Kirdi
Kirdi ( /k ɜːr d ɪ / ) ƙabilu ne da al'adu da suka mamaye arewa maso yammacin Kamaru da kuma arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Kameru, Cadi da Najeriya |
Ana amfani da kalmar ga mutane da ba su musulunta ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kasance abun ki ne, kodayake daga baya marubuta sun wanke su. [1] Kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Kanuri ma'ana arna; mutanen Kanuri galibi musulmai ne.
Tun daga ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya Musulman Bantu, kamar Fulanin sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kamaru, inda suka yi yunƙurin musuluntar da mutanen da suka wanzu. [2] Saboda haka kirdi, suna da ƙarancin kamanceceniya a al'adance ko a yare a dalilin wanzuwar su a kasashe daban daban, da farko suna cikin busassun matakai da savannahs na yankunan Arewa da Arewa masu nisa na Kamaru [3]
Kimanin yawan ƙungiyoyi da za'a iya bayyana a matsayin Kirdi ya bambanta, tare da kimantawa daga 26 (2007) [1] zuwa fiye da 40 (1977). [4]
Bata, Fali, Fata, Gemjek, Guidar, Giziga, Hurza, Kapsiki, Mada, Mafa, Massa, Matakam, Mofou, Mora, Mousgoum, Muyang, Ouldeme, Podoko, mutanen Toupouri, Vame da Zulgo duk ana ɗaukar su Kirdi, saboda juriyarsu ga Musulunci. Suna magana da yarukan Chadi da na Adamawa.
Ambaton Kirdi na farko shi ne na Denham a 1826 (1985: 145) wanda ya fassara kalmar Kerdies a matsayin "Negroes waɗanda ba su taɓa karɓar imanin Mohammedan ba".
Gabaɗaya, Kirdi ba su da yawa a tsarin siyasar Kamaru . Dangane da CIA World Factbook, Kirdi na wakiltar kaso 11 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru, idan aka kwatanta da galibin Musulmi da Fulani masu alaƙa da al'adu a kashi 10 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru; sai kuma Kamaru Highlanders da kaso 31, Equatorial Bantu kashi 19, Bantu na arewa maso yamma, kashi 8, da Eastern Nigritic kashi 7, da sauran Afirka da wadanda ba Afirka ba da ke wakiltar kashi 14. [5] Idan aka ba su wakilcin tarihi, Kirdi bai taɓa kasancewa ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a ta siyasa ba. [6] Neman samun kuri'un Kirdi, Fulanin, yayin da a tarihance suka raina Kirdi, suka sanya su a gaba don bunkasa damar su ta zaɓe, kamar na Kamaru Union ko UC. [3] Kodayake al'umar Kirdi tana da bambancin al'adu, bisa matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin da ke gaba da su, irin su Fulani, sun zo sun ga kansu a matsayin rukuni guda na mutane, kuma sun kara samun sha'awar wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa. [7].
Asalin mutanen Kirdi
gyara sasheBata
gyara sasheAl’umar Bata ta Arewacin Kamaru wata al’umma ce da ba kasafai ake riskar su ba amma sun kai kusan mutum 13,500 a yankunansu na tarihi. [8] Mutanen Chadi ne. Yaren da suke magana da shi shine Bata, daga dangin yarukan Chadi. Yawancin mutanen Bata sun musulunta, yayin da waɗanda suka rage a yankinsu mai dadadden tarihi ke ci gaba da bautan gargajiya. [9]
Fali
gyara sasheAl’ummar Fali sun fi karkata ne a yankunan tsaunukan Najeriya da Arewacin Kamaru kuma wasu suna zaune a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A Najeriya, ana kiransu mutanen Bana. Suna magana da yarukan daban daban. Waɗannan mutanen suna da asali daga mutanen Ngomma, waɗanda suka kafa tsoffin babban birni na ƙasarsu ta dā, Timpil. Suna da tauhidi da mika wuya ga ubangiji daya amma daga baya suka zama Krista. Ana iya banbance mutanen Fali da sauran Kirdi saboda kyawawan kayan masu ado na sutura da suke sanyawa. [10]
Kapsiki
gyara sasheMutanen Kapsiki, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Kamwe, suna zaune a ƙauyuka dake da mutane 2000-6000, kuma rayuwa ya ta'llaka a wajen kiwon dabbobi, noma da kuma, wuraren shakatawa musamman a ƙauyen Rumsiki. A Najeriya, mutanen Kapsiki suna zaune a gangaren tsaunuka da filayen yamma. Kapsiki suna rayuwa a wannan yankin tsawon karni biyar, tun kafin lokacin daukan bayi a karni na 19, to amma saboda garinsu dake kewaye ya sa sun iya kiyaye kansu daga mutanen Fulbe. Sauran mutanen yankin na Mandara, kamar su Mafa, Mofu, Podoko Guisiga, ko mutanen Daba suma sun kasance cikin kariya saboda keɓewa da sukayi. [11]
Mafa
gyara sasheMutanen Mafa suna zaune can yankin Arewacin Kamaru kuma an san su da nasarori irin na fasahar noma. Waɗannan hanyoyin aikin injiniyoyi sun haɗa da: ƙananun aikin noman rani, sarrafa abubuwa, da kuma magudanan ruwa. Bugu da kari, Mafa suna gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa aikin noma iri-iri ta hanyar tsarin kula da kyawun kasan noma, gami da: salon noman crop rotation, da amfani da sinadaran noma, Agroforestry, biomass, sarrafa sunadaran bunkasa noma. Suna magana da yaren Mafa na dangin yare na Chadi.
Mofu
gyara sasheMutanen Mofu da farko sun wanzu ne a cikin lardin Arewa ta Arewa na Kamaru. Harsunan sun bambamta da sauran harsunan reshen Biu – Mandara na dangin harsunan Cadi. [12]
Mousgoum
gyara sasheMutanen Musgum (Musgum ko Mulwi) ƙabilun Chadi ne a cikin Kamaru. Mutanen Musgum da yawa suna tsunduma ne cikin aikin noma tare da amfanin gona wanda ya haɗa da: gyada da auduga waɗanda ake nomawa don kasuwanci.[13]
Tupuri
gyara sasheMutanen Tupuri, wanda aka fi sani da Tupouri, suna da tarihi a gabashin Kaélé a cikin rukunin Kaele da kuma cikin Kar-Hay na Mayo-Danay na lardin Arewa. Ƙabilu da yare ne, wadanda suka fito daga arewacin Kamaru zuwa Chadi. Wannan yare ya fito ne daga dangin harsunan Chadi. Kuma ana kiran yaren su da suna Tupuri. [14]
Zulgo
gyara sasheMutanen Zulgo, kwatankwacin mutanen Gemjek, ba su daɗe da mutanen arewacin Kamaru waɗanda ba a taɓa samunsu ba. Duk da yake kasancewa a Chadic mutane, su harshe ne daga dangin harshen Zulgu-Gezmek baya daga Chadic harshen iyali . [15]
Asalin suna
gyara sasheAkwai taƙaddama game da sunan "Kirdi", kamar yadda ya zama haɗe shi azaman pejorative . [8] Fulatanci da sauran yarukan Kamaru sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar ta cin mutuncin mutane. [3] Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Kanuri kuma daga karshe ana zaton ta samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci ta "biri". [3] Kodayake wasu marubutan sun yi la’akari da sunan a matsayin abin da ya dace game da tarin mutane. A halin yanzu, Kirdi yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar "arna," yana adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai. [6] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mutane da yawa sun dawo da lakabin a matsayin hanyar ganowa da haɗin kan siyasa, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin "kirditude". [8]
Kirdi ana tunanin an fara shi ne a matsayin motsi na adawa da akasarin musulman Fulani na siyasa ga Maigari Bello Bouba na UNDP yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1991. [3] Kalmar ana amincewa da ita ne kawai a Yankin Arewa da Arewa sosai, yayin da ba a amfani da ita a yankin na Adamawa, a Fulfulde kalmar Matchoubé, ma'anar "bawa" ko "bawa," a maimakon haka. [3] Yawancin kungiyoyi, waɗanda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin kalmar lafazin wato mutanen kirdi suna magana da yarukan Afro-Asiya, duk da cewa wasu suna magana da Yarukan Nijar-Congo, wannan ya dogara da yadda ƙungiyoyin suka watsu, yayin da har yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyin da ake ganin kirdi ne wanda ya rage a ciki mulkin Nijeriya sabanin Kamaru. [16] Kamar Kamaru, kirdi yana da yawa da yawa na yaruka daban-daban, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna bambanta da dangin harshe duka. [8]
Ma'anar kalmar ta kirdi, za'a iya fassara ta da ma'ana mai zuwa, 'duk waɗanda ba musulmai ba kuma waɗanda zasu iya zama bayi '. Waɗanda suka ki amincewa da musuluntarsu ko kuma a mayar da su a matsayin wadanda suka yi fice a lokacin masarautar Adamawa an kama su a matsayin bayi. Anan ne aka sami amfani da kalmar kirdi. Koyaya, marubuta sun sake maimaita kalmar don ƙunshe da gamayyar ƙungiyoyin gama gari waɗanda ba su haɗu da yare, al'ada, ko addini ba, amma game da takamaiman ƙin yarda da addini ɗaya, da kuma kasancewa mutanen tarihi na tsaunukan Mandara . Daga wannan, an fassara Kirdi a cikin mahallin ƙungiyar mutane waɗanda haɗe da aƙidar zamantakewar da ke ƙarfafa juriya gaba ɗaya.
Tarihi
gyara sasheJamhuriyar Kamaru, yankin mafi yawan Kirdi ya fara ne a farkon mulkin mallaka daga ƙungiyoyin Musulmi masu tayar da ƙayar baya. Zuwa 1400s Turawa sun fara mamayar su, kamar daga Kamerun sannan suka raba tsakanin arewa da kudu yankunan Faransa da Birtaniyya. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya zo karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana hasashen Kirdi za a ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa, wanda ya zama kamar hangen nesa yayin da yawancin kungiyoyin siyasa suka fara kafa daga ƙungiyoyin mutane. [6] A karni na sha daya kuma zuwa karnin karni na sha tara Fulanin Musulmai daga yankin Niger suka yi kaura zuwa Kamaru, wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na sha tara. [7] Yawan Fulanin ya karu a bakin teku da yankin kudu na Kamaru kuma sun sauya tsoffin mazaunan. [3] A ƙarshen ƙarshen 1770s da farkon karni na 19, Fulani, makiyayan Islama na yammacin Sahel, sun mamaye mafi yawancin yankin da ke arewacin Kamaru a yanzu, suna mai da hankali ko kuma tilasta wa yawancin mazaunan da ba Musulmi ba. [7]
A cikin 1960, Kamaru ta ayyana 'yancinta kuma ta amince da tsarin mulki ta hanyar zaɓen raba gardama. [7] Zuwa 1972, an sake tsara kundin tsarin mulkin da gaske don kafa jihar jam'iyya daya. [7] Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, Bafullatani Bafulatani daga Kamaru na Faransa, zai ci gaba da mulki daga 1960 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1989. [3] Kirdi sun nemi wakilci a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan daga jam’iyyun marasa rinjaye kamar Social Democratic Front (SDF) a adawa da ƙungiyar Fulani da ke mulki Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP). [3] Mishan mishan sun sami ɗan nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin recentan shekarun nan. [3] Manyan Kirdi sun hada da Luc Ayang da Etienne Hollong. [6]
Addini
gyara sasheOfishin jakadancin Kirista ya ɗan sami nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin shekarun nan. Duk da yake kirdi gaba daya yana dauke da ma'anar " arna ," a adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai, ba dukkansu suke aiwatar da al'adun gargajiya da al'adun maguzawa ba, da yawa sun koma addinin kirista kuma suna kara nuna kansu a matsayin kungiyar siyasa ta kirista, sabanin haka musulmin da ke adawa da kungiyoyi. [6]
Musuluntar da su yayin jihadin Fulani
gyara sasheKirdi mutanen tarihi ne na tsaunukan Mandara, da kuma mutanen tarihi na Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa, Kamaru . [3] A cikin karni na sha tara malamin addinin Islama da jihadi, Modibbo Adama, ya fara mulkin mallakar Fulani. Wannan ƙaura ta ƙaura ta haifar da fiye da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar yankin na Fulani, ba yan asalin yankin ba. [17] Babban ƙaura daga mazaunan tarihi na waɗannan yankuna ya fara a farkon karni na sha tara, daga abin da zai zama ana kiran shi Masarautar Adamawa . [17] Mulkin mallaka na Fulanin zai haifar da Fulani zama manyan mutane a yankin. Ganin cewa Fulanin ba 'yan asalin yankin bane, wannan babbar nasara ce da suka zama masu rinjaye. Modibbo Adama wani Fulani masanin da kuma tsarki warrior . Kafin ya jagoranci jihadi, ya kasance dalibin makarantar islamiyya . Anyi masa jagoranci ne a karkashin koyarwar fasihin Fulani Usman dan Fodio . Mulkin Adama ya kasance daga 1806 zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1847. [17] Modibbo Adama ta ci yankin Fombina, wanda a yanzu yake keɓe yankunan yankunan Kamaru da Nijeriya ta zamani . [17] Ayyukansa sun buɗe dama ga yawancin mutanensa don shiga yankin kuma su mallaki yankin a matsayin nasu. Bayan bayyana jihadi nasa, kamar yadda Usman ya yi a yankuna na Arewa a Chadi, Adama ya shigo yankin tare da wasu tarin mutane waɗanda suka himmatu don sauya yankin da waɗannan kabilun suke zaune a karkashinsa. Adama ya hadu da Usman ne a shekarar 1806, kila a Gwandu . [17] A can, suka fahimci cewa nufinsa shi ne ya faɗaɗa jihadinsa zuwa gabas, zuwa Fumbina. Burin shine don musuluntar da Kirdi (arna) daban-daban. Da zarar ta kasance a karkashin ikon yankin, Adama ta baiwa kasashen makiya makiya zabi biyu: ko dai su musulunta ko kuma su mika wuya ga rasa 'yancin cin gashin kansu da kuma zama kasar mai biyan haraji . Waɗannan rukunin ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka kirkiro nasu gwagwarmaya mai ƙarfi amma ba su da cikakken tsarin da ake da shi a ƙarƙashin al'ummomin da ke da ƙwarewar gwamnatin tarayya, suna da zaɓi ɗaya: sun zama bayi . [17] Daga nan kirdi ya zama kungiyar da ba ta da gwamnati don ta yi wa Fulani kutse don haka suka zama bayi ga Fulanin kuma suka sanya su karkashin mulkin danniyarsu har sai da suka mika wuya ga Musulunci. Har zuwa yau, yawancin al'ummomin da suka ƙi yarda da tuba a lokacin Masarautar Adama, har yanzu ba Musulmi ba ne. Major canje-canje ya faru dangane da Legacy of Modibo Adama ko da bayan da mulkin da ya Khalifanci da aka rasa to sauran iko daga kudu. Sabbin wadanda suka musulunta sun koyi rubutun larabci kuma sun yi karatun Alkur'ani (DeLancey, 2010). Wannan ya gabatar da karin matakan karatu da rubutu a yankin da kusan babu mai karatu da rubutu. Yayin da Kirdi ke son zama masu nomar filayen su, Fulani da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙar sun kasance da farko makiyaya, wanda ya haifar da sauya ƙasar gaba ɗaya zuwa wacce ta fi dacewa da shanu. Gandun Daji da Fulani sun abada bata ne, ƙasar da Arewa tudu .
Rashin ikon mallaka
gyara sasheDangane da jihohin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da yawa Kamaru na da tarihin rikice-rikice a karkashin ikon masu iko, shugaban su na farko Bafulatanin Musulmi, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo . [6] Kirdi ya kasance yana fama da nuna wariya da kuma rashin samun dama daga wasu manyan iko musamman wadancan kungiyoyi wadanda suke da tarihin yakin neman sauya tarin al'ummomi zuwa Musulunci . [7] Kamar yadda yake yanzu, addini na Jamhuriyar Kamaru bai wuce rabin Musulmai ba, galibi mazaunan bakin Bantu ne suka fi mayar da hankali ga yankin, yayin da Kirdi ke son faɗa a cikin savanna da ke gaba a arewacin ykasar. [16]
Abinci
gyara sasheKasancewa a Afirka ta Yamma, Kamaru babban alwatiran nan uku an san shi da ƙaramar Afirka, ko kuma maɓallin microcosm na duk Afirka. Yawancin abinci na yau da kullun na Kirdi sun sami tasiri ta hanyar fatauci da amfani daga ikon Turai. Wadannan tasirin sun fara ne da zuwan Biritaniya a 1800, sannan Faransawa suka biyo baya, sannan Jamusawa . Kodayake sauran kayan abinci daga China, Italiya, da Rasha sun kutsa cikin yankin Arewacin Kamaru, kamar yadda babban birnin Kamaru, Yaoundé, birni ne mai matukar girma a Afirka. Kirdi yana da wasu kayan abinci na gargajiya waɗanda suka dace da yankinsu na musamman, wanda ke nuni da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci da yawa da ke yammacin Afirka. Mafi shahararren kayan abinci shine fufu, wanda galibi ana nufin kullu da aka yi daga tafasasshen kayan masarufi kamar su mandioca, ayaba, dawa, rogo, ko malanga . A wasu girke-girke, ana saka kitse a cikin fufu don ƙarin katanga. Wannan kitse na iya samun daga dabbobi ko tsirrai. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida sun haɗa da waɗannan abinci masu muhimmanci a Kamaru: rogo, dawa, shinkafa, ayaba, dankalin turawa, ɗankali mai ɗanɗano, masara, wake, gero , cocoyams iri-iri, da kuma kayan lambu da yawa. Kankana, kabewa, da wake suma ana noma su.
Ayyukan Magunguna
gyara sasheKamaru kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma suna da tsarin mace-mace wanda ya zarce na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. [18] Wannan yana samun ci gaba sannu a hankali tare da taimakon ƙudurorin duniya waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kawo rigakafi, da magungunan yamma zuwa yankin. Ma'aikata masu himma sun zo cikin al'ummomin yankin don taimakawa ƙwararru da ba da kayan aiki, suna kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin magungunan gargajiya da magungunan yamma . Koyaya, ci gaba da yawan mace-macen yana nuna mahimmancin tasirin cututtukan cututtuka da haɗarin haɗarin mutuwa yayin ciki da haihuwa. Cututtukan numfashi na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. [18] Don rage mawuyacin yanayin da al'ummomin makiyaya na Yankin Arewa mai Nisa, Kamaru ke fama da shi, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun saka jari don fahimtar kabilanci na wannan yankin, da dubunnan shekaru na al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya waɗanda suka ba da wani taimako kafin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na bangarori daban-daban. . Wadannan likita ayyuka sun hada da amfani da albarkatun da shuke-shuke, danye hakar hanyoyin, decoctions, kuma fermentation tafiyar matakai. [18] Shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da su don yin magani sun hada da Cissus quadrangularis, wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Fali a Kamaru, waɗanda aka ruwaito sun wanke mamatan a wani yanki na tsiron. [19]
Ayyuka na Ruhaniya
gyara sasheKirdi, bisa ga al'adunsu na gargajiya kafin jihadi, sun yi imani da addinan gargajiya. Waɗannan imani an gano su a matsayin tauhidi . [20] Mabiya addinin Fali sun kiyaye wannan imanin tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Abubuwan da suka yi imani da shi sun haɗa da cewa akwai allah mai halitta wanda ke da iko da komai . Wannan halayyar mafi girma ga Fali da ire-iren rassa sun sanya mata suna Muttaf, kodayake an dauki wasu sunaye don irin wannan ra'ayi na gaba daya. Hakanan da allahn mahalicci, Fali sun yi imani, akwai wani mai suna Ona, wanda ya zo don nuna uwa ƙasa . An yi amfani da gunkin Ona tare da duniyar duniyar. [20] Lokacin da Fali suke magana game da duniya, ƙasa, albarkatun ƙasa, da wucewar lokaci, suna yin hakan game da Ona. [20] Ona, tare da Muttaf, suna da alhakin halittar komai. Wadannan halittun da ake danganta su ga gunkin da aka sani da Muttaf, sun hada da dangi, kakanni, da mutum, da albarkatun kasa, da Duniya, da sama, da komai. Koyaya, Muttaf ba mahaliccin dukkan abubuwa bane, kamar allahn tauhidi wanda addinan Ibrahim suka karɓa, amma sun nuna shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da ilimin ɗan adam . Yankin da tunanin addinin Islama ya zube a cikin wasu mazhabobin addini, an hana allahn Muttaf zanawa, saboda a dabi'ance yana adawa da takaitawa da kowane irin yanayin magana. Akwai lokutan da rikici ya faru sakamakon zane-zanen Muttaf. Bugu da ƙari, addinin ya haɗa da halittun allahntaka, a matsayin mutanen da suka yi yaƙi don kiyaye abubuwan da suka yi imani da su yayin da ake rinjayi su ƙarƙashin ikon addinai irin su Islama . [20] Sun kafa daula guda inda mutane suke zaune, da kuma wani yanki na alloli tsarkaka, da kuma na uku matsakaici na duniya wanda yake hulda da duka inda halittun allahntaka suke. Ana iya kiran waɗannan ruhohi tare da sadarwa tare da mabiyan Fali, don yin afuwa ga alloli tsarkaka a madadin mai bi. [20] Wasu daga cikin wadannan alloli na allahntaka na masarautar ta tsakiya sun hada da kwayoyin halittar da zasu iya bada buri, kadoji masu alfarma wadanda za a nema da yabawa, da kuma bakar macijin. By 2009, wani girma rabo daga Fali Kirdi ya tuba zuwa Kristanci, ko da yake da yawa daga wadannan sabobin tuba har yanzu kula da su syncretic tsatstsauran ra'ayin . Yawan Fali a cikin duka sun fi mutane 250, 000, ko kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Suriname (2017). A yanzu, kashi 99 na Fali kirista ne. Manyan majami'u a ƙasar Fali, waɗanda suke yankin arewa maso yamma na Kamaru, sune Katolika, Baptist, da EYN tare da churchesan majami'u Pentikostal da suka fito a recentan kwanakin nan. [20]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Steven Nelson, From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa (2007). University of Chicago Press: p. 155.
- ↑ Minorities at Risk Project, Chronology for Kirdi in Cameroon, a shekarar 2004, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38751e.html [accessed 11 September 2020]
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 DeLancey, M. D., et al. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 113, 2010. Available at: http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/0e/08/4b0564f84fd9b9a65bde70ec5e4a/67ccaabe-3afc-4fb2-9df9-b7b27b0ebc0a.pdf [accessed 11 September 2020]
- ↑ Gert Chesi and Rudolf Kreuzer. The Last Africans (1977). Perlinger: p. 18.
- ↑ CIA World Factbook. 2006. "Cameroon People – 2006. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ngoh, Victor Julius, The Political Evolution of Cameroon, 1884–1961. Dissertations and Theses, 1979. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2924
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Minorities at Risk Project, Chronology for Kirdi in Cameroon, 2004, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38751e.html [accessed 11 September 2020]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Vubo, Emmanuel Yenshu, Management of Ethnic Diversity in Cameroon against the Backdrop of Social Crises, Cahiers d'études africaines, 2008. Available at: http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/15159 [accessed 19 April 2019]
- ↑ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ↑ (James Stuart Olson, editor)(1996)"Fali," The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood : p.174-175.
- ↑ Kwache, Iliya Yame (2016): Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture. Prudent Universal Press and Publishing Company Ltd Kaduna Nigeria
- ↑ "Master of the Killer Ants", PBS, Nova, November 2007
- ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Musgu". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 2 February 2007.
- ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Tupuri". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006
- ↑ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16111/CM
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Minorities at Risk Project, Assessment of Kirdi in Cameroon. MAR. AMAR Project, 2006, available at: http://www.mar.umd.edu/assessment.asp?groupId=47101. [accessed 11 September 2020]
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Johnston, H. A. S. (1967): The Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Chapter 8: "The Jihad in Adamawa and Bauchi". London: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Kuete, V., & Efferth, T. (2010). Cameroonian medicinal plants: pharmacology and derived natural products. Frontiers in pharmacology, 1, 123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2010.00123
- ↑ Hans Dieter Neuwinger, (1996) African Ethnobotany, Poisons and Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology . CRC Press: p. 33.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, (1999). "Fali," Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. Transaction: p. 309.