Wikipedia

Ispaniya

(an turo daga Spain)

Hispania ko Ispaniya[1] ko Spain (da Turanci), ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Turai.[2][3][4] Hispania tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i 505,990. Hispania tana da yawan jama'a 46,468,102, bisa ga ƙidayar yawan jama'a a shekarar ta 2016.[5][6][7] Hispania tana da iyaka da ƙasashen kamar su Faransa, Portugal da kuma Andorra. Babban birnin Hispania, Madrid ne.[8][9][10]

Ispaniya
Reino de España (es)
Flag of Spain (en) Coat of arms of Kingdom of Spain (en)
Flag of Spain (en) Fassara Coat of arms of Kingdom of Spain (en) Fassara
Take Marcha Real (en) Fassara (1939)
Kirari «Plus ultra (en) Fassara»
Suna saboda Hispania (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 40°12′N 3°30′W / 40.2°N 3.5°W / 40.2; -3.5
Babban birni Madrid
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 48,592,909 (2024)
• Yawan mutane 96.04 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Yaren Sifen
Addini non-denominational (en) Fassara
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Turai, Tarayyar Turai, Pyrenees–Mediterranean Euroregion (en) Fassara, European Economic Area (en) Fassara da Iberian Peninsula (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 505,990 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Tekun Atalanta, Bahar Rum, Cantabrian Sea (en) Fassara da Alboran Sea (en) Fassara
Wuri mafi tsayi Teide (en) Fassara (3,718 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Mina de Las Cruces (en) Fassara (−107 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Andorra
Portugal (5 Oktoba 1910)
Moroko
Faransa
Gibraltar
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Hispanic Monarchy (en) Fassara, Crown of Aragon (en) Fassara, Daular Sipaniya, Kingdom of Aragon (en) Fassara da First Spanish Republic (en) Fassara
14 ga Maris, 1516:  Sarauta has cause (en) Fassara Dynastic union of Aragon and Castile (en) Fassara
1715 (<1715):  Spanish House of Bourbon (en) Fassara has cause (en) Fassara Q1990620, Q688939
19 ga Maris, 1812 ↔ 4 Mayu 1814:  Spanish Constitution of 1812 (en) Fassara ↔ Liberal state (Spain) (en) Fassara
9 Disamba 1931 ↔ 1 ga Afirilu, 1939:  Spanish Constitution of 1931 (en) Fassara ↔ Jamhuriya
29 Disamba 1978:  Constitution of Spain (en) Fassara (Spanish transition to democracy (en) Fassara)
Muhimman sha'ani
Nueva Planta decrees (en) Fassara (1707, 1716)
Spanish Constitution of 1812 (en) Fassara (1812)
Spanish Constitution of 1931 (en) Fassara (1931)
constitution of Spain (en) Fassara (29 Disamba 1978)
Spanish transition to democracy (en) Fassara
Spanish Civil War (en) Fassara
Carlist Wars (en) Fassara
Third Council of Toledo (en) Fassara
first arrival of Christopher Columbus to America (en) Fassara
Reconquista (en) Fassara
Peninsular War (en) Fassara
Ranakun huta
New Year's Day (en) Fassara (January 1 (en) Fassara)
International Workers' Day (en) Fassara (May 1 (en) Fassara)
Assumption of Mary (en) Fassara
Spanish national day (en) Fassara (October 12 (en) Fassara)
Spanish Day of the Constitution (en) Fassara (December 6 (en) Fassara)
Immaculate Conception of Mary (en) Fassara (December 8 (en) Fassara)
Kirsimeti (December 25 (en) Fassara)
Epiphany (en) Fassara (January 6 (en) Fassara)
Good Friday (en) Fassara (Easter − 2 days (en) Fassara)
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati parliamentary monarchy (en) Fassara
Majalisar zartarwa Government of Spain (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa Cortes Generales (en) Fassara
• Sarkin Ispaniya Felipe na shida (19 ga Yuni, 2014)
• Firaministan Ispaniya Pedro Sánchez (2 ga Yuni, 2018)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Supreme Court of Spain (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 1,427,380,681,295 $ (2021)
Nominal GDP per capita (en) Fassara 29,993.06 $ (2019)
Kuɗi euro (mul) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
UTC+01:00
UTC+02:00 (en) Fassara
UTC±00:00 (en) Fassara (a Canary Islands, standard time (en) Fassara)
UTC+01:00 (a Canary Islands, daylight saving time (en) Fassara)
Europe/Madrid (en) Fassara
Suna ta yanar gizo .es (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +34
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06#, 061 (en) Fassara da 091 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa ES
NUTS code ES
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo administracion.gob.es
Facebook: 060pag Twitter: 060gobes Youtube: UC4li3bPhK6ImHeWrd0_q7vQ Edit the value on Wikidata
Babbar Kotun Supremo, Madrid
Merida Roman Theatre1
Palacio de las Cortes, wurin zama na majalisar Hispania.
Tutar Hispania.
wani bangaren kasar spain
wanigurin shakatawa a garin Ispaniya
Ispaniya

Hispania ta samu yancin kai a shekara ta 1479, saboda haɗewar daulocin Castilla da Aragon.[11][12][13]

Ilimin kalmomi

gyara sashe

Sunan Spain (España) ya fito ne daga Hispania, sunan da Romawa ke amfani da shi don yankin Iberian Peninsula da lardunanta a lokacin daular Roma.[14][15][16] Ka'idar asalin kalmar Hispania ba ta da tabbas, kodayake Phoenicians suna kiran yankin a matsayin i-shphan-im mai yiwuwa ma'anar "ƙasar hyraxes", "ƙasar karafa",[17][18][19] ko "tsibirin arewa"[20][21][22]

A cikin asusun al'ada, i-shphan-im na iya zama tushen asalin Phoenician i-shpania, ma'ana "tsibirin ko ƙasar hyraxes", ko "baki", nuni ga wurin Spain a ƙarshen Bahar Rum; Phoenicians sun kasance ba su saba da zomaye ba, kuma sun rikitar da su don hyraxes.[23][24][25] Tsabar Romawa sun buge a yankin tun daga zamanin Hadrian sun nuna wata mace mai zomo a ƙafafunta,[26][27][28] kuma Strabo ya kira ta "ƙasar zomaye".[29][30][31]

Masanin ilimin kimiyya na Semitic Jesús Luis Cunchillos [es] da José Ángel Zamora hasashe, bayan binciken kwatancen tsakanin harsunan Semitic da yawa, cewa sunan Phoenician yana fassara a matsayin "ƙasar da aka ƙirƙira karafa",[32][33][34] bayan da suka ƙaddara cewa sunan ya samo asali ne dangane da ma'adinan zinare na Iberian Peninsula.[35][36][37] Cunchillos yayi jayayya cewa tushen kalmar span shine kalmar Phoenician ɗan leƙen asiri, ma'ana 'don ƙirƙira karafa'. Don haka i-spn-ya yana nufin “ƙasar da ake ƙirƙira karafa”[38][39][40]

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Binciken archaeological a Atapuerca ya nuna cewa yankin Iberian yana da yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin shekaru miliyan 1.3 da suka wuce.[41][42][43]

Mutanen zamani sun fara isa Iberia daga arewa da ƙafa kimanin shekaru 35,000 da suka wuce.[44][45][46] Shahararrun kayan tarihi na waɗannan matsugunan ɗan adam kafin tarihi su ne zane-zane a cikin kogon Altamira na Cantabria a arewacin Iberia, waɗanda Cro-Magnon ya ƙirƙira daga 35,600 zuwa 13,500 KZ.[47][48][49] Shaidun archaeological da kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa yankin Iberian Peninsula ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan gudun hijira da yawa daga arewacin Turai bayan ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe.[50][51][52]

Ƙungiyoyin biyu mafi girma da ke zaune a yankin Iberian kafin cin nasarar Romawa su ne Iberian da Celts.[53][54][55] Iberian sun zauna a gefen tekun Bahar Rum na tsibirin. Celts sun zauna da yawa daga ciki da ɓangarorin Atlantika na tsibirin.[56][57][58] Basques sun mamaye yankin yammacin tsaunin Pyrenees da yankunan da ke kusa;[59][60][61] ’Yan Tartessiyan da suka rinjayi Phoenician sun bunƙasa a kudu maso yamma; da Lusitanians da Vettones sun mamaye yankuna a tsakiyar yamma.[62][63][64] Phoeniciyawa ne suka kafa garuruwa da yawa a bakin tekun, kuma Girkawa a Gabas suka kafa sansanonin kasuwanci da mamaya.[65][66][67] Daga ƙarshe, Phoenician-Carthaginians sun faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa zuwa meseta; duk da haka, saboda ƙabilun bellicose na cikin gida, Carthaginians sun zauna a bakin tekun Iberian Peninsula.[68][69][70]

Ilimin ƙasa

gyara sashe

A 505,992 km2 (195,365 sq mi), Spain ita ce kasa ta hamsin a duniya kuma kasa ta hudu mafi girma a Turai.[71][72][73] A tsayin mita 3,715 (12,188 ft), Dutsen Teide (Tenerife) shine kololuwar dutse mafi girma a Spain kuma shine dutsen mai aman wuta na uku a duniya daga tushe.[74][75][76] Spain kasa ce mai wuce gona da iri, tana da yanki a Turai da Afirka.[77][78][79]

A yamma, Spain tana iyaka da Portugal; a kudu, yana da iyaka da Gibraltar da Maroko, ta hanyar tsaunuka a Arewacin Afirka (Ceuta da Melilla, da kuma tsibirin de Vélez de la Gomera).[80][81][82] A arewa maso gabas, tare da tsaunin Pyrenees, yana da iyaka da Faransa da Andorra.[83][84][85] Tare da Pyrenees a Girona, wani ƙaramin gari mai suna Llívia yana kewaye da Faransa.[86][87][88]

Tsayawa zuwa kilomita 1,214 (754 mi), iyakar Portugal-Spain ita ce iyaka mafi tsayi da ba ta yankewa a cikin Tarayyar Turai.[89][90][91]

Tsibiri

gyara sashe

Har ila yau, Spain ta haɗa da tsibirin Balearic a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, da Canary Islands a cikin Tekun Atlantika da kuma wasu tsibiran da ba su zauna ba a gefen Tekun Gibraltar,[92][93][94] wanda aka sani da plazas de soberanía ("wuraren mulkin mallaka", ko yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Mutanen Espanya), irin su tsibirin Chafarinas da Alhucemas.[95][96][97] Yankin de Vélez de la Gomera kuma ana ɗaukarsa azaman plaza de soberanía. Tsibirin Alborán, dake cikin Tekun Bahar Rum tsakanin Spain da Arewacin Afirka, shi ma Spain ne ke gudanar da shi, musamman na gundumar Almería, Andalusia.[98][99][100] Ƙananan Tsibirin Pheasant a cikin Kogin Bidasoa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauye ne na Mutanen Espanya-Faransa.[101][102][103]

Akwai manyan tsibiran guda 11 a Spain, dukkansu suna da nasu hukumomin gudanarwa (Cabildos insulares in the Canaries, Consells insulars in Baleares).[104][105][106] Wadannan tsibiran suna musamman ne da Tsarin Mulkin Spain ya ambata, lokacin da yake daidaita wakilcin Sanata (Ibiza da Formentera an haɗa su, yayin da suke tare da tsibiran Pityusic, ɓangare na tsibiran Balearic).[107][108][109] Wadannan tsibiran sun hada da Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera da El Hierro a cikin tsibiran Canarian da Mallorca, Ibiza, Menorca da Formentera a cikin tsibiran Balearic.[110][111][112]

Duwatsu da koguna

gyara sashe

Mainland Spain wani yanki ne mai tsaunuka, wanda manyan tudu da sarƙoƙin tsaunuka suka mamaye. Bayan Pyrenees, manyan jeri na tsaunuka sune Cordillera Cantábrica (Cantabrian Range),[113][114][115] Sistema Ibérico (Tsarin Iberian), Sistema Central (Tsarin Tsakiya), Montes de Toledo, Saliyo Morena da Sistema Bético (Tsarin Baetic) wanda mafi girman kololuwa, 3,478-mita-111lhaé, Saliyo, Saliyo, 11, 3,478-mita-111l, Saliyo.[116][117][118] shine mafi girma a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula. Mafi girman matsayi a Spain shine Teide, wani dutse mai tsauri mai tsawon mita 3,718 (12,198 ft) a cikin tsibirin Canary.[119][120][121][122] Tsakiyar Meseta (wanda galibi ana fassara shi da 'Plateau na ciki') wani babban fili ne a cikin tsakiyar yankin Spain wanda Sistema Central ya raba gida biyu.[123][124][125]

Akwai manyan koguna da yawa a Spain kamar Tagus (Tajo), Ebro, Guadiana, Douro (Duero), Guadalquivir, Júcar, Segura, Turia da Minho (Miño).[126][127][128] Ana samun filayen Alluvial tare da bakin teku, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine na Guadalquivir a Andalusia.[129][130][131]

Mulki

gyara sashe

Kambi

gyara sashe

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Spain ya tanadi rarrabuwar madafun iko tsakanin rassa biyar na gwamnati, wanda yake nufin “tushen cibiyoyin gwamnati”[132][133][134] Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan cibiyoyi shine Crown (La Corona), alamar ƙasar Spain da dawwama.[135][136][137] "Spain" Masarautar majalisar dokoki" tsarin mulki ne wanda sarki ko sarauniya mai mulki shine tsarin sarauta kuma don haka shine shugaban ƙasa. hatta shugaban gudanarwa na suna.[138][139][140][141][142][143] Maimakon haka, Crown, a matsayin ma'aikata, "... yana yanke hukunci kuma yana daidaita ayyukan cibiyoyi na yau da kullum..." na kasar Spain.[144][145][146] Don haka, sarkin yakan warware rigingimu a tsakanin rassa da ba safai ba, yana sasanta rigingimun tsarin mulki, da kuma hana cin zarafi.[147][148][149][150]

Ta wannan fanni, Crown ya zama reshe na biyar mai daidaitawa wanda baya aiwatar da manufofin jama'a ko gudanar da ayyukan jama'a, ayyukan da suka rataya a wuyan zababbun majalisun dokokin Spain da gwamnatoci a matakin kasa da yanki.[151][152][153] Madadin haka, Crown ya keɓanta ƙasar Spain ta dimokiraɗiyya, ta sanya takunkumi na halal, yana tabbatar da haƙƙin hanyoyin, kuma yana ba da tabbacin aiwatar da nufin jama'a.[154][155][156] A wata hanya, sarkin yana ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasa a cikin gida, yana wakiltar Mutanen Espanya a ƙasashen waje (musamman game da al'ummomin al'ummarsu na tarihi),[157][158][159] yana sauƙaƙe gudanar da aiki da ci gaba na gwamnatin Spain, yana kare dimokuradiyya na wakilai, da kuma kiyaye doka.[160][161][162] A wasu kalmomi, Crown shine mai kula da kundin tsarin mulkin Spain da kuma haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da yancin duk Mutanen Espanya.[163][164][165] Wannan rawar tabbatacciyar rawar da take takawa ita ce kiyaye rantsuwar da sarki ya yi bayan hawansa"[166][167][168]... don aiwatar da ayyukan da aminci, yin biyayya ga Tsarin Mulki da dokoki da tabbatar da cewa an yi musu biyayya, da kuma mutunta haƙƙin al'ummomin 8.[169][170][171]

Yawancin iko, ayyuka, haƙƙoƙi, nauyi, da ayyuka da tsarin mulki ya ba wa sarki a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa.[172][173][174] Duk da haka, Crown yana jin daɗin rashin tauyewa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin kuma ba za a iya gurfanar da shi a gaban kotuna waɗanda ke yin shari'a da sunansa ba.[175][176][177] Don haka, duk wani aiki na hukuma da sarki ya yi yana buƙatar firaminista ya sa hannu a kai ko kuma, idan ya dace, shugaban majalisar wakilai ya sami ikon doka.[178][179][180] Hanyar sake sanya hannu ko sake sakewa ta kuma canza alhaki na siyasa da na shari'a ga haƙƙin sarauta ga waɗanda suka ba da shaida.[181][182][183] Wannan tanadin bai shafi gidan sarauta ba, wanda sarkin ke samun cikakken iko da kulawa, ko kuma shiga cikin Order of the Golden Fleece, wanda tsari ne na dynastic a cikin kyautar gidan Bourbon-Anjou.[184][185][186]

Ana iya rarraba haƙƙoƙin sarauta ta ko aikin minista ne ko kuma ikon ajiyewa.[187][188][189] Ayyukan ministoci sune haƙƙin sarauta waɗanda suke, bisa ga babban taron da Juan Carlos I ya kafa, wanda sarkin ya yi bayan neman shawarar Gwamnati, Majalisar Wakilai, Majalisar Dattijai, Babban Majalisar Shari'a, ko Kotun Tsarin Mulki, kamar yadda lamarin yake. A daya bangaren kuma, ikon da aka kebe na Sarautar su ne wa]anda ake gudanar da su bisa ga ra'ayin sarki.[190][191][192] Yawancin haƙƙin sarautar masarautar sarauta ce a aikace, ma'ana sarkin ba shi da hurumin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko yana aiwatar da su ne a matsayin al'amuran jihar.[193][194][195] Amma duk da haka, lokacin da yake gudanar da ayyuka na ministoci, sarki yana da hakkin a tuntube shi kafin ya yi aiki da shawarwari, da hakkin karfafa wata hanya ta siyasa ko aiki, da kuma hakkin gargadin hukumomin tsarin mulki da ke da alhakin hakan. Wadancan ayyuka na ministoci sune kamar haka.[196][197][198]

Hotuna

gyara sashe
  •  
    Barcelona (Hotel Vela)
  •  
    Birini Barcelona daga Montjuic
  •  
    Tashar jirgin kasa ta França Barcelona.
  •  
    Aquarium Barcelona
  •  
    Arc de Triomf Barcelona
  •  
    Kotun Allah ya isa da ke birnin Madrid
  •  
    Filin jirgin Sama, Ispaniya
  •  

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane, BBC.
  2. ↑ Handbook of European History. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. ISBN 90-04-09760-0. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  3. ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  4. ↑ The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  5. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (2003). Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. passim. ISBN 978-0-297-64563-4.
  6. ↑ The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  7. ↑ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  8. ↑ Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico". Revista de Dret Històric Català. 18 (18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. doi:10.2436/20.3004.01.119. ISSN 1578-5300.
  9. ↑ Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780521845137.
  10. ↑ INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1 April 2025. Provisional data". ine.es. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  11. ↑ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  12. ↑ Barómetro de abril 2025: Estudio nº 3505 (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025., 4,009 respondents. The question was ¿Con cuál de los siguientes términos se identifica más?.
  13. ↑ Barómetro de abril 2025: Estudio nº 3505 (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025., 4,009 respondents. The question was ¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?.
  14. ↑ "The Spanish Constitution" (in Spanish). Lamoncloa.gob.es. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  15. ↑ Presidency of the Government (11 October 1997). "Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado núm. 244 (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015
  16. ↑ Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015
  17. ↑ Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  18. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Spain)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  19. ↑ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  20. ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  21. ↑ List of left- & right-driving countries". WorldStandards
  22. ↑ European exploration". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  23. ↑ Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez Source, Arturo (1995). "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571". Journal of World History. 6 (2): 202. JSTOR 20078638.
  24. ↑ Whitehouse, Mark (6 November 2010). "Number of the Week: $10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017
  25. ↑ Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 1.
  26. ↑ Arechaga, Juan (2009). "Science in Hispania: Spain and Portugal on the main route again". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (8–10): 1119–1122. doi:10.1387/ijdb.093019ja. PMID 19924620.
  27. ↑ 572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo". www.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Dietler, Michael; López-Ruiz, Carolina (2009). Colonial Encounters in Ancient Iberia. University of Chicago Press. p. 274, n. 53. ISBN 978-0-226-14847-2.
  29. ↑ Burke, Ulick Ralph (1895). A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 12. hdl:2027/hvd.fl29jg.
  30. ↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Spain" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  31. ↑ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  32. ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  33. ↑ Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations Archived 3 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Thomas F. Glick
  34. ↑ Classen, Albrecht (31 August 2015). Handbook of Medieval Culture. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110267303. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  35. ↑ Lansing, Carol; English, Edward D. (2012). A Companion to the Medieval World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-118-49946-7.
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