Sharar masana'antu
Sharar masana'antu, ita ce sharar da masana'antu ke samarwa wanda ya haɗa da duk wani abu da ya zama mara amfani yayin aikin masana'antu, kamar na masana'antu da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Nau'in sharar masana'antu sun haɗa da datti da tsakuwa, katako da siminti, tarkacen ƙarfe mai kaushi, sinadarai, guntun katako, har ma da kayan lambu daga gidajen abinci. Sharar gida na masana'antu na iya zama mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi ko ruwa a cikin tsari. Yana iya zama sharar gida mai haɗari (wasu nau'ikan masu guba ne), ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari. A wadansu lokuta har da ragowar ayyukan nukiliya. Sharar da masana'antu na iya gurɓata ƙasan dake kusa ko raƙuman ruwa da ke kusa, kuma suna iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa, tafkuna, koguna, koguna ko ruwan bakin teku. Sharar da masana'antu galibi ana haɗa su cikin sharar gari, yana sa ingantacciyar ƙima mai wahala. Ƙididdiga na Amurka ya kai ten biliyan 7.6 na sharar masana'antu da ake samarwa kowace shekara, kamar na shekarar 2017. Yawancin ƙasashe sun kafa doka don magance matsalar sharar masana'antu, amma tsauraran dokoki da bin ka'idoji sun bambanta. Tilastawa ko da yaushe batu ne.
 Sharar masana'antu | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | shara |
Has immediate cause (en)  |
industrial emission (en) |
| By-product of (en) |
industrial process (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
household waste (en) |
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Rarraba sharar masana'antu da maganinta
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Sharar gida mai haɗari, sharar sinadarai, dattin masana'antu da sharar gida sune rarrabuwa na sharar gida da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su a ƙasashe daban-daban. Cibiyoyin kula da najasa na iya magance wasu sharar masana'antu, watau waɗanda suka ƙunshi gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar buƙatun oxygen na biochemical (BOD). Shararrun masana'antu da ke ɗauke da kuma gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ko yawan abubuwan ƙazanta (kamar ammonia ) suna buƙatar tsarin kulawa na musamman. ( Duba maganin sharar gida na masana'antu ).
Ana iya rarraba sharar masana'antu bisa ga halayensu kamar haka:
- Sharar gida mai ƙarfi, amma wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a ciki suna cikin ruwa ko ruwa, misali masana'antar crockery ko wankin ma'adanai ko gawayi.
- Sharar gida a cikin narkar da kuma gurbataccen yanayi yana cikin nau'in ruwa, misali masana'antar kiwo.
Tasirin muhalli
gyara sasheYawancin masana'antu da yawancin masana'antar wutar lantarki suna kusa da jikunan ruwa don samun ruwa mai yawa don ayyukan masana'antu ko don sanyaya kayan aiki. A ƙasar Amurka, tashoshin wutar lantarki sune mafi yawan masu amfani da ruwa. Sauran masana'antun da ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa sun hada da masana'anta da masana'antar takarda, masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar ƙarfe da ƙarfe, matatun man fetur, masana'antar sarrafa abinci da kuma na'urar aluminium .
Yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba waɗanda ke zama masu cigaban masana'antu har yanzu ba su da albarkatun ko fasahar da za su zubar da sharar su tare da ƙarancin tasiri ga muhalli. Dukansu ruwan sharar da ba a kula da su ba da wani sashi ana mayar da su cikin wani ruwa na kusa da shi. Karfe, sinadarai da najasa da ake fitarwa a cikin ruwa kai tsaye suna shafar yanayin halittun teku da kuma lafiyar wadanda suka dogara da ruwa a matsayin tushen abinci ko ruwan sha. Guba daga cikin ruwan datti na iya kashe rayuwar ruwa ko kuma haifar da rashin lafiya iri-iri ga waɗanda ke cinye waɗannan dabbobin ruwa, dangane da gurɓataccen abu. Da Karfe da sinadarai da ake fitarwa a jikin ruwa suna shafar yanayin yanayin ruwa.
Ruwan da ke ɗauke da sinadirai (nitrates da phosphates) sukan haifar da eutrophication wanda zai iya kashe rayuwar da ke cikin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka yi a Thailand wanda ke mai da hankali kan asalin gurɓacewar ruwa ya gano cewa mafi girman yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin U-tapao yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da fitar da ruwan sharar masana'antu.
Gurbacewar yanayi— fitar da ruwa a matsanancin zafin jiki bayan an yi amfani da shi don sanyaya—yana iya haifar da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa. Ruwan daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi yana rage matakan iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kashe kifin da canza tsarin sarkar abinci, rage bambancin halittu, da haɓaka mamayewar sabbin nau'ikan thermophilic.
Sharar gida mai ƙarfi da haɗari
gyara sasheSharar gida mai ƙarfi, galibi ana kiranta datti na birni, yawanci tana nufin kayan da ba su da haɗari. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da sharar gida, sharar gida da sharar gida; kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayayyaki kamar tarkacen gini da sharar gida. Sharar gida mai haɗari galibi kuma tana da ƙayyadaddun ma'anoni, saboda ƙarin kulawa da sarƙaƙƙiya da ake buƙatar irin wannan sharar. A ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka, ana iya rarraba sharar gida a matsayin mai haɗari bisa wasu halaye: ƙonewa, sake kunnawa, lalata da guba. Wasu nau'ikan sharar gida masu haɗari an jera su musamman cikin ƙa'idodi.
Gurbacewar ruwa
gyara sashe
Daya daga cikin mafi munin illar sharar masana'antu shine gurbatar ruwa. Don yawancin hanyoyin masana'antu, ana amfani da ruwa wanda ke haɗuwa da sinadarai masu cutarwa. Waɗannan sinadarai na iya haɗawa da mahadi na halitta (kamar ƙauye), ƙarfe, abubuwan gina jiki ko kayan rediyo. Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da magani ba, ruwan karkashin kasa da na saman ruwa - tabkuna, koguna, koguna da ruwan bakin teku - DA Duk hanyoyin ruwa na iya zama gurbatacce, tare da yin illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha da ruwan ban ruwa da ake amfani da su don noma na iya shafar su. Kuma abubuwan gurɓata na iya ƙasƙanta ko lalata mazaunin dabbobi da tsirrai. A yankunan bakin teku, kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa za su iya gurɓata da sharar da ba a kula da su ba; rairayin bakin teku masu da sauran wuraren shakatawa na iya lalacewa ko rufe. :273–309
Gudanarwa
gyara sasheTailandia
gyara sasheA Tailandia ayyukan sarrafa datti na birni (MSW) da sarrafa sharar masana'antu ana yin su ne daga Gwamnatin Royal Thai, wacce aka tsara a matsayin gwamnatin tsakiya (ƙasa), gwamnatin yanki, da ƙaramar hukuma. Kowace gwamnati tana da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban. Gwamnatin tsakiya ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ƙa'idodi, manufofi, da ƙa'idodi. Gwamnonin yanki ne ke da alhakin daidaita tsakanin gwamnatocin tsakiya da na kananan hukumomi. Kananan hukumomi ne ke da alhakin sarrafa sharar gida a yankin da suke gudanar da mulki. Duk da haka, ƙananan hukumomi ba sa zubar da sharar da kansu amma a maimakon haka suna hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba su hakki daga Sashen Kula da Gurɓatawa (PCD) a Thailand. Manyan kamfanoni sune Cibiyar Gudanar da sharar masana'antu ta Bangpoo, General Environmental Conservation Public Company Limited (GENCO), SGS Thailand, Waste Management Siam LTD (WMS), da Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG). Wadannan kamfanoni ne ke da alhakin barnar da suka samu daga abokan cinikinsu kafin su fitar da shi ga muhalli, su binne shi gaba ɗaya.
Amurka
gyara sasheDokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfadowa ta a shekarata 1976 (RCRA) ta tanadi dokokin tarayya na masana'antu, gida, da kera ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da haɗari a cikin Amurka. RCRA na nufin adana albarkatun ƙasa da makamashi, kare lafiyar ɗan adam, kawar da ko rage sharar gida, da tsaftace sharar gida lokacin da ake buƙata. [1] RCRA da farko ta fara ne a matsayin gyara ga Dokar Sharar Sharar ta shekarar 1965, kuma a cikin shekarata 1984, Majalisa ta zartar da gyare-gyare masu haɗari da ƙazamin shara (HSWA) wanda ya ƙarfafa RCRA ta:
- Kawar da zubar da ƙasa - zubar da ƙasa yana nufin sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa (misali rijiyoyin allura, wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da dai sauransu), kuma shirin hana zubar da ƙasa (LDR) (ƙarƙashin HSWA) ya hana sharar da ba a kula da ita ba daga zubar da ƙasa, kuma tana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Amurka. Hukumar Kariya (EPA) don saita ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin jiyya waɗanda dole ne a cika su kafin a iya zubar da ƙasa mai haɗari. Hakanan shirin na LDR yana da haramcin dilution, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa mai ɗaukar kaya ba zai iya narke datti mai haɗari a matsayin hanyar gujewa gamsar da jiyya ba.
- Rage sharar gida-manufa na rage sharar gida shine a tabbatar da cewa adadin dattin da ake samarwa, da matakan gubarsa, sun ragu sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma EPA tana yin hakan ta hanyar rage tushe da sake amfani da su. Rage tushe (ko rigakafin gurɓatawa (P2) ) yana rage samar da sharar gida masu haɗari daidai a tushen sa, kuma shine matakin farko na EPA a sarrafa kayan tare da sake yin amfani da shi shine na biyu. [2]
- Ƙaddamar da ikon EPA game da aikin gyara-matakin gyara shine lokacin da magani, ajiya, da wuraren zubar da ciki (TSDFs) dole ne ya wajabta tare da neman sakewa masu haɗari a cikin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasa, da iska, da share shi. Ƙarƙashin HSWA, EPA na iya buƙatar yin gyara a TSDFs masu izini da marasa izini. [2]
Bugu da ƙari, EPA tana amfani da Superfund don nemo wuraren gurɓatawa, gano ɓangarori da ke da alhakin, kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka faru inda aka ce jam'iyyun ba a san ko iya ba, shirin yana ba da kuɗin tsaftacewa. Superfund kuma yana aiki akan ganowa da amfani da magunguna na ƙarshe don tsaftacewa. Tsarin Superfund shine: 1) tattara mahimman bayanai (wanda aka sani da lokacin Binciken Gyara (RI); 2) tantance hanyoyin da za a magance duk wani haɗari mai haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam (wanda aka sani da matakin Ƙarfafawa (FS)); 3) ƙayyade magunguna mafi dacewa waɗanda zasu iya rage haɗarin zuwa ƙarin isassun matakan. [3] Wasu rukunin yanar gizon sun gurɓata sosai saboda zubar da sharar da aka yi a baya wanda yakan ɗauki shekaru da yawa don tsaftace su, ko kuma saukar da gurɓacewar zuwa matakan karɓuwa, don haka yana buƙatar kulawa na dogon lokaci akan waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon. Don haka, wani lokacin gano magani na ƙarshe ba zai yiwu ba, don haka, EPA ta haɓaka shirin Gudanar da Daidaitawa. [3]
EPA ta fitar da ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da kulawa, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida. EPA ta ba wa kowane hukumomin muhalli izinin aiwatarwa da aiwatar da ka'idojin RCRA ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wajen sarrafa shara da aka yarda.
State compliance is monitored by EPA inspections. In the case that waste management guideline standards are not met, action against the siteSamfuri:Which will be taken. Compliance errors may be corrected by enforced cleanup directly by the site responsible for the waste or by a third party hired by that site. Prior to the enactment of the Clean Water At (1972) and RCRA, open dumping or releasing wastewater into nearby bodies of water were common waste disposal methods. The negative effects on human health and environmental health led to the need for such regulations. The RCRA framework provides specified subsections defining nonhazardous and hazardous waste materials and how each should be properly managed and disposed of. Guidelines for the disposal of nonhazardous solid waste includes the banning of open dumping. Hazardous waste is monitored in a "cradle to grave" fashion; each step in the process of waste generation, transport and disposal is tracked. The EPA now[yaushe?] manages 2.96 million tons of solid, hazardous and industrial waste. Since establishment, the RCRA program has undergone reforms as inefficiencies arise and as waste management processes evolve.[4]
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1972 babbar doka ce ta doka don kare ruwan saman (koguna, tafkuna da gaɓar ruwa). Wata doka ta shekarar 1948 ta ba da izinin bincike da haɓaka ƙa'idodin ruwa na son rai, kuma ta ba da ƙarancin kuɗi don ƙoƙarin gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Dokar 1972 ta haramta, a karon farko, fitar da sharar masana'antu ba tare da kulawa ba, da kuma najasa na birni, cikin ruwa na Amurka. Ana buƙatar EPA don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don wuraren masana'antu da ƙa'idodi na masana'antar kula da najasa na birni. Ana buƙatar jihohi su haɓaka ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa ga ƙungiyoyin ruwa ɗaya. Ana ba da aikin aiwatarwa galibi ga hukumomin jiha. An zartar da manyan gyare-gyare ga dokar a shekarun 1977 da 1987.
Duba wasu abubuwan
gyara sashe- Sharar sinadarai
- Gyaran muhalli
- Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
- Sharar gida mai haɗari
- Jerin fasahohin maganin datti
- Jerin kamfanonin sarrafa shara
- Jerin batutuwan sarrafa shara
- Sake yin amfani da su
- Gurbacewar kasa
- Tailings (sharar ma'adinai)
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedRCRA overview