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Tarihin falasdinawa

Yankin da ke da hadaka tsakanin nahiyoyi uku, yankin Falasdinu (wanda kuma aka sani da ƙasar Isra'ila da ƙasa mai tsarki ) yana da tarihi mai cike da hargitsi a matsayin mararraba ga addini, al'adu, kasuwanci, da siyasa. Falasdinu ita ce wurin haifuwar addinin Yahudanci da Kiristanci, kuma masarautu da iko da yawa ne ke iko da su, ciki har da Masar ta dā, Isra'ila ta dā da Yahuda, daular Farisa, Alexander the Great da magajinsa, Hasmonawa, daular Rum, da dama daga cikin halifancin musulmi . da ' yan Salibiyya . A wannan zamani daular Usmaniyya ce ke mulkin yankin sannan kuma daular Biritaniya ce kuma tun a shekarar 1948 aka raba yankin zuwa Isra'ila da gabar yammacin kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza.

Tarihin falasdinawa
history of a geographic region (en) Fassara, academic major (en) Fassara da aspect of history (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na history of the Levant (en) Fassara
Bangare na Tarihin Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Land of palestine Studies and Archaeology (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara Falasdinu
Ƙasa Falasdinu
Karatun ta Palestinian studies (en) Fassara da Land of palestine Studies and Archaeology (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 31°37′31″N 35°08′43″E / 31.625321°N 35.145264°E / 31.625321; 35.145264

Dubawa

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Yankin yana cikin farkon duniya don ganin mazaunin ɗan adam, al'ummomin noma da wayewa . A lokacin Bronze Age, Kan'aniyawa sun kafa jihohi masu zaman kansu waɗanda al'adun da ke kewaye da su suka yi tasiri a kansu, ciki har da Masar, wanda ke mulkin yankin a cikin Late Bronze Age.

A lokacin Ƙarfe, masarautun Isra'ila biyu masu dangantaka, Isra'ila da Yahuda, sun mallaki yawancin Falasdinu, yayin da kuma Filistiyawa suka mamaye gabar tekun kudancinta. Assuriyawa sun ci yankin a ƙarni na 8 KZ, sannan Babila a c. 601 KZ, sai kuma Farisa waɗanda suka ci daular Babila a shekara ta 539 BC Alexander the Great ya ci daular Farisa a ƙarshen 330s KZ, wanda ya fara dogon lokaci na Hellenization a yankin. A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, Masarautar Hasmonean ta ci yawancin Falasdinu da wasu sassa na yankuna da ke makwabtaka da ita amma a hankali masarautar ta zama mai mulkin Roma, wacce ta mamaye yankin a cikin 63. BC Yahudiya ta Roma ta damu da manyan tawaye na Yahudawa, wanda Roma ta amsa da ta lalata Urushalima da Haikali na biyu na Yahudawa.

A cikin karni na 4, yayin da Daular Roma ta yi baftisma, Falasdinu ta zama cibiyar Kiristanci, tana jan hankalin mahajjata, sufaye da malamai. Bayan mamayar da musulmi suka yi a shekara ta 636-641, dauloli da dama na musulmi suka gaje juna yayin da suke kokawa kan mamayar Palastinu: Rashidun ; Banu Umayyawa, wadanda suka gina Dome na Dutse da Masallacin Al-Aqsa a Kudus; Abbasiyawa ; ' Yan Tulunida masu zaman kansu da 'yan Ikhshidid ; Fatimidu ; da Seljuks . A cikin 1099, ' Yan Salibiyya sun kafa daular Kudus a Falasdinu, wanda Ayyubid Sultanate ya sake mamayewa a shekara ta 1187. Bayan mamaye daular Mongol, Mamluks na Masar sun sake hadewa Palastinu karkashin ikonta kafin daular Ottoman ta mamaye yankin a shekara ta 1516 kuma ta yi mulkinta a matsayin Ottoman Syria ba tare da rushewa ba har zuwa karni na 20.

Tarihi

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An gano farkon gawarwakin mutane a yankin a Ubeidiya, wasu 3 km kudu da Tekun Galili, a cikin Kogin Rift Valley . Ragowar suna kwanan wata zuwa Pleistocene, c. 1.5 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Waɗannan su ne alamun ƙaura na farko na Homo erectus daga Afirka. Shafin ya samar da gatura na hannu na nau'in Acheulean

Nahal Amud tsakanin Safed da Tekun Galili shi ne wurin da aka fara tona kafin tarihi a Falasdinu. Gano "Kwanyar Galilee" a cikin kogon Zuttiyeh a 1925 ya ba da wasu alamu na ci gaban ɗan adam a yankin. [1] Qafzeh wani wuri ne na nazarin burbushin halittu a kudu da Nazarat inda aka gano manyan kwarangwal na Homo sapiens goma sha daya a babban matsugunin dutse. Wadannan mutane na zamani na zamani, manya da jarirai, yanzu sun kasance kimanin shekaru 90-100,000, kuma yawancin kasusuwa suna da launin ja da ja, wanda ake zaton an yi amfani da shi a cikin binnewa, wani muhimmin alamar al'ada . kuma ta haka tunani na alama da hankali . Guda 71 na jajayen ocher ɗin da ba a yi amfani da su ba suma sun mamaye wurin.

Dutsen Carmel ya samar da mahimman bincike da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai Kogon Kebara wanda ke zaune tsakanin 60,000 da 48,000 BP kuma inda mafi cikakken kwarangwal Neanderthal aka samu zuwa yau. An shagaltar da kogon Tabun na lokaci-lokaci a lokacin ƙananan shekarun Paleolithic na ƙasa da na tsakiya (500,000 zuwa kusan shekaru 40,000 da suka wuce). Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa yana fasalta ɗaya daga cikin jerin mafi dadewa na aikin ɗan adam a cikin Levant . A cikin rami na Skhul Cave da ke kusa ya bayyana shaidar farko na al'adun Natufian na marigayi Epipalaeolithic, wanda ke nuna kasancewar yawan microliths, binne mutane da kayan aikin dutse. Wannan kuma yana wakiltar yanki ɗaya inda Neanderthals - wanda yake a yankin daga shekaru 200,000 zuwa 45,000 da suka wuce - ya rayu tare da mutanen zamani waɗanda ke da shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. [2] A cikin kogon Shuqba a cikin Ramallah da Wadi Khareitun a Baitalami, an samo kayan aikin dutse, itace da na dabba kuma an danganta su ga al'adun Natufian (c. 12,800-10,300). BC). An sami sauran ragowar daga wannan zamanin a Tel Abu Hureura, Ein Mallaha, Beidha da Jericho.

Tsakanin 10,000 zuwa 5000 BC, an kafa al'ummomin noma. An sami shaidar irin waɗannan ƙauyuka a Tel es-Sultan a Jericho kuma sun ƙunshi bango da yawa, wurin ibada na addini, da 23 feet (7.0 m) hasumiya mai hawa na ciki [3] An yi imanin Jericho ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin biranen da ake ci gaba da zama a duniya, tare da shaidar daidaitawa tun daga 9000. BCE, yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da farkon mazaunin ɗan adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya . [4] Tare da Jericho – Tekun Gishiri – Bir es-Saba – Gaza – Hanyar Sina’i, al’adar da ta samo asali daga Siriya, wacce aka yi amfani da ita ta amfani da kayan aikin jan karfe da na dutse, ta kawo sabbin ƙungiyoyin ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙaramar masana'anta na birni. [5] [6]

Shekarun Bronze da Iron (3700-539 KZ)

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yaduwar garuruwa

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A farkon shekarun Bronze (c. 3700-2500 KZ), farkon samuwar al'ummomin birane da al'adu sun bayyana a yankin. An ayyana lokacin ta hanyar ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, kamar yadda ba ya cikin kowane tarihin tarihi ko dai daga Falasdinu ko na zamanin Masar da Mesopotamiya. Ya biyo bayan mutuwar ƙauyen Ghassulian -al'adun marigayi Chalcolithic . Yana farawa a cikin kusan shekaru 600 na zaman lafiyar karkara, ta fuskar tattalin arziki bisa aikin noma na Bahar Rum kuma tare da saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a. An kira wannan lokacin Farkon Bronze Age I (k. 3700 - 3100 KZ), daidai da lokacin marigayi Uruk na Mesopotamiya da al'adun Naqada na farko na Masar . Gina gine-gine masu kama da haikali da yawa a wancan lokacin yana tabbatar da tarin ƙarfin zamantakewa. Ana samun shaidar tuntuɓar juna da ƙaura zuwa Ƙasar Masar a cikin tarin tukwane na nau'in kudanci-Levantine, ana samun su a cikin rukunan kogin Nilu, kamar Abydos . A cikin shekaru ɗari biyu na ƙarshe na wancan lokacin da kuma bayan Haɗin kai na Egpyt da Fir'auna Narmer, Masarautar Masar ta bayyana a kudancin tekun Levantine, tare da cibiyarsa a Tell es-Sakan ( zarin Gaza ta yau). Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yi muhawara game da yanayin wannan mulkin mallaka da kuma alakarsa da na baya-bayan nan. [7]

Kusan shekara ta 3100 KZ, ƙasar ta ga canji mai ma'ana, tare da yin watsi da lalata da yawa daga ƙauyuka, ciki har da mulkin mallaka na Masar. An maye gurbin waɗannan da sauri da sababbin ƙauyuka masu katanga a filayen fili da yankunan bakin teku, kewaye da katangar tubalin laka kuma sun dogara da ƙauyukan noma na kusa don abincinsu. [5]

Kasashen Kan'aniyawa sun yi huldar kasuwanci da diflomasiyya da Masar da Siriya. An lalata ɓangarorin wayewar biranen Kan'ana kusan 2500 BCE, ko da yake babu yarjejeniya game da dalilin da ya sa (don ka'idar daya, duba taron 4.2-kiloyear ). Makiyaya daga gabashin Kogin Urdun da suka zauna a tsaunuka suka biyo baya ba da jimawa ba, [5] [8] da kuma tasirin al'adu daga tsohon birnin Ebla na Siriya. [9] Wannan lokacin da aka fi sani da Tsakanin Tsakanin Bronze Age (2500-2000 KZ), an ayyana shi kwanan nan daga wutsiya ta Farkon Zamanin Bronze da kuma shugaban Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar da ta gabata

A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani (2000-1500 KZ), al'adun da ke kewaye na tsohuwar Masar, Mesopotamiya, Finikiya, Crete Minoan, da Siriya sun rinjayi Kan'ana. Dangantakar kasuwanci iri-iri da tattalin arzikin da ya ginu a noma ya haifar da samar da sabbin nau'ikan tukwane, da noman inabi, da yawan amfani da tagulla. [5] [10] Al'adar binnewa daga wannan lokacin kamar imani ne ga lahira ya rinjayi. [5] [11] Rubutun Hukunce-hukuncen Masarautar Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar sun tabbatar da kasuwancin Kan'aniyawa da Masar a wannan lokacin. [12] [13] Tasirin Minoan yana bayyana a Tel Kabri

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Škerlj 1960.
  2. ↑ Olson 2003.
  3. ↑ Harris, 1996, p. 253.
  4. ↑ Gates, 2003, p. 18.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Shahin 2005.
  6. ↑ Rosen, 1997, pp. 159–161.
  7. ↑ Greenberg 2014. 24–26, 57-65
  8. ↑ Mills, 1990, p. 439.
  9. ↑ Greenberg 2014, 133–139
  10. ↑ P:MBA.
  11. ↑ Ember & Peregrine 2002.
  12. ↑ Slavik 2001.
  13. ↑ Mazar 1975.
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