Wikipedia

Gurbatar yanayi

  Gurbatar yanayi shine shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau. Gurbacewa na iya ɗaukar nau'in kowane abu kamar ( ruwa, ko gas). ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurɓatawa, abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli ta al'amuran yanayi, kalmar ƙazanta gabaɗaya tana nuna cewa gurɓataccen abu yana da tushen ɗan adam - wato tushen da ayyukan ɗan adam suka ƙirƙira. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe. A shekarar 2015, gurɓataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.

hanyan ruwa mara kyau
Coal shuka a Ostiraliya. Konewar kwal yana samar da carbon dioxide, tare da adadin sulfur dioxide daban-daban.
Tattin bola a bakin tekun Guyana

Lalacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya ɗaukar nau'in kowane abu (m, ruwa, ko gas). ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Abubuwan gurɓatawa, abubuwan gurɓatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi.

Manyan nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen haske, datti, gurɓataccen hayaniya, gurɓataccen filastik, gurɓataccen ƙasa, gurɓataccen radiyo, gurɓataccen yanayi, gurɓacewar gani, da gurɓacewar ruwa .

Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurɓatawa gabaɗaya tana nuna cewa gurɓataccen abu yana da tushen ɗan adam - wato tushen da ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira, kamar masana'antu, masana'antu masu cirewa, rashin sarrafa shara, sufuri ko noma. Ana rarraba gurɓata sau da yawa azaman tushen ma'ana (wanda ke fitowa daga takamaiman wurin da aka fi mayar da hankali, kamar masana'anta ko nawa) ko gurɓataccen tushen tushe (wanda ke fitowa daga tushen da aka rarraba, kamar microplastics ko zubar da ruwa).

Siffofin gurbatar yanayi

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Wani hayaki a tsakiyar Moscow, Rasha a watan Agusta 2010

An jera manyan nau'ikan gurɓatawa a ƙasa tare da takamaiman gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu:

  • Gurbacewar iska : sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5 .
  • Electromagnetic pollution : da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko waɗannan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ba ko a'a.
  • Lalacewar haske : ya haɗa da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya .
  • Littering : mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri.
  • Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar .
  • Gurbacewar filastik: ya haɗa da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane.
  • Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, [1] herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons .
  • Gurɓataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli . )
  • Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki.
  • Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya .
  • Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman ; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari ; gami da najasar ɗan adam daga bayan gida a buɗe - har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa ); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa ; eutrophication da sharar gida.

Masu gurɓatawa

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Canal Lachine a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada.
 
Magudanar ruwan shuɗi da alamar kifin rawaya da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke amfani da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa.

Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko ƙasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurɓataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa.

Mafari da Sanadi

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Gurɓatacciyat iskar da jirgin ruwa wanda ke jawo ɗumamar yanayi.

Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na ɗan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaƙi suna ƙara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurɓataccen iska. [2]

Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. [3] China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu sun haɗa da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu. ), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi . Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa [4]

Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu haɗari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun ƙunshi ƙasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya . [5] A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO , [6] yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya). [7]

 
Wani yanki na masana'antu, mai tashar wutar lantarki, kudu da tsakiyar garin Yangzhou, kasar Sin


</br>Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ƙasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), ƙarfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium - samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar - ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu ƙasashe, man fetur ), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene . A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka ƙare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yaɗu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurɓata ƙasa da ƙarafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin ƙasa (kuma galibi ruwan ƙasa), waɗanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan ƙima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa kafin 1970 waɗanda wataƙila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, waɗanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauƙi, kamar TCDD .

Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci . Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurɓatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin haɗari lokacin da hatsari suka faru.

A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya.

Fitar da iskar gas

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Tarihi da hasashen iskar CO 2 ta ƙasa (kamar na 2005).



</br> Source: Hukumar Kula da Makamashi. [8]

Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurɓatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurɓacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a keɓe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar haɓakar matakan haɓakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da ɗanɗano kaɗan amma haɓaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa.

A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).

Tasiri

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Lafiyar dan Adam

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Bayanin babban illolin kiwon lafiya akan ɗan adam daga wasu nau'ikan gurɓatawar yanayi.

Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso . Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa . Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. [9] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. [10] Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000.

Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes . Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci . An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic . Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurɓacewar iska ke haifarwa . Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin ƙarin haɗari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin haɗari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa.

Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin ɗan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa " gurɓata yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene . Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama."

Muhalli

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Babban facin facin Pacific

An gano gurɓataccen abu a cikin muhalli . Akwai illoli da dama na wannan:

  • Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi ) na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari.
     
    Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ta duniya ta ikon hukuma (kamar na 2015)
  • Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa.
  • Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama.
  • Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ƙetare nau'ikan 'yan ƙasa da rage bambancin halittu . Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da ƙwayoyin halittu ( allelopathy ) waɗanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan haɗin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin.
  • Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu.
  • Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire.
  • Ƙasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci .
  • Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa.
  • Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in.

Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli &amp; Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya.

Bayanan lafiyar muhalli

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Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin haɗin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli waɗanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon.

TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund .

Laifi

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Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali.

Sakamakon makaranta

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Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara.

Yawan aiki na ma'aikata

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Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje.

Ka'ida da saka idanu

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Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi.

Kula da gurbataccen yanayi

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Tarkon datti ya kama sharar da ke iyo a cikin Kogin Yarra, gabas ta tsakiya Victoria, Ostiraliya
 
Tsarin kula da gurbataccen iska, wanda aka sani da Thermal oxidizer, yana lalata iskar gas mai haɗari daga magudanan iska na masana'antu a masana'anta a Amurka ta Amurka .
 
Mai tara kura a Pristina, Kosovo
 
Bututun iskar gas tare da dawo da tururi
 
Motar Kariya ta Waya a Indiya .
 
Thermal oxidizers tsarkake masana'antu iska kwarara.

Kula da gurɓata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli . Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko ƙasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurɓata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli . A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurɓatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane .

Ayyuka

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  • Sake yin amfani da su
  • Sake amfani da shi
  • Rage sharar gida
  • Ragewa
  • Rigakafin gurbatawa
  • Takin

Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi

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  • Kula da gurbataccen iska
    • Thermal oxidizer
  • Tsarin tarin kura
    • Baghouses
    • Cyclones
    • Electrostatic precipitators
  • Masu gogewa
    • Baffle goge goge
    • Cyclonic sprayer
    • Ejector venturi scrubber
    • Taimakon injin goge goge
    • Hasumiyar fesa
    • Mai goge goge
  • Maganin najasa
    • Sedimentation (maganin farko)
    • Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu)
    • Ruwan iska
    • Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane)
  • Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu
    • API mai raba ruwa-ruwa
    • Biofilters
    • Narkar da iska (DAF)
    • Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda
    • Ultrafiltration
  • Tsarin dawo da tururi
  • Phytoremediation

Dalilin gurbatar yanayi

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Gurbacewa yana da Dalili. [11] [12] [13] Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin daɗin wasu waɗanda kamfanin ba ya biya su." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda ƙazanta suka ƙirƙira, masana'anta za su zaɓi samar da ƙarin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaƙa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa. [14]

Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27.

Al'umma da al'adu

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Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli

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The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016:

Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da cibiyar kula da harkokin noma da cinikayya da GRAIN ta fitar ya ce masana’antun nama da kiwo sun shirya tsaf domin zarce harkar mai a matsayin wadanda suka fi gurbata muhalli a duniya.

Wurare mafi ƙazanta a duniya

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Duniya mai tsafta tana fitar da jerin sunayen wasu gurɓatattun gurɓatattun wurare a duniya kowace shekara. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2007:

  • Agbogbloshie, Ghana
  • Chernobyl, Ukraine
  • Citarum River, Indonesia
  • Dzershinsk, Russia
  • Hazaribagh, Bangladesh
  • Kabwe, Zambia
  • Kalimantan, Indonesia
  • Matanza Riachuelo, Argentina
  • Niger Delta, Nigeria
  • Norilsk, Rasha

Al'umma mafi kyau duka matakin gurbatawa

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Al'umma na samun wasu amfanin kai tsaye daga gurɓata yanayi, in ba haka ba ba za a sami wani abin ƙarfafawa ga ƙazanta ba. Wannan abin amfani ya fito ne daga yawan amfani da kayayyaki da ayyukan da ke haifar da gurɓata yanayi. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa masu tsara manufofi suyi ƙoƙari su daidaita waɗannan fa'idodi na kai tsaye tare da farashin ƙazanta don samun sakamako mai inganci.

 
Kwatancen gani na kasuwa mai kyauta da mafi kyawun sakamako na zamantakewa.

Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da tattalin arzikin muhalli don sanin ko wane matakin ƙazanta ne aka ɗauka shine mafi kyawun zamantakewa. Ga masana tattalin arziki, gurɓata yanayi "kudin waje ne kuma yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye da mutane suka sha wahala a asarar jin daɗi," duk da haka, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta na zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka fi dacewa da jin dadi . Wannan shi ne saboda masu amfani suna samun amfani daga mai kyau ko sabis ɗin da aka ƙera, wanda zai wuce ƙimar zamantakewar ƙazanta har zuwa wani lokaci. A wannan lokacin lalacewar wani ƙarin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanki ga al'umma, ƙarancin kuɗin gurɓatawa, daidai yake daidai da fa'idar da ake amfani da ita na cin ƙarin raka'a ɗaya na mai kyau ko sabis.

A cikin kasuwannin da ke da gurɓata yanayi, ko wasu abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin samarwa, daidaiton kasuwa mai 'yanci ba zai yi la'akari da farashin gurɓatawa ga al'umma ba . Idan farashin zamantakewar gurɓataccen abu ya fi tsadar sirri da kamfani ke kashewa, to, tsarin samar da kayayyaki na gaskiya zai kasance mafi girma. Ma'anar da kuɗin da ake buƙata na zamantakewar al'umma da buƙatun kasuwa suka shiga tsaka-tsaki yana ba da mafi kyawun ƙazanta na zamantakewa. A wannan lokacin, adadin zai zama ƙasa kuma farashin zai kasance mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da daidaiton kasuwar kyauta. Sabili da haka, ana iya la'akari da sakamakon kasuwa na kyauta a matsayin gazawar kasuwa saboda "ba ya haɓaka inganci".

Ana iya amfani da wannan samfurin a matsayin tushen don kimanta hanyoyi daban-daban na ciki na waje. Wasu misalan sun haɗa da jadawalin kuɗin fito, harajin carbon da tsarin tafiya da kasuwanci .

Hanyoyi

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Mafarin farko na gurbatar yanayi da nau'ikan rayuwa ke haifarwa zai kasance aikin halitta ne na wanzuwarsu. Sakamakon masu halarta akan iyawa da matakan yawan jama'a sun faɗi a cikin yanayin zaɓin yanayi . Waɗannan da sun haɗa da halakar jama'a a cikin gida ko a ƙarshe, bacewar nau'ikan. Hanyoyin da ba za su iya tsayawa ba sun haifar da sabon ma'auni da canje-canje da daidaitawa suka kawo. A cikin matsananci, ga kowane nau'i na rayuwa, la'akari da gurɓataccen abu ya maye gurbin na rayuwa.

Ga ɗan adam, mahimmancin fasaha shine rarrabewa da la'akari mai mahimmanci, duka a matsayin mai ba da ƙarfi da ƙarin tushen abubuwan da suka dace. Rashin tsira, damuwar ɗan adam sun haɗa da kewayo daga ingancin rayuwa zuwa haɗarin lafiya. Tun da kimiyya ta riƙe nunin gwaji don zama tabbatacce, maganin zamani na guba ko cutar da muhalli ya haɗa da ayyana matakin da ake iya ganin sakamako. Misalai na gama-gari na filayen da ma'aunin aiki ke da mahimmanci sun haɗa da sarrafa hayakin mota, bayyanar masana'antu (misali Safety na Ma'aikata da Gudanar da Lafiya (OSHA) PELs ), toxicology (misali LD50 ), da magani (misali magani da allurai na radiation ).

"Maganin gurbatar yanayi shine dilution", ƙa'ida ce wacce ke taƙaita tsarin gargajiya na kula da gurɓataccen ruwa wanda isasshe gurbataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani. Ya dace da wasu aikace-aikace na zamani na zamani, kamar tsarin aminci na dakin gwaje-gwaje da sarrafa kayan gaggawa na sakin abubuwa masu haɗari . Amma yana ɗauka cewa diluent ɗin yana cikin wadatar da ba ta da iyaka don aikace-aikacen ko kuma sakamakon dilutions ana karɓa a kowane yanayi.

Irin wannan sauƙaƙan magani don gurɓacewar muhalli akan ma'auni mai fa'ida zai iya samun fa'ida mafi girma a cikin ƙarnin da suka gabata lokacin da rayuwa ta zahiri ta kasance mafi mahimmanci, yawan ɗan adam da yawa sun kasance ƙasa, fasaha sun fi sauƙi kuma samfuran su sun fi kyau. Amma galibi ba haka lamarin yake ba. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba sun ba da damar auna yawan abubuwan da ba zai yiwu ba a da. Amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga wajen kimanta sakamako ya ba da kuɗi ga ƙa'idar cutarwa mai yuwuwa a cikin lamuran da ke da garantin ƙima amma yin amfani da ƙididdiga masu ƙima ba shi da amfani ko kuma ba zai yuwu ba. Bugu da ƙari, la'akari da yanayin da ya wuce tasirin kai tsaye ga 'yan adam ya sami daraja.

Amma duk da haka in babu wata ƙa'ida ta maye gurbin, wannan tsohuwar hanya ta mamaye ayyuka a duk faɗin duniya. Tushen ne don auna yawan magudanar ruwa don sakin doka, wanda ya zarce hukuncin da aka tantance ko aka yi amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙa'idar da ta maye gurbin tana ƙunshe a cikin dokokin zamani masu haɗari masu haɗari a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, saboda tsarin narkar da sharar gida don kada ya zama mai haɗari yawanci tsari ne da aka tsara. Hijira daga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa kawarwa a lokuta da yawa na iya fuskantar ƙalubale ta fuskar tattalin arziki da fasaha.

Tarihi

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Kafin karni na 19

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Gurbacewar iska ta kasance tare da wayewa. Gurbacewa ta fara ne tun kafin tarihi, lokacin da mutum ya halicci gobara ta farko . A cewar wani labarin 1983 a cikin mujallar Science, " Sot " da aka samu a kan rufin kogon da aka rigaya ya ba da shaida mai yawa na yawan gurɓacewar yanayi da ke da alaƙa da rashin isassun iska na buɗe wuta."

Ƙarfe ya bayyana a matsayin maɓalli mai mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar matakan gurɓataccen iska a wajen gida. Babban samfuran glaciers a Greenland suna nuna haɓakar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu mai alaƙa da samar da ƙarfe na Girka, Roman, da Sinanci.

 
Gurbacewar iska a Amurka, 1973

Konewar gawayi da itace, da kasancewar dawakai da yawa a wuraren da aka tattara sun sanya biranen zama tushen gurbataccen yanayi. Sarki Edward I na Ingila ya haramta kona gawayin teku ta hanyar shela a Landan a shekara ta 1272, bayan hayakinsa ya zama matsala; man fetur ya zama ruwan dare a Ingila cewa an samo wannan sunan na farko na shi saboda ana iya kwashe shi daga wasu bakin teku ta hanyar tayar da hankali.

Karni na 19

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Juyin juya halin masana'antu ne ya haifar da gurbatar muhalli kamar yadda muka sani a yau. Har ila yau, London ta rubuta ɗaya daga cikin matsananci na matsalolin ingancin ruwa a baya tare da Great Stink a kan Thames na 1858, wanda ya haifar da gina tsarin magudanar ruwa na London ba da daɗewa ba. Batutuwan gurbatar yanayi sun karu yayin da karuwar yawan jama'a ya zarce yiwuwar yankunan da za su magance matsalar sharar gida. Masu gyara sun fara buƙatar tsarin magudanar ruwa da ruwa mai tsabta. [15]

A cikin 1870, yanayin tsabta a Berlin yana cikin mafi muni a Turai. August Bebel ya tuna da yanayi kafin a gina tsarin magudanar ruwa na zamani a ƙarshen 1870s: Gurbataccen ruwa daga kwatocin gidaje tare da mummunar wari me ban tsoro. Babu bayi na ana gari a layi ka inda baƙi musamman mata suna takura idan biyan bukata ya kama su abin mamaki shine a manyan birane an rasa bayi.Ko Berlin ba ta bar rashin wayewa zuwa wayewar kai har sai da bayan 1870

Karni na 20 da 21

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Yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba ga babban birnin duniya, kuma gwamnatin Jamus ta Imperial ta kawo masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, da masu tsara birane don ba wai kawai warware matsalar ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar Berlin a matsayin birni mafi girma a duniya. Wani masani dan Burtaniya a cikin 1906 ya kammala cewa Berlin tana wakiltar "mafi cikakkiyar aikace-aikacen kimiyya, tsari da tsarin rayuwar jama'a," ya kara da cewa "abin mamaki ne na gudanar da harkokin jama'a, birni mafi zamani kuma mafi kyawun tsari wanda akwai."

Fitowar manyan masana'antu da yawan amfani da gawayi ya haifar da gurbacewar iska da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma yawan fitar da sinadarai na masana'antu da ke kara tabarbarewar sharar dan adam da ba a kula da su ba. Chicago da Cincinnati sune biranen Amurka biyu na farko don kafa dokokin tabbatar da tsabtace iska a cikin 1881. Gurbacewar yanayi ta zama wani babban batu a Amurka a farkon karni na ashirin, yayin da masu neman sauyi suka dauki batun gurbacewar iska sakamakon kona kwal, gurbacewar ruwa da rashin tsaftar muhalli ke haifarwa, da gurbacewar tituna da dawakai miliyan 3 da suka yi aiki a biranen Amurka suka haifar. 1900, samar da adadi mai yawa na fitsari da taki . Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Martin Melosi ya lura, ƙarnin da suka fara ganin motoci suna maye gurbin dawakai suna ganin motoci a matsayin "mu'ujiza na tsabta". [16] A cikin 1940s, duk da haka, hayaki da ke haifar da mota ya kasance babban batu a Los Angeles .

Sauran garuruwan sun biyo baya a cikin ƙasar har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ɗan gajeren lokaci Ofishin Kula da Iskar Sama a ƙarƙashin Sashen Cikin Gida . Garuruwan Los Angeles da Donora, Pennsylvania sun fuskanci matsanancin al'amuran hayaki a ƙarshen 1940s, suna zama wata tunatarwa ta jama'a.

Gurbacewar iska za ta ci gaba da zama matsala a Ingila, musamman daga baya a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, da kuma kara zuwa kwanan nan tare da Babban Smog na 1952 . Sanin gurbatar yanayi ya bazu ko'ina bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da fargabar da aka samu sakamakon rahotannin faɗuwar rediyo daga yaƙin nukiliya da gwaji. [17] Sai abin da ba na nukiliya ba - Babban Smog na 1952 a London – sun kashe akalla mutane 4000. [18] Wannan ya haifar da wasu manyan dokokin muhalli na zamani na farko: Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace na 1956 .

Gurɓatawa ya fara jawo hankalin jama'a a Amurka tsakanin tsakiyar 1950s da farkon 1970s, lokacin da Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Amo, Dokar Tsabtace iska, Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta, da Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa .

 
Gurbacewar hayaki a Taiwan

Mummunan al'amura na ƙazanta sun taimaka wajen haɓaka hankali. PCB da aka zubar a cikin Kogin Hudson ya haifar da dakatar da EPA akan cin kifin ta a 1974. Labaran labaran kasa a karshen shekarun 1970 - musamman gurbataccen dioxin na dogon lokaci a Canal Love wanda ya fara a cikin 1947 da zubar da ba tare da kulawa ba a cikin kwarin Drums. - ya jagoranci dokar Superfund na 1980. [19] Gurbacewar filayen masana'antu ya haifar da sunan Brownfield, kalmar da a yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsara birane .

Haɓaka kimiyyar nukiliya ta gabatar da gurɓataccen radiyo, wanda zai iya zama mai radiyo mai mutuƙar mutuwa na ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru. Lake Karachay - Cibiyar Worldwatch ta kira sunan "mafi gurbacewar wuri" a duniya - yayi aiki azaman wurin zubar da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Chelyabinsk, Rasha, ana daukarsa a matsayin "Mafi gurbataccen wuri a duniya". [20]

An ci gaba da gwada makaman nukiliya a yakin cacar baka, musamman a farkon matakan ci gaban su. Yawan adadin mutanen da abin ya fi shafa da haɓaka tun daga lokacin a cikin fahimtar mahimmancin barazanar da lafiyar ɗan adam ke haifarwa ta hanyar rediyoactivity shi ma ya kasance haramtacciyar rikitarwa mai alaƙa da ikon nukiliya . Ko da yake ana aiwatar da matsananciyar kulawa a cikin wannan masana'antar, yuwuwar bala'i da aka ba da shawarar ta abubuwan da suka faru kamar waɗanda ke Tsibirin Mile uku, Chernobyl, da Fukushima suna haifar da rashin yarda da jama'a. Yaƙi na duniya ya yi tsanani game da waɗannan bala'o'i. Yaɗuwar goyon bayan yarjejeniyar hana gwaji ya ƙare kusan duk gwajin makaman nukiliya a cikin yanayi. [21]

Masifu na kasa da kasa kamar tarkacen jirgin dakon mai na Amoco Cadiz a gabar tekun Brittany a shekarar 1978 da kuma bala'in Bhopal a 1984 sun nuna dunkulewar irin wadannan al'amura da ma'aunin da kokarin magance su ke bukatar shiga. Yanayin yanayi mara iyaka da teku babu makawa ya haifar da illar gurɓacewar yanayi a matakin duniya tare da batun ɗumamar yanayi . Kwanan nan kalmar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyin cuta (POP) ta zo don bayyana ƙungiyar sinadarai kamar PBDEs da PFCs da sauransu. Kodayake tasirin su ya ragu da ɗan fahimta saboda ƙarancin bayanan gwaji, an gano su a wurare daban-daban na muhalli da ke nesa da ayyukan masana'antu kamar Arctic, suna nuna yaduwa da haɓakar halittu bayan ɗan ɗan gajeren lokacin amfani da tartsatsi.

Matsalar da aka gano kwanan nan ita ce Babban Fasin Sharar Faci, babban tarin robobi, sludge na sinadarai da sauran tarkace wanda Arewacin Pacific Gyre ya tattara zuwa wani babban yanki na Tekun Pacific. Wannan matsala ce da ba a san ta ba fiye da sauran da aka kwatanta a sama, amma duk da haka yana da sakamako mai yawa kuma mai tsanani kamar karuwar mace-mace na namun daji, yaduwar nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'in nau'i da kuma cinye mutane masu guba. Ƙungiyoyi irin su 5 Gyres sun yi bincike game da gurbatar yanayi kuma, tare da masu fasaha irin su Marina DeBris, suna aiki don yada batun.

Gurbacewar da haske ke haifarwa da daddare na zama matsala a duniya, wanda ya fi tsanani a cikin birane, amma duk da haka yana gurɓata manyan yankuna, nesa da garuruwa.

Haɓaka shedar gurɓacewar ƙasa da na duniya da kuma ƙara fahimtar jama'a a tsawon lokaci sun haifar da haɓakar muhalli da motsin muhalli, wanda gabaɗaya ke neman iyakance tasirin ɗan adam ga muhalli .

Duba kuma

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  • Anthropocene
  • Aspinall V. Mitchell - Gwajin gurbatar yanayi, 1880
  • Gurbacewar halittu
  • Gurbacewar sinadaran
  • Lafiyar muhalli
  • Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
  • Bankin Bayanan Abubuwan Haɗari
  • Gurbacewar ruwa
  • Yawan jama'a
  • Masu gurɓatawa
  • Mai gurɓataccen fitarwa da rajistar canja wuri
  • Polluter yana biyan ka'ida
  • Rashin gurɓatawa sun sami hasashe
  • Ka'idojin iskar gas a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Iska
  • Rossby kalaman
  • Lalacewar filastik
  • Gurbacewa mulkin mallaka ne
  • Yanki hadaya
Gurbacewar iska
  • Samfuran watsawa na iska
  • Arden Paparoma
  • Rubutun bayanan lura da sinadarai na yanayi - hanyoyin haɗi zuwa bayanan da ake samu kyauta.
  • Canjin yanayi
  • Matsayin fitarwa
  • Greenhouse gas
 Gurbacewar ƙasa
  • Kimiyyar ƙasa muhalli
  • Jerin fasahohin maganin datti
  • Jerin kamfanonin sarrafa shara
  • Jerin batutuwan sarrafa shara
 Gurbacewar ruwa
  • Gurbacewar jirgin ruwa na cruise
  • tarkacen ruwa
  • Gurbacewar ruwa
  • Gurbacewar jirgi
  • Ruwan guguwa
  • Ruwan sharar gida
  • Ruwan sharar masana'antu
  • Alamun ingancin ruwan sharar gida
 Sauran
  • Ruwan alkaline
  • Kimiyyar Jama'a
  • Canjin yanayi
  • Kula da gurɓataccen abu
  • Ranar Duniya
  • Electromagnetic radiation da lafiya
  • Waje
  • Gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta
  • Gurbacewar zafi
  • Hasken ƙazanta
  • Jerin batutuwan muhalli
  • Illar lafiyar surutu
  • Barazanar sararin samaniya
  • Radioactivity
  •  
    Gurbacewar Filastik a Ghana, 2018
  •  
    Gurbacewar filastik a tsibirin Maui mai nisa, Hawaii

Magana

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Concerns about MTBE from U.S. EPA website
  2. ↑ Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972
  3. ↑ State of the Environment, Issue: Air Quality (Australian Government website page)
  4. ↑ Silent Spring, R Carlson, 1962
  5. ↑ Alarm sounds on US population boom. August 31, 2006. The Boston Globe.
  6. ↑ "China overtakes US as world's biggest Samfuri:CO2 emitter". Guardian.co.uk. June 19, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Ranking of the world's countries by 2008 per capita fossil-fuel CO2 emission rates. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine". CDIAC. 2008.
  8. ↑ Carbon dioxide emissions chart (graph on Mongabay website page based on Energy Information Administration's tabulated data)
  9. ↑ "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes". The New York Times. August 26, 2007.
  10. ↑ Chinese Air Pollution Deadliest in World, Report Says. National Geographic News. July 9, 2007.
  11. ↑ The staggering economic cost of air pollution By Chelsea Harvey, Washington Post, January 29, 2016
  12. ↑ Freshwater Pollution Costs US At Least $4.3 Billion A Year, Science Daily, November 17, 2008
  13. ↑ The human cost of China's untold soil pollution problem, The Guardian, Monday 30 June 2014 11.53 EDT
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  15. ↑ Lee Jackson, Dirty Old London: The Victorian Fight Against Filth (2014)
  16. ↑ Patrick Allitt, A Climate of Crisis: America in the Age of Environmentalism (2014) p 206
  17. ↑ Patrick Allitt, A Climate of Crisis: America in the Age of Environmentalism (2014) pp. 15–21
  18. ↑ 1952: London fog clears after days of chaos (BBC News)
  19. ↑ Judith A. Layzer, "Love Canal: hazardous waste and politics of fear" in Layzer, The Environmental Case (CQ Press, 2012) pp. 56–82.
  20. ↑ Lenssen, "Nuclear Waste: The Problem that Won't Go Away", Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1991: 15.
  21. ↑ Jonathan Medalia, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments (Diane Publishing, 2013.)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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