Zawiya
A zawiya or zaouia [lower-alpha 1] (Larabci: زاوية ;Turkish: zaviye; Har ila yau, wanda aka rubuta zawiyah ko zawiyya) gini ne kuma cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Sufaye a duniyar Musulunci . Yana iya yin ayyuka iri-iri kamar wurin ibada, makaranta, gidan sufi da/ko makabarta . [3] A wasu yankuna kalmar yana musanya da kalmar Khanqah, wanda ke da manufa iri ɗaya. A cikin Magrib, ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don wurin da wanda ya kafa darikar Sufaye ko wani waliyyi ko mai tsarki na gari (misali wali ) ya rayu kuma aka binne shi. [3] A cikin Magrib kuma ana iya amfani da kalmar don komawa ga faffadan tariqa (Sufaye ko 'yan uwantaka) da kuma kasancewarta. [3]
 Zawiya | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | makaranatar addini da Gini |
| Amfani |
Tilawa (en)  , Zikiri, Dua (en) da Wird (en) |
| Facet of (en) | Musulunci da Sufiyya |
| Filin aiki | Zikiri |
| Dedicated to (en) | Zikiri |
Magana
gyara sasheKalmar Larabci zāwiyah (Larabci: زاوية زاوية) ana fassara ta a zahiri a matsayin "kusurwa" ko "ƙuƙwalwa". An fara amfani da kalmar ga sel na 'yan majami'ar Kirista, kafin a yi amfani da ma'anar ga ƙaramin masallaci ko ɗakin addu'a. [3] A cikin zamani na tsakiya, ya zo ya nuna tsarin da ke da 'Yan uwan Sufi, musamman a Arewacin Afirka.[3] A zamanin yau, kalmar har yanzu tana riƙe da ma'anar da ta gabata na ƙaramin ɗakin addu'a a Yammacin Asiya da ƙasashen Musulmi a gabashin Arewacin Afirka, inda za'a iya amfani da shi don bambanta ƙananan wuraren addu'a tare da masallatai mafi muhimmanci.[4]
Maghreb
gyara sasheAyyukan addini da zamantakewa
gyara sashe
A cikin Maghreb (Morocco, Aljeriya, Tunisiya da Libya) zawiya wuri ne na ayyukan addini da koyarwar addini. Yawanci ana danganta shi da wani shugaban addini (Shaykh) ko kuma wani Musulmi mai tsarki na gida (Wali), wanda ke zaune a nan tare da iyalinsa. Bayan mutuwarsa, zawiya yawanci yana da kabarinsa, yawanci a cikin qubba (ɗakin da aka rufin da dome ko pyramidal cupola), wanda wani lokacin wuri ne mai tsarki wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai da hankali ga ƙaramin aikin hajji (a Ziyarar). Yawanci, zuriyarsa suna ci gaba da jagorantar ko kula da zawiya daga baya. Wasu zawiyas, musamman a cikin birane, kawai wuraren taro ne ga membobin yankin na tsarin Sufi ko 'yan uwantaka (tariqa), inda suke yin ayyuka kamar haḍra ko dhikr. Wasu zawiyas, musamman a yankunan karkara, suna aiki a matsayin manyan hadaddun da ke ba da masauki ga mahajjata kuma suna dauke da ɗakin karatu, masallaci, bita, da kuma hatsi waɗanda ke hidima ga al'ummar yankin. Irin waɗannan zawiyas kuma a tarihi sun yi sulhu da rikice-rikice tsakanin kabilun ko tsakanin al'ummomin yankin da gwamnatin tsakiya. A wasu lokuta zawiyas na iya samar da mafaka ga mutane kuma na iya yin amfani da tasirin siyasa da kasuwanci a yankin. An ba su kuɗi tare da taimakon waqf (wanda aka fi sani da Habuus), tallafin sadaka waɗanda ba za a iya cire su ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Islama.[3]
A zamanin mulkin mallaka, zawiyas sune tushen ilimi na farko a yankin, kuma suna koyar da ilimin asali ga adadi mai yawa na yara har ma a wurare masu nisa na tsaunuka - wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa yawan karatun karatu a Aljeriya a lokacin mamayar Faransa a 1830 sama da na Turai Faransa. karatunsu ne da haddar haruffan larabci da kuma na baya, gajerun surorin Alqur'ani ; idan dalibi yana da wadatar sha'awa ko cancanta, ya ci gaba zuwa shari'a ( fiqhu ), ilimin tauhidi, nahawu na Larabci (wanda aka saba koyar da shi tare da sanannen taƙaitaccen bayanin ibn Adjurrum ), lissafi (musamman kamar yadda ya shafi tsarin shari'a mai rikitarwa na rabon gado), da kuma wani lokacin ilmin taurari.Waɗannan har yanzu suna aiki a ko'ina cikin Maghreb, kuma da kasancewa babban tushen ilimi a Sahel na Afirka ta Yamma, daga Mauritania zuwa Najeriya .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
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Zawiya a matsayinta na cibiya ta kasance tun kafin zuwan tarika na yau da kullun a Arewacin Afirka kuma ta samo asali ne daga kaburburan qubba wadanda wani lokaci sukan zama wuraren ibada da kuma ribar farko a kan iyakokin kasashen musulmi wadanda a wasu lokuta ma'abota tsarki suke yin ritaya da su. mabiya. Gine-ginen zawiya na farko a Ifriqiya ( Tunisiya ta yau) an gina su a ƙarƙashin mulkin Hafsid a ƙarni na 14. Zawiya na Kairouan an yi imanin su ne mafi tsufa kuma suna kewaye da kaburburan tsarkaka na gida. Wadannan sun hada da Zawiya na Sidi Sahib (ko Abu Zama'a al-Balawi), wanda aka kafa a karni na 14 (ko da yake ginin yanzu ya kasance daga karni na 17), da Zawiya na Sidi 'Abid al-Ghariani, wanda kuma aka kafa shi. a cikin karni na 14. [3] [5] [6] Zawiya na farko a Maroko an kafa su ne a karkashin daular Marinid a karni na 14 kuma, musamman zawiyyar da Abu al-Hasan ya gina a Chellah da Zawiyat an-Nussak wanda magajinsa ya gina a Chellah. Abu Inan in Salé . Duk misalan biyun, wani bangare sun lalace a yau, sun yi kama da madrasas a tsari da aiki. [3] A Aljeriya, wani babban misali kuma shi ne rukunin addini na Sidi Abu Madyan (ko Sidi Boumediene), wanda Abu al-Hasan ya kafa kuma ya gina kewaye da tsohon kabarin Abu Madyan (d. 1197). A cikin Fez, kabarin Idris II, sharif ( zuriyar Muhammad ) kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa birnin, an sake gina shi a farkon karni na 14 da farkon 15 kuma zuriyarsa Idrisid ne suka kula da su. [7] A Tunis, Zawiya na Sidi Ben 'Arus da Zawiya na Sidi Qasim al-Jalizi, biyu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci zawiya a cikin birnin, dukansu an kafa a kusa da karshen karni na 15th a kusa da kaburbura na muhimman waliyyai. [3]
A karkashin daular sharifian na Saadi da 'Alawis a Maroko, zawiyas ya zama gama gari, ya fi muhimmanci a zamantakewa da siyasa, kuma ya fi dacewa da gine-gine. A Marrakesh, duka daular sun gina gine-ginen jana'iza da kuma addinai a kusa da kaburbura na abin da aka sani da tsarkaka Bakwai na birnin. Zawiya na Idris II a Fez an sake gina shi da yawa a farkon karni na 18, ya zama babban alama kuma yana nuna muhimmancin wuraren ibada da suka danganci siffofin sharifian. A lokacin mulkin tsakiya mai rauni umarnin Sufi da zawiyas sun sami damar tabbatar da ikonsu na siyasa da sarrafa manyan yankuna. Musamman, a lokacin da ake kira Maraboutic Crisis a karni na 17 Dila zawiya (ko Dala'iyya), wani tsari na Sufi tsakanin Berbers na Tsakiyar Atlas, ya hau mulki kuma ya mallaki mafi yawan tsakiyar Morocco, yayin da wani tsari na zawiya da ke cikin garin Iligh ya mallaki yankin Sous. Zawiya al-Nasiriyya a Tamegroute, wanda har yanzu yana nan a yau, ya kuma yi mulki a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa ga kudu maso gabas a wannan lokacin.[3]:221–226
A karni na 19, zawiyas, a matsayin cibiyoyin mutum da kuma sanannun tariqa na Sufi, suna da manyan mambobi a duk faɗin yawan mutanen Maghreb. Sanusiyya tariqa, alal misali, ya bazu kuma yana da tasiri a Libya da yankunan gabashin Sahara. A Tunisia, yawancin zawiyas sun sami goyon baya daga gwamnatin Husaynid beys.[3] Wani tushen Faransanci na ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 1880 akwai zawiyas 355 a Aljeriya tare da mambobi 167,019 daga cikin yawan Musulmai ƙasa da miliyan uku a kasar.[3] A Maroko, kimanin kashi 5-10% na yawan jama'a a 1939 mambobi ne na zawiya ɗaya ko wani.[3] A lokacin mulkin mallaka na waɗannan ƙasashe wasu zawiyas sun haɗa kai da hukumomi yayin da wasu suka yi tsayayya. A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Afirka sun kwace kadarorin waqf ko kuma sun ware tsarin waqf wanda ke tallafawa zawiyas a matsayin hanyar rage ikonsu da tasirin su. An kuma lalata tasirin su da muhimmancin zamantakewa a karni na 20 saboda adawar ƙungiyoyin Salafist da Wahhabist.[3]
Misira
gyara sasheBa a kafa Zawiyas da khanqahs a Misira ba har sai Ayyubid suka zo mulki a ƙarshen karni na 12. Sun karu a Lokacin Mamluk (1250-1517) da kuma zamanin Ottoman na Masar (bayan 1517), [8] lokacin da 'yan uwantaka na Sufi suka kasance muhimman kungiyoyin addini ga yawancin jama'a. A cikin Mamluk Misira Khanqah wata hukuma ce ta al'ada wacce aka kafa ta hanyar mai kula da ita (Sultan ko sarkin) kuma ba lallai ba ne a haɗa ta da takamaiman tsari na Sufi.: 11-12 Kalmar zawiya, a gefe guda, ta kasance don ƙananan cibiyoyin Sufism waɗanda galibi ana sadaukar da su ga takamaiman Shaykh da takamaiman 'yan uwantaka na Sufi.[9]: 11-12 > Ginin da ya tsira a Alkahira wanda aka bayyana a bayyane a matsayin zawiya ta hanyar rubutun tushe shine Zawiya na Zayn al-Din Yusuf a Kabari na Kudancin, wanda aka kafa a 1297-98 kuma ya fadada a farkon karni na 14.
Yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara
gyara sasheA cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara zawiyas sun karu da baya fiye da Arewacin Afirka, suna bayyana tare da ci gaban 'yan uwantaka da hanyoyin sadarwa na Sufi a duk yankin a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19. Zawiyas da aka kafa a cikin garuruwa da kuma wuraren da ke kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada Sufism da kuma kafa tasirin wasu tariqa. Daga cikin tariqa masu mahimmanci a Yammacin Afirka sune Qadiriyya, tsari mai zurfi wanda Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166), da Tijaniyya, wanda aka binne wanda ya kafa Ahmad al-Tijani (d.). Wani misali, Muridiyya, yana da mahimmanci a tarihin Senegal.
A waje da Afirka
gyara sashe
A sauran duniyar Islama, irin waɗannan cibiyoyin Sufi galibi suna amfani da wasu sunaye kamar Khanqah, takya (ko takiyya a Larabci, tekke a Turkiyya), ko dargah (shrine), kodayake waɗannan kalmomin wani lokacin suna da ƙarin ma'anoni. A farkon Daular Ottoman, kalmar cognate Zaviye yawanci ana sanya shi a matsayin addini mai ma'ana da yawa wanda ke kula da Sufis kuma ya zama wurin ibada. Yawancin muhimman masallatai na Ottoman na farko kamar Bursa" id="mwASg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Masallacin Green a Bursa, wanda aka gina a farkon karni na 15, misalai ne na wannan nau'in.
Bayani
gyara sashe- ↑ Halstead, John P. (1967). Rebirth of a Nation; the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism, 1912–1944 (in Turanci). Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University. pp. vi.
- ↑ Peyron, Michael (2020). The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance (in Turanci). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. xiv. ISBN 978-1-83860-373-1.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ Zangar, Saloua. "Madrasa and Zawiya of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani". Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ↑ Zangar, Saloua. "Sidi Sahib Zawiya and Madrasa". Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ↑ "Mulay Idris Mausoleum – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum". islamicart.museumwnf.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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