Wikipedia

Middle Paleolithic

Tsakiyar Paleolithic (ko Tsakiyar Palaeolithic) ita ce kashi na biyu na Paleolittic ko Tsohon Stone Age kamar yadda aka fahimta a Turai, Afirka da Asiya. Ana amfani da kalmar Middle Stone Age a matsayin daidai ko ma'ana ga Middle Paleolithic a cikin ilimin kimiyyar Afirka. Tsakiyar Paleolithic ta kasance daga shekaru 300,000 zuwa 50,000 da suka gabata. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin yankuna. Tsakiyar Paleolithic ta gaji da subdivision na Upper Paleolithic wanda ya fara tsakanin shekaru 50,000 da 40,000 da suka gabata.Pettit da White sun kasance farkon tsakiyar Paleolithic a Biritaniya zuwa kimanin shekaru 325,000 zuwa 180,000 da suka gabata (ƙarshen Marine Isotope Stage 9 zuwa marigayi Marine Isotopo Stage 7), da kuma Late Middle Paleolittic kamar kimanin shekaru 60,000 zuwa 35,000 da suka gabata. Tsakiyar Paleolithic ta kasance a cikin yanayin Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) da Late Pleistocene.

Middle Paleolithic
archaeological period (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na Paleolithic (en) Fassara
Mabiyi Lower Paleolithic
Ta biyo baya Upper Paleolithic
Lokacin farawa 300,000 years BCE
Lokacin gamawa 30,000 years BCE

Dangane da ka'idar asalin Afirka na zamani na kwanan nan, mutane na zamani sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka a lokacin Tsakiyar Stone Age / Tsakiyar Paleolithic kusan shekaru 125,000 da suka gabata kuma sun fara maye gurbin nau'in Homo da suka riga sun kasance kamar Neanderthals da Homo erectus.

Asalin halin zamani

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Samfuri:Human timelineShaidar farko ta halayyar zamani ta fara bayyana a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya; shaidar da ba a musantawa ba game da halayyar halayyar yau da kullun, duk da haka, kawai ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin Upper Paleolitic mai zuwa.

Kabarin Paleolithic na Tsakiya a shafuka kamar Krapina a Croatia (wanda aka rubuta a c. 130,000 BP) da kuma kogon Qafzeh da Es Skhul a Isra'ila (c. 100,000 BP) sun jagoranci wasu masana kimiyyar ɗan adam da masu binciken tarihi (kamar Philip Lieberman) suyi imanin cewa al'adun Paleolittic na Tsakiya na iya samun akidar addini mai tasowa wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi kamar bayan rayuwa; wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar an binne gawawwakin saboda dalilai na duniya.[1][2] Bisa ga binciken binciken tarihi na kwanan nan daga wuraren Homo heidelbergensis a cikin tsaunin Atapuerca, aikin binnewa da gangan ya iya farawa tun da farko a lokacin marigayi Lower Paleolithic, amma wannan ka'idar tana da ko'ina a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Yanke-alamomi akan ƙasusuwan Neandertal daga shafuka daban-daban - irin su Combe Grenal da matsugunin dutsen Moula a Faransa - na iya nuna cewa Neanderthals, kamar wasu al'adun ɗan adam na zamani, na iya yin aikin tono don dalilai na addini mai yiwuwa (duba halayyar Neanderthal § Cannibalism ko ɓata al'ada.  ?).

Shaidar farko da ba a musantawa ba game da nuna fasaha a lokacin Paleolithic ya fito ne daga shafukan Paleolittic na Tsakiya / Tsakiyar Stone Age kamar su Blombos Cave a cikin nau'ikan mundaye, beads, dutse na fasaha, ochre da aka yi amfani da shi azaman fentin jiki kuma watakila a cikin al'ada, kodayake misalai na farko na nuna fasaha kamar Venus na Tan-Tan da a kan ƙasusuwan giwa daga Bilzingsleben a Thuringia na iya samar da masu amfani da kayan aiki na Acheulean kamar Homo erectus na farko zuwa farkon zamanin Paleo na Tsakiya.[3][4]="mwTA">[3][5] Ayyuka irin su kama manyan kifi da farautar manyan dabbobi masu cin nama tare da kayan aiki na musamman suna nuna karuwar hadin gwiwar rukuni da kuma tsarin zamantakewa.

Rarrabawar jama'a

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Shaida daga ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da kwatankwacin ethnography sun nuna cewa mutanen Paleolithic na Tsakiya sun zauna a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu daidaito kamar waɗanda ke cikin al'ummomin Paleolittic na Tsakiya da wasu masu farauta na zamani kamar mutanen Mbuti. Dukkanin al'ummomin Neanderthal da na zamani sun kula da tsofaffi na al'ummominsu a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya.[6] Christopher Boehm (1999) ya yi la'akari da cewa daidaito na iya tasowa a cikin al'ummomin Paleolithic na Tsakiya saboda buƙatar rarraba albarkatu kamar abinci da nama daidai don kauce wa yunwa da tabbatar da wadataccen abinci.

Yawancin lokaci ana zaton cewa mata sun tattara shuke-shuke da itace kuma maza suna farauta da cinye dabbobi da suka mutu ta hanyar Paleolithic.[7] Koyaya, Steven L. Kuhn da Mary Stiner daga Jami'ar Arizona sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan rarrabawar aiki ta jima'i ba ta wanzu ba kafin Upper Paleolithic. Rarraba aikin jima'i na iya samo asali ne bayan shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata don ba da damar mutane su sami abinci da sauran albarkatun da kyau.[7]

Abinci

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Kodayake tattarawa da farauta sun ƙunshi mafi yawan kayan abinci a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya, mutane sun fara ƙara abincin su da abincin teku kuma sun fara shan sigari da bushe nama don adanawa da adana shi. Misali mazaunan tsakiyar dutse na yankin da yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta mamaye sun farautar babban kifi mai tsawon mita 1.8 (6 tare da wuraren kamun kifi na musamman tun farkon shekaru 90,000 da suka gabata, [./Middle_Paleolithic#cite_note-14 [2]] kuma Neanderthals da Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiensHomo sapiens fara kama kifi don abinci kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar kifin shellfish a wuraren Neanderthal a Italiya kimanin shekaru 110,000 da suka wuce da kuma wuraren Middle Paleolethic Homo sapien a Pinnacle Point, a Afirka. 

Masana ilimin ɗan adam irin su Tim D. White sun ba da shawarar cewa cin naman ɗan adam ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam kafin farkon Upper Paleolithic, bisa ga yawancin kasusuwan "yankin da aka yanka" da aka samu a Neandertal da sauran wuraren Paleolithic na tsakiya. Cannibalism a cikin tsakiyar Paleolithic na iya faruwa saboda ƙarancin abinci. [8]

Koyaya kuma yana yiwuwa cewa cin abinci na Paleolithic na Tsakiya ya faru ne saboda dalilai na addini wanda zai dace da ci gaban ayyukan addini da ake zaton sun faru a lokacin Upper Paleolittic.[9] Duk da haka har yanzu yana yiwuwa cewa al'ummomin Paleolithic na Tsakiya ba su taɓa yin cin nama ba kuma lalacewar ƙasusuwan ɗan adam da aka dawo da su ko dai sakamakon excarnation ne ko cin nama ta hanyar masu cin nama kamar Cats masu hakora sabre, zakuna da hyenas.[10]

Fasahar

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Wannan zane ne na kwatankwacin Acheulean hannu-axe da aka samu a lokacin Lower Paleolithic. Kayan aiki a cikin wannan zane an yi shi da baƙar fata kuma ana aiki a bangarorin biyu.

Kimanin 200,000 BP Middle Paleolithic Stone kayan aiki manufacturing ya haifar da wani kayan aiki da aka sani da shirye-shiryen-core fasaha, wanda ya fi bayani dalla-dalla fiye da da baya Acheulean dabarun.[11][12] Wallace da Shea sun raba kayan tarihi na asali zuwa nau'o'i biyu daban-daban: ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin da suka dace. An tsara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin don cire matsakaicin adadin daga albarkatun ƙasa yayin da ƙwayoyin da suka dace sun dogara ne akan buƙatar aiki.[13] Wannan hanyar ta kara inganci ta hanyar ba da izinin kirkirar karin sarrafawa da daidaitattun flakes.[12] Wannan hanyar ta ba da damar mutane na Paleolithic na Tsakiya daidai da haka don ƙirƙirar mashigai masu kaifi na dutse, waɗanda sune kayan aikin farko, ta hanyar yin amfani da dutse mai kaifi, mai kaifi a kan ramuka na katako. Kungiyoyin Paleolithic irin su Neanderthals waɗanda ke da matakin fasaha na Paleolittic na Tsakiya sun bayyana sun farautar babban wasa kamar yadda Upper Paleolitic zamani mutane kuma Neanderthal musamman ma suna iya farautar da makamai masu linzami. [14][15]

Duk da haka amfani da makamai masu linzami a farauta ya faru da wuya (ko watakila ba a taɓa yin amfani da su ba) kuma Neanderthals sun farautar manyan dabbobi masu linzami galibi ta hanyar kwanto bauna da kai musu hari da makamai irin su tura mashi maimakon kai musu hari daga nesa da makamai.[1][2] Wani rikici mai gudana game da yanayin kayan aikin Paleolithic na Tsakiya shine ko akwai jerin takamaiman kayan aiki da aka riga aka tsara ko kuma akwai ci gaba mai sauƙi na kayan aiki wanda ke nuna girman kula da gefen, kamar yadda Harold L. Dibble ya ba da shawarar.

Amfani da wuta ya zama ruwan dare a karo na farko a cikin tarihin ɗan adam a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya, kuma mutane sun fara dafa abincin su kusan shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata.[1][2] Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi zaton cewa hominids sun fara dafa abinci don daskarewa nama wanda zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da rayuwarsu a yankuna masu sanyi.[2] Robert K. Wayne, masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, ya yi iƙirarin jayayya, bisa ga kwatanta DNA na kare, cewa ana iya fara zama da karnuka a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya a kusa ko ma kafin 100,000 KZ.

Wuraren yanar gizo

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Wuraren kogon

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Yammacin Turai

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  • Axlor, Spain [16]
  • Grotte de Spy, Spy, Belgium
  • Cotte na St Brelade, Jersey
  • Le Moustier, Faransa - duba kuma Musterian
  • Neanderthal (kwari) , Jamus
  • Petralona, Girka [17][18]

Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka

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Shafukan yanar gizo na sararin samaniya

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  • Biache-Saint-Vaast, Faransa
  • Maastricht-Belvédère, Netherlands
  • Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, Belgium

Duba sauran bayanai

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  • Gudun mutane na farko
  • Asalin Afirka na baya-bayan nan na mutane na zamani
  • Jerin lokaci na prehistory

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ name="evolving_graves">Ben Harder (2001-12-15). "Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins". Archived from the original on 2012-06-23.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Hillary Mayell. "Oldest Jewelry? "Beads" Discovered in African Cave". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  4. ↑ Sean Henahan. "Blombos Cave art". Science news. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  5. ↑ "Human Evolution", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 Archived 2009-10-31 at the Wayback Machine. Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Richard B. Potts. 2009-11-01.
  6. ↑ Hillary Mayell. "When Did "Modern" Behavior Emerge in Humans?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stefan Lovgren. "Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  8. ↑ James Owen. "Neandertals Turned to Cannibalism, Bone Cave Suggests". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  9. ↑ Pathou-Mathis M (2000). "Neandertal subsistence behaviours in Europe". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 10 (5): 379–395. doi:10.1002/1099-1212(200009/10)10:5<379::AID-OA558>3.0.CO;2-4.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Narr
  11. ↑ Hu, Yue; Marwick, Ben; Zhang, Jia-Fu; Rui, Xue; Hou, Ya-Mei; Yue, Jian-Ping; Chen, Wen-Rong; Huang, Wei-Wen; Li, Bo (19 November 2018). "Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China". Nature. 565 (7737): 82–85. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1. PMID 30455423. S2CID 53873016.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Richard B. Potts. Archived 2009-11-01.
  13. ↑ Wallace, Ian; Shea, John (2006). "Mobility patterns and core technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1293–1309. Bibcode:2006JArSc..33.1293W. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.005.
  14. ↑ Ann Parson. "Neandertals Hunted as Well as Humans, Study Says". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  15. ↑ Boëda, E.; Geneste, J.M.; Griggo, C.; Mercier, N.; Muhesen, S.; Reyss, J.L.; Taha, A.; Valladas, H. (1999). "A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting". Antiquity. 73: 394–402. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00088335. S2CID 163560577.
  16. ↑ Garaizar, Joseba Rios. "Aportes de las nuevas excavaciones en Axlor sobre el final del Paleolítico Medio" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ↑ "Hypogene Speleogenesis and Karst Hydrogeology of Artesian Basins" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
  18. ↑ Papamarinopoulos, Stavros; et al. (February 1987). "Palaeomagnetic and Mineral Magnetic Studies of Sediments from Petralona Cave, Greece". Archaeometry. 29 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00397.x. S2CID 59505161.
  19. ↑ William E. Banks; et al. (2006). "Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling: New Tools for Reconstructing the Geography and Ecology of Past Human Populations". Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling: New Tools for Reconstructing the Geography and Ecology of Past Human Populations: 68–83.[permanent dead link]
  20. ↑ Trinkaus, E; Biglari, F (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–11. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192
  21. ↑ Zanolli, Clément, Fereidoun Biglari, Marjan Mashkour, Kamyar Abdi, Herve Monchot, Karyne Debue, Arnaud Mazurier, Priscilla Bayle, Mona Le Luyer, Hélène Rougier, Erik Trinkaus, Roberto Macchiarelli. (2019). A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol: 135.
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