. An bambanta wannan tsarin da "mulkin jarumi mai sauƙi" na lokacin Muromachi na baya.[84]Ba da daɗewa ba Yoritomo ya kunna Yoshitsune, wanda Fujiwara no Hidehira, jikan Kiyohira kuma de facto saraucin arewacin Honshu ke ɗauke da shi. A cikin 1189, bayan mutuwar Hidehira, magajinsa Yasuhira ya yi ƙoƙarin neman yardar Yoritomo ta hanyar kai hari gidan Yoshitsune. Ko da yake an kashe Yoshitsune, Yoritomo ya ci gaba da mamaye yankunan kabilar Fujiwara ta Arewa.[85]A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Yoshitsune zai zama babban mutumi, wanda aka kwatanta shi a cikin ayyukan adabi marasa adadi a matsayin gwarzo mai ban tausayi.[86] Bayan mutuwar Yoritomo a 1199, ofishin shogun ya raunana. Bayan fage, matar Yoritomo Hōjō Masako ta zama ainihin ikon bayan gwamnati. A cikin 1203, an nada mahaifinta, Hōjō Tokimasa, sarauta ga shogun, ɗan Yoritomo Minamoto no Sanetomo. Daga yanzu, shoguns na Minamoto sun zama ƴan tsana na masu mulkin Hojo, waɗanda suke da iko na gaske.[87] Mulkin da Yoritomo ya kafa, kuma wanda magajinsa suka ajiye shi, an raba shi da tsarin mulkin kama-karya, sabanin tsarin mulkin farko na ritsuryō. Yoritomo ya zaɓi gwamnonin larduna, waɗanda aka sani ƙarƙashin taken shugo ko jitō,[88]daga cikin makusantan sa, gokenin. Kamakura shogunate ya ba wa ’yan baranda damar kula da sojojinsu da kuma gudanar da doka da oda a lardunansu bisa ga ka’idojinsu[89]A cikin 1221, Sarkin Go-Toba  mai ritaya ya haifar da abin da aka fi sani da Yaƙin Jōkyū, tawaye ga ‘yan bindigar, a ƙoƙarin maido da ikon siyasa a kotu. Tawayen ya ci tura kuma ya kai ga fitar da Go-Toba zuwa tsibirin Oki, tare da wasu sarakuna biyu, Sarkin Tsuchimikado  da Sarki Juntoku mai ritaya, waɗanda aka yi gudun hijira zuwa Lardin Tosa  da tsibirin Sado  bi da bi.[90]Shogunate ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikonsa na siyasa dangane da tsarin mulkin Kyoto.[91] An tattara sojojin samurai na daukacin al'ummar a cikin 1274 da 1281 don fuskantar cikakken mamayewa guda biyu wanda Kublai Khan na Daular Mongol ya kaddamar.[92]Duk da cewa makiya sanye da manyan makami sun fi yawa, Jafanawa sun yi yaƙi da Mongols don tsayawa tsayin daka a Kyushu a lokuta biyu har sai da guguwa mai suna kamikaze ta lalata jirgin ruwan Mongol ɗin. Duk da nasarar da Kamakura shogunate ya samu, jami'an tsaron sun yi kasa a gwiwa wajen kashe kudadensu ta yadda suka kasa biya diyya ga barayin da suka taka a wannan nasara. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako na dindindin ga alakar Shogunate da ajin samurai</ref>. Rashin gamsuwa tsakanin samurai ya tabbatar da yanke hukunci wajen kawo karshen Shogunate Kamakura. A cikin 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a cikin bege na maido da cikakken iko a kotun daular. Shogunate ya aika da Janar Ashikaga Takauji don kwantar da tarzoma, amma Takauji da mutanensa suka hada kai da Sarkin Go-Daigo suka yi juyin mulkin kamakura.Duk da haka, Japan ta shiga lokacin wadata da karuwar yawan jama'a tun daga shekara ta 1250.[93]A yankunan karkara, yawan amfani da kayan aikin ƙarfe da taki, ingantattun dabarun ban ruwa, da noman noma sau biyu na ƙara yawan aiki da ƙauyukan karkara.[94]Ƙananan yunwa da annoba sun ba da damar birane su haɓaka da kasuwanci.[95]Addinin Buddah, wanda ya kasance addinin manyan mutane, fitattun sufaye ne suka kawo wa talakawa, kamar Hōnen (1133–1212), wanda ya kafa addinin Buddah na ƙasa mai tsafta a Japan, da Nichiren (1222–1282), wanda ya kafa  Buddha na Nichiren. . addinin Buddah na Zen ya yadu a tsakanin ajin samurai.[96]

Zamanin Muromachi (1333–1568)

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Takauji da sauran samurai da yawa ba da jimawa ba sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da Maido da Kenmu na Emperor Go-Daigo, wani babban yunƙuri na ɗaukar iko a kotun daular. Takauji yayi tawaye bayan Go-Daigo ya ki nada shi shōgun. A cikin 1338, Takauji ya kama Kyoto ya nada wani abokin hamayyar dangin sarki kan karaga, Emperor Komyo, wanda ya nada shi shogun.[97]Go-Daigo ya mayar da martani ta hanyar tserewa zuwa birnin Yoshino na kudancin kasar, inda ya kafa gwamnati mai hamayya. Wannan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na rikici tsakanin Kotunan Arewa da Kotun Kudanci.[98] Takauji ya kafa shogunansa a gundumar Muromachi da ke Kyoto. Sai dai ‘yan bindigar sun fuskanci tagwayen kalubale na fada da Kotun Kudanci da kuma ci gaba da rike madafun ikon da ke karkashinta.[99]Kamar Kamakura shogunate, Muromachi shogunate ya nada abokansa don yin mulki a larduna, amma waɗannan mutanen sun ƙara sa kansu a matsayin sarakunan fada-da ake kira daimyos - na yankunansu kuma sau da yawa sun ƙi yin biyayya ga shogun.[100]Ashikaga shogun wanda ya fi samun nasara wajen hada kasar shine jikan Takauji Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1368 kuma ya kasance mai tasiri har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1408. Yoshimitsu ya fadada ikon shogunate kuma a cikin 1392, ya kulla yarjejeniya don kawo Kotunan Arewa da Kudu tare da kawo karshen yakin basasa. Daga nan kuma, shogunate ya sa sarki da fadarsa ke karkashin kulawa sosai.[101] Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ne ya gina Kinkaku-ji a shekara ta 1397. A cikin karni na karshe na Ashikaga shogunate kasar ta koma wani, mafi tashin hankali lokacin yakin basasa. Wannan ya fara ne a cikin 1467 lokacin da Onin War  ya barke kan wanda zai gaje shogun mai mulki. Daimyos kowannensu ya ɗauki bangare suka kona Kyoto a ƙasa yayin da suke fafatawa da ɗan takarar da suka fi so. A lokacin da aka zaunar da gadon sarautar a cikin 1477, shogun ya rasa dukkan iko a kan daimō, wanda yanzu ya mallaki ɗaruruwan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Japan.[102]A cikin wannan lokacin Jahohin Warring, daimyos  sun yi faɗa a tsakanin su don mallakar ƙasar.[103]Wasu daga cikin manyan daimyos na zamanin sune Uesugi Kenshin da Takeda Shingen.[104]Alama ɗaya mai ɗorewa ta wannan zamanin ita ce  ninja, ƙwararrun ƴan leƙen asiri da masu kisan gilla da daimyos ya ɗauka. An san wasu tabbatattun bayanai na tarihi game da salon sirri na ninja, wanda ya zama batun tatsuniyoyi da yawa[105]Baya ga daimyōs, ƙauye masu tawaye da “mayaƙan sufaye” waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haikalin Buddha suma sun ɗaga nasu sojojin.[106]

Kasuwancin Nanban

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A cikin wannan rikici da ke ci gaba da faruwa, wani jirgin ruwa ya tashi daga kan hanya kuma ya sauka a cikin 1543 a tsibirin Tanegashima na Japan, kusa da Kyushu. 'Yan kasuwa uku na Portuguese da ke cikin jirgin su ne Turawa na farko da suka taka kafa a Japan.[107]Nan ba da dadewa ba 'yan kasuwa na Turai za su gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga Japan, mafi mahimmanci musket.[108]A shekara ta 1556, daimōs suna amfani da musket kusan 300,000 a cikin sojojinsu.[109]Har ila yau, Turawa sun kawo kiristanci, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya sami mabiya a Japan wanda ya kai masu bi 350,000. A cikin 1549 ɗan mishan na Jesuit Francis Xavier  ya sauka a Kyushu. Japan (Iapam) da Koriya, a cikin taswirar Portuguese na 1568 na mai zane-zane João Vaz Dourado Ƙaddamar da musayar ciniki da al'adu kai tsaye tsakanin Japan da Yamma, taswirar farko da aka yi da Japan a yamma an wakilta shi a cikin 1568 ta wurin mai daukar hoto na Portugal Fernão Vaz Dourado.[110]An ƙyale Portuguese ɗin su yi kasuwanci da ƙirƙirar yankuna inda za su iya canza sababbin masu bi zuwa addinin Kirista. Matsayin yakin basasa a Japan ya amfana sosai da Portuguese, da kuma wasu maza masu fafatawa waɗanda suka nemi jawo hankalin baƙar fata na Portugal da kasuwancinsu zuwa yankunansu. Da farko, Fotigal sun zauna a ƙasar Matsura Takanobu, Firando (Hirado),[111]da kuma a lardin Bungo, ƙasar Ōtomo Sōrin, amma a cikin 1562 sun ƙaura zuwa Yokoseura lokacin da Daimyô a can, Omura Sumitada, ya miƙa wa zama ubangiji na farko da ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, yana ɗaukar sunan Dom Bartolomeu. A shekara ta 1564, ya fuskanci tawaye da limaman addinin Buddah suka tayar kuma aka hallaka Yokoseura. A cikin 1561 dakaru karkashin Ōtomo Sōrin suka kai hari a gidan kaso a Moji tare da ƙawance tare da Portuguese, waɗanda suka ba da jiragen ruwa guda uku, tare da ma'aikatan kusan mutane 900 da maharba sama da 50. Ana tsammanin wannan shi ne harin bam na farko da jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje suka yi a Japan.[112]Yaƙin ruwa na farko da aka yi rikodin tsakanin Turawa da Jafanawa ya faru ne a cikin 1565. A cikin Yaƙin Fukuda Bay, daimyō Matsura Takanobu sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa biyu na Portuguese a tashar Hirado [113]Haɗin kai ya sa ƴan kasuwan Portugal ɗin nemo madaidaicin tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ya kai su Nagasaki. Yan kasuwan Black Ship na Portugal waɗanda suka fito daga Goa da Macau sau ɗaya a shekara A cikin 1571, Dom Bartolomeu, wanda kuma aka sani da Ōmura Sumitada, ya ba da tabbacin ƙasa kaɗan a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi na "Nagasáqui" ga Jesuits, waɗanda suka raba shi zuwa yankuna shida. Za su iya yin amfani da ƙasar su karɓi Kiristocin da aka kai bauta daga wasu yankuna, da kuma ’yan kasuwan Portugal. Yesuits sun gina ɗakin sujada da makaranta a ƙarƙashin sunan São Paulo, kamar waɗanda ke Goa da Malacca. A shekara ta 1579, Nagasáqui yana da gidaje ɗari huɗu, kuma wasu Portuguese sun yi aure. Saboda tsoron cewa Nagasaki na iya fadawa hannun abokin hamayyarsa Takanobu, Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu) ya yanke shawarar ba da garantin birnin kai tsaye ga mabiya Jesuit a 1580.[114] Bayan ’yan shekaru, masu Jesuit sun fahimci cewa idan sun fahimci yaren za su sami ƙarin tuba zuwa addinin Katolika. Jesuits irin su João Rodrigues sun rubuta ƙamus na Japan. Don haka Portuguese ta zama harshen yamma na farko da ya sami irin wannan ƙamus lokacin da akaHesselink, Reinier. [115] buga shi a Nagasaki a cikin 1603.

Al'adar Muromachi

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Duk da yakin, wadatar tattalin arzikin Japan na dangi, wanda ya fara a zamanin Kamakura, ya ci gaba sosai har zuwa lokacin Muromachi. A shekara ta 1450 yawan mutanen Japan ya kai miliyan goma, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan shida a karshen karni na sha uku.[116]Kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, gami da ciniki mai yawa da Sin da Koriya.[117]Saboda daimyos  da sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin Japan suna keɓance nasu tsabar kudi, Japan ta fara rikiɗa daga tushen ciniki zuwa tattalin arzikin tushen kuɗi.[118]A lokacin, wasu fitattun nau'ikan zane-zane na Japan sun haɓaka, gami da zanen wankin tawada, shirin furen kebana, bikin shayi, aikin lambu na Japan, bonsai, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Noh.[119]Ko da yake Ashikaga shogun na takwas, Yoshimasa, shugaba ne na siyasa da soja mara inganci, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka waɗannan ci gaban al'adu[120]Ya sa aka gina sanannen Kinkaku-ji ko "Haikali na Gidan Zinare" a Kyoto a cikin 1397.[121]

Zamanin Azuchi–Momoyama (1568-1600)

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A cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 16, a hankali Japan ta sake haɗewa ƙarƙashin manyan haƙƙin yaƙi guda biyu: Oda Nobunaga da Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Wannan lokacin yana ɗaukar sunansa daga hedkwatar Nobunaga, Azuchi Castle, da hedkwatar Hideyoshi, Momoyama Castle.[122] a 1582, yana nuna yankin da Oda Nobunaga da Toyotomi Hideyoshi suka mamaye cikin launin toka. Nobunaga shine daimyo na ƙaramin lardin Owari. Ya fashe a wurin ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 1560, lokacin da, a lokacin Yaƙin Okehazama, sojojinsa sun yi galaba a kan wata runduna da yawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto.[123]Nobunaga ya shahara saboda dabarun jagoranci da rashin tausayinsa. Ya ƙarfafa Kiristanci ya jawo ƙiyayya ga abokan gabansa na Buddha kuma ya ƙulla dangantaka mai ƙarfi da masu cinikin makamai na Turai. Ya sanya wa sojojinsa kayan kawanya, ya horar da su da sabbin dabaru[124]Ya inganta mazaje masu hazaka ba tare da la’akari da matsayinsu na zamantakewa ba, ciki har da bawansa Toyotomi Hideyoshi, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshinsa[125] Zaman Azuchi–Momoyama ya fara ne a shekara ta 1568, lokacin da Nobunaga ya kwace Kyoto kuma ta haka ya kawo karshen shogunate na Ashikaga.[126]Yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ga burinsa na sake haduwa da dukkan Japan, a cikin 1582, daya daga cikin jami'ansa, Akechi Mitsuhide, ya kashe shi a wani hari da aka kai masa ba zato ba tsammani. Hideyoshi ya rama Nobunaga ta hanyar murkushe tawayen Akechi kuma ya zama magajin Nobunaga.[127]Hideyoshi ya kammala haɗewar Japan ta hanyar cinye Shikoku, Kyushu, da ƙasashen dangin Hōjō a gabashin Japan.[128]Ya ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye ga al'ummar Jafanawa, gami da kwace takuba daga makiyaya, sabbin hani kan daimyōs, tsananta wa Kiristoci, cikakken binciken ƙasa, da sabuwar doka da ta hana ƙauye da samurai yadda ya kamata su canza salon zamantakewa[129]Binciken ƙasa na Hideyoshi ya ayyana duk waɗanda ke noman ƙasar a matsayin "masu haɗa kai", wani aiki da ya ba da 'yanci ga yawancin bayin Japan yadda ya kamata.[130]Yayin da ikon Hideyoshi ya fadada, ya yi mafarkin cin kasar Sin kuma ya kaddamar da hare-hare guda biyu na Koriya tun daga shekara ta 1592. Hideyoshi ya kasa cin nasara kan sojojin China da Koriya ta Kudu a yankin Koriya kuma yakin ya kare bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1598.[131]A cikin begen kafa sabuwar daular, Hideyoshi ya nemi amintattun mukarrabansa da su yi alƙawarin yin biyayya ga jariri ɗansa Toyotomi Hideyori. Duk da haka, kusan nan da nan bayan mutuwar Hideyoshi, yaƙi ya ɓarke ​​tsakanin abokan Hideyori da waɗanda ke biyayya ga Tokugawa Ieyasu, daimyo  kuma tsohon abokin Hideyoshi.[132]Tokugawa Ieyasu ya sami gagarumar nasara a Yaƙin Sekigahara a cikin 1600, wanda ya haifar da mulkin shekaru 268 na ƙabilar Tokugawa ba tare da katsewa ba[133]

Farkon Lokacjn Zamani a jafan

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Zamanin Edo (1600–1868)

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Zaman Edo ya kasance da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali[134] ƙarƙaƙaƙaƙƙashin ikon Tokugawa Shogunate, wanda ke mulki daga gabashin Edo (Tokyo na zamani) A cikin 1603, Emperor Go-Yōzei ya ayyana Tokugawa Ieyasu shōgun, kuma Ieyasu ya yi murabus bayan shekaru biyu don ango ɗansa a matsayin shōgun na biyu na abin da ya zama dogon daular.[135]Duk da haka, ya ɗauki lokaci don Tokugawas su ƙarfafa mulkinsu. A cikin 1609, shōgun  ya ba da daimyō na Satsuma Domain izni don mamaye Masarautar Ryukyu saboda zagin da ake yi wa ‘yan harbi; Nasarar Satsuma ta fara ne shekaru 266 na biyayyar Ryukyu ga Satsuma da China.[136][137]Ieyasu ya jagoranci Siege na Osaka wanda ya ƙare tare da lalata dangin Toyotami a 1615.[138]Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shogunate ɗin ya ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gidajen Soja, waɗanda suka sanya tsauraran matakai akan daimyos,[139]da madaidaicin tsarin halarta, wanda ke buƙatar kowane daimō  ya ciyar kowace shekara a Edo.[140]Duk da haka, daimyos  sun ci gaba da riƙe babban matakin yancin kai a yankunansu[141]Gwamnatin tsakiya ta shogunate a Edo, wacce da sauri ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a duniya,[142]ta ɗauki shawara daga ƙungiyar manyan mashawarta da aka fi sani da rōjū  kuma ta ɗauki samurai a matsayin ƴan ofishi.[143]Gwamnati ce ta ba Sarkin Kyoto kuɗi da yawa amma ba a ba shi ikon siyasa ba[144]Tokugawa Shogunate ya yi tsayin daka don murkushe tarzomar zamantakewa. Hukunce-hukunce masu tsauri, gami da gicciye, fille kai, da kisa ta tafasa, an zartar da su har ma da ƙananan laifuffuka, kodayake galibi ana ba masu laifin manyan jama'a zaɓi na seppuku ("ciwon kai"), tsohon nau'in kashe kansa wanda ya zama al'ada[145]Addinin Kiristanci, wanda ake ganin zai iya zama barazana, a hankali an murƙushe shi har zuwa ƙarshe, bayan Tawayen Shimabara karkashin jagorancin Kirista na 1638, an haramta addinin gaba ɗaya.[146]Don hana ƙarin ra'ayoyin ƙasashen waje shuka rashin amincewa, Tokugawa shogun na uku, Iemitsu, ya aiwatar da sakoku ("ƙasa mai rufaffiyar") ta ware sakoku ("ƙasa mai rufewa") wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ba a ba wa Jafan damar yin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje, dawowa daga ketare, ko gina jiragen ruwa masu tafiya teku ba.[147]Turawa kaɗai da aka yarda a ƙasar Japan su ne Dutch, waɗanda aka ba su wurin ciniki guda ɗaya a tsibirin Dejima a Nagasaki  daga 1634 zuwa 1854.[148]Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide" China da Koriya su ne kawai wasu ƙasashe Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide". www.japanvisitor.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018da aka ba da izinin ciniki, kuma an hana yawancin littattafan ƙasashen waje shigo da su. A ƙarni na farko na mulkin Tokugawa, yawan jama'ar Japan ya ninka zuwa miliyan talatin, galibi saboda haɓakar noma; yawan jama'a ya tsaya tsayin daka har tsawon lokacin[149]Gina tituna da shogunate ɗin, da kawar da kuɗin tituna da gada, da daidaita kuɗin tsabar kudi ya inganta haɓaka kasuwanci wanda har ila yau ya amfanar da 'yan kasuwa da masu sana'a na biranen[150]Yawan jama'ar gari ya karu[151]amma kusan kashi casa'in na al'ummar kasar sun ci gaba da zama a yankunan karkara.[152]Duk mazaunan birane da na karkara za su amfana daga ɗaya daga cikin fitattun sauye-sauyen zamantakewa na zamanin Edo: haɓaka karatu da ƙididdiga. Adadin makarantu masu zaman kansu ya faɗaɗa sosai, musamman waɗanda ke da alaƙa da temples da wuraren ibada, kuma sun haɓaka ilimin karatu zuwa kashi talatin. Wannan yana iya kasancewa mafi girma a duniya a lokacin[153] kuma ya kori masana'antar wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci mai bunƙasa, wadda ta ƙaru don samar da ɗaruruwan lakabi a kowace shekara.[154]A fannin ƙididdigewa - wanda aka ƙididdige ta hanyar ƙididdigewa da auna ikon mutane na ba da rahoton daidai gwargwado maimakon cikar shekaru (hanyar tara shekaru), kuma wacce matakin ke nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa daga baya - Matsayin Japan ya yi daidai da wancan. na kasashen arewa-maso-yammacin Turai, haka kuma, ma'aunin Japan ya kusan kusan kashi 100 cikin dari a cikin karni na sha tara. Waɗannan manyan matakan karatun karatu da ƙididdigewa sun kasance wani ɓangare na tushen zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin don haɓakar haɓakar Japan mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙarni na gaba.[155]

Al'adu da falsafa

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Zaman Edo lokaci ne na bunƙasa al'adu, yayin da 'yan kasuwa ke girma cikin wadata kuma suka fara kashe kuɗin da suke samu a kan al'adu da zamantakewa.[156][157]Membobin ajin 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke kula da al'adu da nishaɗi an ce suna rayuwa ne na son zuciya, wanda ya zo ana kiransa ukiyo ("duniya mai iyo").[158]Wannan salon rayuwa ta zaburar da shahararrun litattafai da fasaha na ukiyo-e, waɗanda na ƙarshensu galibi bugu ne na katako[159]waɗanda suka ci gaba zuwa ƙwarewa da amfani da launuka masu yawa.[160] Siffofin wasan kwaikwayo kamar kabuki da bunraku wasan wasan kwaikwayo sun shahara sosai.[161]Waɗannan sabbin nau'ikan nishaɗin sun kasance (a lokacin) tare da gajerun waƙoƙi (kouta) da kiɗan da aka kunna akan shamisen, sabon shigo da Japan a cikin 1600.[162]Haiku, wanda gabaɗaya aka yarda da babban ubangidansa shine Matsuo Basho (1644–1694), shi ma ya tashi a matsayin babban nau'in waƙa.[163]Geisha, sabuwar sana'a ta masu nishadantarwa, ita ma ta zama sananne. Suna ba da tattaunawa, rera waƙa, da rawa ga abokan ciniki, ko da yake ba za su kwana da su ba.</ref>Tokugawas ya ɗauki nauyin ɗaukar nauyin Neo-Confucianism, wanda ya sa gwamnati ta raba al'umma zuwa aji huɗu dangane da sana'o'i huɗu.[164]Ajin samurai sun yi iƙirarin bin akidar bushido, a zahiri "hanyar jarumi".[165]

Ragewa da faɗuwar shogunate

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A ƙarshen karni na sha takwas zuwa farkon ƙarni na sha tara, shogunate ya nuna alamun rauni[166]Babban ci gaban noma wanda ya nuna farkon lokacin Edo ya ƙare,[167] kuma gwamnati ta shawo kan bala'in yunwar Tenpo.[168]Rikicin manoma ya karu kuma kudaden shiga na gwamnati ya ragu[169]Shogunate ya yanke albashin samurai da ke fama da matsalar kuɗi, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aikin gefe don yin rayuwa.[170]samurai da ba su ji daɗi ba nan da nan za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin injiniya faɗuwar Tokugawa Shogunate[171] A lokaci guda, mutane sun zana wahayi daga sabbin tunani da fagagen nazari. Littattafan Dutch da aka shigo da su cikin Japan sun tada sha'awar koyon Yamma, wanda ake kira rangaku ko "Learning Dutch"[172]Likitan Sugita Genpaku, alal misali, ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga magungunan Yammacin Turai don taimakawa juyin juya hali a cikin ra'ayoyin Jafananci na jikin ɗan adam.[173]Fannin ilimi na kokugaku ko ilimin ƙasa', wanda masana kamar Motoori Norinaga da Hirata Atsutane suka haɓaka, sun haɓaka abin da ya riya cewa dabi'un Jafananci ne. Misali, ta soki tsarin Neo-Confucianism irin na kasar Sin wanda masu harbin suka yi kira da kuma jaddada ikon Ubangiji na sarki, wanda addinin Shinto ya koyar ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Japan da ta gabata, wadda ake kira "zamanin alloli".[174]Zuwan cikin 1853 na rundunar jiragen ruwa na Amurka wanda Commodore Matiyu C. Perry  ya ba da umarni ya jefa Japan cikin tashin hankali. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi niyyar kawo ƙarshen manufofin keɓancewa na Japan. Shogunate ba shi da wani kariya daga jiragen ruwan Perry kuma dole ne ya amince da buƙatunsa na a ba da izinin jiragen ruwa na Amurka su mallaki kayayyaki da kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa na Japan[175]Mahukuntan yammacin sun sanya abin da aka fi sani da "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su dace ba" a kan Japan wanda ya tanadi cewa dole ne Japan ta ƙyale 'yan ƙasar waɗannan ƙasashe su ziyarci ko zama a cikin ƙasar Japan kuma kada ta sanya haraji kan shigo da su ko kuma a gwada su a kotunan Japan[176] Gazawar Shogunate na adawa da ikon yammacin Turai ya fusata da yawa Jafananci, musamman na yankin kudancin Choshū da Satsuma[177]Yawancin samurai da yawa a wurin, wahayi daga koyarwar kishin ƙasa na makarantar kokugaku, sun ɗauki taken sonnō jōi ("girmama sarki, kori ƴan barbariyya")[178]Yankunan biyu sun ci gaba da kulla kawance. A watan Agustan 1866, jim kadan bayan zama shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da mulki yayin da tashe tashen hankula ke ci gaba da faruwa.[179]Yankunan Choshū da Satsuma a cikin 1868 sun shawo kan matashin Emperor Meiji da masu ba shi shawara su ba da kira ta sake rubutawa don kawo ƙarshen harbin Tokugawa. Dakarun Choshū da Satsuma sun yi tattaki zuwa Edo ba da jimawa ba kuma yakin Boshin da ya biyo baya ya kai ga fadowar ‘yan ta’adda.[180]

Jafan ta Zanani

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Zamanin Meiji (1868–1912)

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An maido da sarki zuwa mafi girman iko, [181] kuma a cikin 1869, dangin sarki sun ƙaura zuwa Edo, wanda aka sake masa suna Tokyo ("babban birnin gabas").[182]Duk da haka, mafiya karfi a cikin gwamnati su ne tsohon samurai daga Choshū da Satsuma maimakon sarki, wanda ya kasance goma sha biyar a 1868.[183]Waɗannan mutanen, waɗanda aka fi sani da Meiji oligarchs, sun lura da canje-canjen da Japan za ta fuskanta a wannan lokacin.[184]Shugabannin gwamnatin Meiji  sun bukaci Japan ta zama kasa-kasa ta zamani wacce za ta iya tsayawa daidai da ikon mulkin mallaka na Yamma[185]Daga cikin su akwai Okubo Toshimichi da Saigō Takamori daga Satsuma, da Kido Takayoshi, Ito Hirobumi, da Yamagata Aritomo daga Chōshū.[186]

Canje-canjen siyasa da zamantakewa

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Gwamnatin Meiji ta soke tsarin ajin Edo[[187]ta kuma maye gurbin yankunan feudal na daimyos da  larduna[188]Ya kafa cikakken tsarin haraji kuma ya ɗage haramcin Kiristanci.[189]Manyan abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa a gaba sun hada da bullo da hanyoyin jiragen kasa, layin telegraph, da tsarin ilimi na duniya.[190]Gwamnatin Meiji ta haɓaka yaɗuwar Westernization[191] 310 kuma ta ɗauki ɗaruruwan  masu ba da shawara daga ƙasashen Yamma  masu ƙwarewa a fannonin ilimi, hakar ma'adinai, banki, doka, harkokin soji, da sufuri don sake fasalin cibiyoyin Japan.[192]Jafananci sun ɗauki kalandar Gregorian, tufafin yamma, da salon gyara gashi na yamma[193]Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara na Yamma shine mashahurin marubuci Fukuzawa Yukichi.[194]A matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurinta na Yammaci, gwamnatin Meiji da himma ta ɗauki nauyin shigo da kimiyyar Yamma, sama da duk kimiyyar likitanci. A cikin 1893, Kitasato Shibasaburō ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka, wanda nan ba da jimawa ba za ta zama sananne a duniya,[195]kuma a cikin 1913, Hideyo Noguchi ya tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin syphilis da paresis.[196]Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da salon adabin Yammacin Turai zuwa Japan ya haifar da bunƙasa a cikin sabbin ayyukan almara. Marubutan halayen wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Futabatei Shimei da Mori Ōgai,[197]koda yake mafi shaharar marubutan zamanin Meiji shine Natsume Sōseki,[198]wanda ya rubuta litattafai na satirical, tarihin rayuwa, da kuma na hankali[199]haɗe da sababbin salo da na zamani.[200]Ichiyō Higuchi, babbar marubuciya mace, ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga tsarin adabin farko na zamanin Edo.[201] Cibiyoyin gwamnati sun ci gaba cikin sauri don mayar da martani ga  Yanci da 'Yancin Jama'a, yaƙin neman zaɓe na jama'a a siyasa. Jagororin wannan yunkuri sun hada da Itagaki Taisuke da Ōkuma Shigenobu.[202]Itō Hirobumi, Firayim Minista na farko na Japan, ya mayar da martani ta hanyar rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Meiji, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1889. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya kafa zaɓaɓɓen majalisa, Majalisar Wakilai, amma an taƙaita ikonsa. Kashi biyu ne kawai na al'ummar kasar suka cancanci kada kuri'a, kuma dokar da aka gabatar a majalisar na bukatar goyon bayan majalisar dattawa da ba ta zaba ba, 'House of Peers'. Dukan majalisar ministocin Japan da sojojin Japan suna da alhakin kai tsaye ba ga zaɓaɓɓen majalisa ba amma ga sarki [203]A halin yanzu, gwamnatin Japan kuma ta haɓaka wani nau'i na kishin ƙasa na Japan wanda a ƙarƙashinsa Shinto ya zama addinin gwamnati kuma aka ayyana sarki a matsayin allah mai rai.[204]Makarantu a duk fadin kasar sun kafa kishin kasa da biyayya ga sarki[205]

Zamanin Showa (1926-1989)

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Tashin mulkin mallaka na sojoji

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A cikin Disamba 1871, wani jirgin ruwa na Ryukyuan ya nutse a Taiwan kuma an kashe ma'aikatan jirgin. A cikin 1874, ta yin amfani da abin da ya faru a matsayin hujja, Japan ta ƙaddamar da balaguron soji zuwa Taiwan don tabbatar da iƙirarinsu ga tsibiran Ryukyu. Wannan balaguron ya nuna matakin farko na sojojin Japan na yin watsi da umarnin gwamnatin farar hula, yayin da balaguron ya tashi bayan an umarce shi da a dage shi.[206]Yamagata Aritomo, wanda aka haife shi a samurai a cikin yankin Choshū, ya kasance mabuɗin ƙarfi bayan haɓakawa da haɓaka sojojin Japan na Imperial, musamman shigar da aikin soja na ƙasa,ref>Perez 1998, p. 98</ref>An yi amfani da sabuwar rundunar a cikin 1877 don murkushe Tawayen Satsuma na samurai marasa gamsuwa a kudancin Japan karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Meiji Saigo Takamori.[207] Sojojin Japan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada Japan a kasashen waje. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa dole ne Japan ta mallaki nata yankunan don yin gogayya da turawan yammacin turai. Bayan ƙarfafa ikonta a kan Hokkaido (ta hanyar Hukumar Raya Hokkaidō) da kuma mamaye Masarautar Ryukyu ("Ryūkyū Halaye"), daga baya ta mai da hankalinta ga China da Koriya.[208]A cikin 1894, sojojin Japan da na China sun yi arangama a Koriya, inda dukkansu suka jibge don murkushe Tawayen Donghak. A lokacin yakin farko na Sino-Japan, sojojin Japan masu kwazo da jagoranci sun yi galaba a kan sojojin Qing China masu yawa da ingantattun kayan aiki.[209]Ta haka aka mika tsibirin Taiwan ga Japan a cikin 1895,[210]kuma gwamnatin Japan ta sami isasshiyar kimar duniya don ba wa Ministan Harkokin Wajen Mutsu Munemitsu damar sake tattaunawa kan "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba".[211]A cikin 1902 Japan ta rattaba hannu kan muhimmiyar ƙawancen soja tare da Burtaniya.[212]Japan ta yi karo da Rasha, wacce ke fadada karfinta a Asiya. Yaƙin Kogin Yalu shi ne karo na farko cikin shekaru da yawa da wani ikon Asiya ya kayar da ikon yammacin duniya.[213]Yaƙin Russo-Japan na 1904–05 ya ƙare da ban mamaki Yaƙin Tsushima, wanda wata nasara ce ga sabon sojojin ruwan Japan. Don haka Japan ta yi iƙirarin wa Koriya a matsayin kariyar a cikin 1905, sannan cikakkiyar shigar a cikin 1910.[214]Kashin da Rasha ta yi a yakin ya haifar da sauyi a tsarin duniya tare da bullowar kasar Japan a matsayin mai karfin yanki kawai, a maimakon haka, ita ce babbar kasar Asiya.[215]

Zamantakewar tattalin arziki da tashe tashen hankula

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A lokacin Meiji, Japan ta sami saurin canji zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu.[216]Gwamnatin Japan da ’yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da fasaha da ilimin Yammacin Turai don ƙirƙirar masana'antu masu iya samar da kayayyaki iri-iri.[195] A ƙarshen lokacin, yawancin kayayyakin da Japan ke fitarwa ana kera su ne.[217]Wasu sabbin kasuwancin da masana'antu da suka fi samun nasara a Japan sun ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar mallakar dangi da ake kira zaibatsu, kamar Mitsubishi da Sumitomo[218]Babban ci gaban masana'antu ya haifar da haɓakar birane cikin sauri. Yawan mutanen da ke aikin noma ya ragu daga kashi 75 cikin 1872 zuwa kashi 50 a shekarar 1920.[219]A cikin 1927 layin Tokyo Metro Ginza  ya buɗe kuma shine layin dogo mafi tsufa a Asiya.Japan ta ji daɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi a wannan lokacin kuma yawancin mutane sun rayu tsawon rai da lafiya. Yawan jama'a ya tashi daga miliyan 34 a 1872 zuwa miliyan 52 a 1915.[220]Rashin kyawun yanayin aiki a masana'antu ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankalin ma'aikata,[221]da yawa ma'aikata da haziƙai sun zo sun rungumi ra'ayin gurguzu[222]Gwamnatin Meiji ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya na murkushe 'yan adawa. Masu ra'ayin gurguzu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi yunkurin kashe sarki a cikin Babban Ha'inci na 1910, bayan haka an kafa rundunar 'yan sandan sirri ta Tokkō don kawar da masu tayar da hankali na hagu.[223]Gwamnati kuma ta gabatar da dokokin zamantakewa a cikin 1911 ta kafa mafi girman lokutan aiki da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki.[224]

Zaman Taisho (1912-1926)

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A cikin ɗan gajeren mulkin Emperor Taishō, Japan ta haɓaka cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi na dimokiradiyya kuma sun girma cikin ikon duniya. Rikicin siyasar Taishō ya buɗe wannan lokacin tare da zanga-zanga da tarzoma da jam'iyyun siyasar Japan suka shirya, waɗanda suka yi nasarar tilasta Katsura Tarō ya yi murabus a matsayin firayim minista.[225]Wannan da tarzomar shinkafa ta 1918  sun ƙara ƙarfin jam'iyyun siyasar Japan akan mulkin oligarchy.[226]Jam'iyyun Seiyūkai da Minseitō  sun zo sun mamaye siyasa a ƙarshen zamanin da ake kira "Demokraɗiyya Taishō".[227]An faɗaɗa ikon mallakar ikon mallakar majalisar wakilai a hankali tun daga 1890, [228]kuma a cikin 1925 an ƙaddamar da zaɓen maza na duniya lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Suffrage ta Duniya. Koyaya, a cikin wannan shekarar ita ma ta zartar da dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai nisa, tana ba da hukunci mai tsauri ga masu adawa da siyasa.[229] Shigar da Japan ta yi a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a gefen Ƙawancen ya haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba kuma ya sami sabbin mamaya na Japan a Kudancin Pacific da aka kwace daga Jamus[230]Bayan yakin, Japan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Versailles kuma ta more kyakkyawar dangantakar kasa da kasa ta hanyar kasancewa memba a cikin League of Nations da kuma shiga cikin taron kwance damara na duniya.[231]Babban girgizar kasa na Kanto a cikin Satumba 1923 ya yi sanadin mutuwar sama da 100,000, kuma tare da sakamakon gobarar ta lalata gidajen fiye da miliyan uku.[232]Bayan girgizar kasa, kisan kiyashin na Kantō ya faru, inda sojojin Japan, 'yan sanda, da gungun 'yan banga suka kashe dubunnan mutanen Koriya bayan da aka samu jita-jita cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi wa rijiyoyi guba. Daga baya aka bayyana jita-jita a matsayin karya ta wasu majiyoyin Japan da yawa.[233]Haɓakar fitattun litattafai, wanda ya fara a lokacin Meiji, ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin Taishō yayin da yawan karatu ya tashi kuma farashin littattafai ya ragu.[234]Fitattun mawallafin adabin zamanin sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren labari Ryūnosuke Akutagawa[235]da mawallafin marubuci Haruo Satō. Jun'ichirọ Tanizaki, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "wataƙila mawallafin adabi na zamaninsa" na ɗan tarihi Conrad Totman, ya samar da ayyuka da yawa a zamanin Taishō wanda littattafan Turai suka rinjayi, ko da yake littafinsa na 1929 Some Prefer Nettles yana nuna matuƙar godiya ga kyawawan halaye. al'adun Japanawa na gargajiya.[236]A ƙarshen zamanin Taishō, Tarō Hirai, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa Edogawa Ranpo, ya fara rubuta shahararrun labaran asiri da laifuka.[237]

Zamanin Showa (1926-1989)

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Shekaru sittin da uku na Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito daga 1926 zuwa 1989 shine mafi tsawo a tarihin Jafananci.[238]Shekaru ashirin na farko sun kasance da haɓakar matsanancin kishin ƙasa da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗa. Bayan shan kaye a yakin duniya na biyu, kasashen waje sun mamaye kasar Japan a karon farko a tarihinta, sannan kuma ta sake fitowa a matsayin babbar karfin tattalin arzikin duniya.[239]

Lamarin Manchurian da Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu

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Ƙungiyoyin hagu sun kasance suna fuskantar murkushe tashin hankali a ƙarshen zamanin Taishō,[240]da kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin dama, waɗanda suka yi wahayi daga farkisanci da kishin ƙasar Jafananci, cikin sauri sun girma cikin shahara.</ref> Matsakaicin haƙƙin ya zama mai tasiri a cikin gwamnatin Japan da al'umma, musamman a cikin rundunar Kwantung, sojojin Japan da ke zaune a China tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Manchuria ta Kudu mallakar Jafan[241]A lokacin waki'ar Manchurian na 1931, jami'an soji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kai harin bam a wani karamin yanki na tashar jirgin kasa ta Manchuria ta Kudu, kuma, suna danganta harin ga Sinawa, suka mamaye Manchuria. Sojojin Kwantung sun ci Manchuria suka kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana ta Manchukuo can ba tare da izini daga gwamnatin Japan ba. Sukar da ƙasashen duniya suka yi wa Japan biyo bayan mamayar ya sa Japan ta fice daga League of Nations[242] Firayim Minista Tsuyoshi Inukai na Jam'iyyar Seiyūkai ya yi ƙoƙarin hana sojojin Kwantung kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kashe shi a cikin 1932. Saboda karuwar adawa a cikin sojojin Japan da kuma matsananciyar hakki ga 'yan siyasa na jam'iyya, wadanda suke ganin a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa da son kai, Inukai shi ne dan siyasar jam'iyya na karshe da ya mulki kasar Japan a zamanin yakin duniya na biyu.[243]A cikin Fabrairun 1936, matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Sojojin Japan na Imperial sun yi yunkurin juyin mulki. Sun kashe ‘yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra’ayi da dama kafin a murkushe juyin mulkin[244]Bayan haka sojojin Japan sun ƙarfafa ikonsu akan tsarin siyasa kuma an soke yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa lokacin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Dokokin Mulki a 1940.[245]Hangen faɗaɗawar Japan ya ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa. Yawancin jiga-jigan siyasar Japan sun yi burin ganin Japan ta mallaki sabon yanki don hakar albarkatu da kuma daidaita yawan jama'a.[246]Wadannan buri sun kai ga barkewar yakin Sino-Japan na biyu a shekara ta 1937. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a babban birnin kasar Sin, sojojin Japan sun yi kisan kiyashi a Nanjing. Sojojin Japan sun gaza cin galaba a kan gwamnatin China karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek kuma yakin ya fada cikin tsaka mai wuya har zuwa 1945.[247]Manufar yaƙin da Japan ta bayyana shi ne kafa babban yankin haɗin gwiwa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, babbar ƙungiyar ƙasashen Asiya a ƙarƙashin mamayar Jafan[248]Matsayin Hirohito a cikin yake-yaken kasashen waje na Japan ya kasance batun cece-kuce, inda masana tarihi daban-daban ke bayyana shi a matsayin ko dai mutum ne mara iko ko kuma mai ba da taimako da goyon bayan yakin soja na Japan[249] Amurka ta yi adawa da mamayar da Japan ta yi wa kasar Sin tare da mayar da martani da tsauraran takunkumin tattalin arziki da nufin hana kasar Japan albarkatun da za ta ci gaba da yakinta a kasar Sin.[250]Kasar Japan ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kulla kawance da Jamus da Italiya a cikin 1940, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar 'Tripartite Pact', wanda ya dagula dangantakarta da Amurka. A cikin Yuli 1941, Amurka, Ingila, da Netherlands sun daskarar da duk kadarorin Japan lokacin da Japan ta kammala mamayewa da Indochina na Faransa ta hanyar mamaye rabin kudancin ƙasar, wanda ke ƙara tashin hankali a cikin Pacific.[251]

Yakin Duniya na 2

gyara sashe

A ƙarshen 1941, gwamnatin Japan, karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista da Janar Hideki Tojo, sun yanke shawarar karya takunkumin da Amurka ke jagoranta ta hanyar amfani da makamai.[252]A ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jafananci ta kai harin ba-zata a kan jiragen ruwan Amurka a Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Wannan ya kawo Amurka cikin yakin duniya na biyu a bangaren kawance. Daga nan sai Japan ta yi nasarar mamaye yankunan Asiya na Amurka, Ingila, da Netherlands, gami da Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, da Indies Gabas ta Holland.[253]A farkon yakin, Japan ta ci nasara bayan nasara. Ruwan ruwa ya fara juya wa Japan baya bayan yakin Midway a watan Yuni 1942 da kuma yakin Guadalcanal da ya biyo baya, inda sojojin kawance suka kwace tsibiran Solomon daga ikon Japan.[254]A wannan lokacin sojojin Japan ne ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki kamar cin zarafin fursunonin yaki, kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa fararen hula, da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba da na halitta[255]Sojojin Japan sun sami suna don tsattsauran ra'ayi, galibi suna amfani da tuhumar banzai  da kuma yaƙi kusan mutum na ƙarshe a kan babban kuskure.[256] A cikin 1944 sojojin ruwan Japan na Imperial sun fara tura tawagar matukan jirgin kamikaze wadanda suka yi karo da jiragensu cikin jiragen abokan gaba.[257]Rayuwa a Japan ta ƙara zama mai wahala ga farar hula saboda tsauraran rabe-raben abinci, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, da kuma murkushe masu adawa.[258]A cikin 1944 Sojojin Amurka sun kwace tsibirin Saipani, wanda ya baiwa Amurka damar fara kai hare-haren bama-bamai a yankin Jafan.[259]Wadannan sun lalata fiye da rabin adadin manyan biranen Japan.[260]Yakin Okinawa, wanda aka yi tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni 1945, shi ne aikin sojan ruwa mafi girma na yakin kuma ya yi sanadin mutuwar sojoji 115,000 da fararen hula 150,000 na Okinawan, wanda ke nuni da cewa harin da aka shirya kaiwa kasar Japan zai fi jini fiye da kima.[261]Babban jirgin ruwan Yamato ya nutse a kan hanyarsa don taimakawa a yakin Okinawa.[262] Koyaya, a ranar 6 ga Agustan 1945, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin atomic a kan Hiroshima, wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 70,000. Wannan shi ne harin nukiliya na farko a tarihi. A ranar 9 ga Agusta Tarayyar Soviet ta ayyana yaki a Japan tare da mamaye Manchukuo da wasu yankuna, kuma Nagasaki ya kai hari da bam na atomic na biyu, wanda ya kashe kusan mutane 40,000.[263]A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta ne aka sanar da mika wuyan Japan ga Kawayenta kuma Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya watsa a gidan rediyon kasa washegari.[264]

Ma'aikata na Japan

gyara sashe

Japan ta sami canji mai ban mamaki na siyasa da zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin ikon kawance a cikin 1945-1952. Janar Douglas MacArthur, Babban Kwamandan Allied Powers, ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran Japan kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauye, da yawa sun yi wahayi daga Sabon Yarjejeniyar na 1930s.[243] Ma'amalar ta nemi raba madafun iko a Japan ta hanyar wargaza zaibatsu, da ba da ikon mallakar filayen noma daga masu gidaje zuwa manoman haya,[244] da haɓaka haɗin kai.[245] Sauran manyan manufofin su ne kawar da mulkin soja da kuma dimokuradiyyar gwamnati da al'ummar Japan. An kwance wa sojojin Japan makamai,[246]                      an   an aka  aka sami ‘yancin kai,[247] An soke Dokar Kiyaye Zaman Lafiya da ‘Yan Sanda na Musamman ,[248] da kuma  Kotun Kolin Sojoji ta Duniya ta Gabas mai Nisa ta yi shari'ar masu aikata laifukan yaƙi.[249] Majalisar ministocin ta zama alhaki ba ga Sarkin sarakuna ba amma ga zaɓaɓɓun Abincin Ƙasa.[250] An ba da izinin Sarkin sarakuna ya ci gaba da zama a kan karagar mulki, amma an umarce shi da ya yi watsi da iƙirarinsa na allahntaka, wanda ya kasance ginshiƙi na tsarin Shinto na jihar.[251] Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Japan ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1947 kuma ya ba da tabbacin yancin jama'a, 'yancin ƙwadago, da ƴan takarar mata,[252] kuma ta hanyar sashe na 9, Japan ta yi watsi da haƙƙinta na yin yaƙi da wata ƙasa.[253]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
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  233. ↑ Kenji, Hasegawa (2020). "The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923". Monumenta Nipponica. 75 (1): 91–122. doi:10.1353/mni.2020.0002. ISSN 1880-1390. S2CID 241681897.
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  264. ↑ Nester, William R. (1996). Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 177. ISBN 9780230378759
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