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Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992

Rikicin kabilanci a Najeriya

Tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ingila a yankin Arewacin Najeriya, al'ummar Atyap sun kai rahoton asarar wani yanki na kasa ga Hausawa. A shekarar ta 1922, an ruwaito cewa Sarkin Zariya, Dalhatu Uthman Yero, ya mallaki wani katafaren fili, wanda ya kasa biyan diyya ga yan asalin yankin. A shekara ta 1966, sarki Muhammad Usman ya bayar da wannan fili ga yankin kasuwancin Hausawa a tsakiyar garin Mabatado ( lafazi : Mabǝrǝdǝu ), wanda ake kira " Zangon Kataf " . Yan kabilar Atyap na zaune ne a cikin gundumar, a lardin Zaria na yankin Arewa, ta farkon, Najeriyar a tsarin Birtaniya, wadda ta samu 'yancin kai . Ya kamata a ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin kasuwa, inda mazauna Atyap suka haramta wa 'yan asalin kasar cinikin naman alade da giya.[1][2]

Rikicin Zangon Katad, 1992
shooting (en) Fassara, death by burning (en) Fassara, Kisan Kiyashi da arson (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Lokacin farawa 6 ga Faburairu, 1992
Lokacin gamawa 17 Mayu 1992
Participant (en) Fassara Hausawa da Katafawa
Wuri
Map
 9°51′N 8°29′E / 9.85°N 8.48°E / 9.85; 8.48

Musabbabi

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A watan Fabrairu 1992, hankula sun tashi matuka game da kudurin mayar da kasuwa da suke ciki zuwa wani sabon wuri, daga filin da aka bawa Hausawa. Shawarar da shugaban Atyap na farko na karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf ya yi ya samu goyon bayan Atyap, wanda za'a iya cinikin barasa da naman alade a wurin; duk da haka, al'ummar hausawa sun ci gaba da adawa da ita, suna fargabar rasa gata na kasuwancin su. Aƙalla Sama da mutane 60 ne aka kashe a rikicin da ya barke a watan Fabrairu; An Kara samun tashin hankali a garin Zango a ranakun 15 da 16 ga Mayu, inda aka kashe mutane 400 tare da lalata gine-gine da dama. A lokacin da labarin ya iso Kaduna, ’yan ta’addan matasan Hausawa sun kashe kiristoci da dama daga kowane kabila a matsayin ramuwar gayya.[3]

A watan Janairun 1992, shugaban karamar hukumar na farko, ACP Juri Babang Ayok (mai ritaya), ya sanar da shirin mayar da wannan kasuwa zuwa wani wuri mai tsaka-tsaki inda duk ’yan asalin yankin da mazauna yankin za su samu yancin yin ciniki; hakan zai rage wa Hausawa mulkin mallaka da kuma rage cinkoso a tsohuwar kasuwar da ke fama da rashin tsafta saboda karancin tazara tsakanin wuraren kasuwancin. Sai dai wannan yunkuri bai yi wa musulmi mazauna arewa farin jini ba. Matakin da aka tsara ya fara zama iza wutar tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da masu masaukin bakinsu na Atyap, waɗanda suka yi maraba da yunƙurin. [4]

Rikicin fabrairu, 1992

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Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, wani Bahaushe mazaunin yankin Zango, Alhaji Danbala ATK, ya shigar da kara a gaban kuliya, a wani yunkuri na hana mayar da kasuwar wani sabon wuri; duk da haka, wannan shari'ar ta kotu ta ci gaba ba tare da samun nasara ba. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1992, yayin da aka fara kasuwanci a kasuwar novel, an ruwaito cewa Danbala ya shirya ’yan Hausa/Fulani a sabuwar kasuwar, inda suka kashe wani mutumin Atyap, mai suna Shan Anwai. Wannan lamarin ya haifar da tayar da tarzoma. Alkaluman hukuma sun ce mutane 95 ne suka mutu, 252 suka jikkata, an kona ko lalata gidaje 133 da kuma barnata kamfanonin gona 26.[5]

Gwamnatin jihar Kaduna ta kafa wani kwamitin bincike karkashin mai shari’a Rahila Cudjoe domin kammala bincike kan musabbabin faruwar rikicin.[6]

Rikicin Mayu, 1992

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Wasu majiyoyin labarai sun ce daga nan ne sarakunan kauyen Atyap suka yi barazanar kwato filin da sarki Yero ya kwace da karfi a shekarar 1922 ya kuma bai wa Hausawa. Dangane da wannan barazanar, al'ummar Hausawa sun fara tumbuke amfanin gona da aka shuka a kasar ta Atyap. An kai wa wasu mutanen Atyap hari tare da kashe su a gonakinsu. Kungiyar Izalaru Islamic Group, ta Hausawa da Fulani, ta bukaci taimako daga mai alfarma Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki, domin ganin an kammala jihadi a kan yan kabilar Atyap. Rahotannin da ke nuni da cewa ‘yan sanda sun kasa kamawa da gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da hannu a cikin lamarin harin na watan Fabrairu. A lokaci guda kuma, kungiyoyin Hausa da Fulani sun yada zarge-zargen cewa hukumar Cudjoe ta yi amfani da tsarin, wanda aka ce kungiyar ta Atyap ta kauracewa zaben.Samfuri:Clarify

Batun tumbuke amfanin gona a gonakin Atyap da kuma kashe mutanen Atyap a gonakinsu ya asassa rikicin na biyu, wanda ya shafe tsakanin ranakun 15 zuwa 16 ga Mayu, 1992 ana fafatawa. A lokacin da jita-jitar abubuwan da ke faruwa a Zangon Kataf ta isa jihohin Kaduna, Zariya, Ikara da sauran yankunan jihar inda aka ci gaba da tsananta wa al’ummar Hausawa, inda matasan Hausawa da Fulani suka fara kashe Kiristoci da dama daga kowane kabila a matsayin ramuwar gayya.[6][5]

Kaduna, Birnin Gwari, da Ikara

Hausawan Kaduna ne suka fara amsa kiran; Matasan Hausawa sun fito kan tituna suna kashewa tare da kona gidaje na yan kabilar Atyap da sauran Kiristocin da ba Kiristocin Atyap ba a yankunan Tudun Wada, Ungwar Muazu, Kawo, Rigasa da sauran su. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, akalla an kashe mutane 250, fiye da adadin da aka kashe a Zangon Kataf; makamancin haka sun faru a cikin Birnin Gwari da Ikara, arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabashin Kaduna, bi da bi.[6][5]

Zaria: Rikicin da ya ɓarke a yankin birnin Zaria ya fara ne a ranar Lahadi 17 ga Mayu, 1992, lokacin da sakataren ƙungiyar Kiristoci ta Najeriya (CAN), Rev. Bitrus Katung, aka yi masa kutse a cikin gidansa ta hanyar cin zarafin matasan Hausawa. An kuma kashe wani mutum Atyap a gida na gaba, da kuma wani mutumin Koro daura da gidan Katung. An kona gidaje a unguwar Gyellesu. A Tudun Wada kuma, an kashe wani dan Bajju mai suna Baba Maigemu.[6] Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa an shigar da gawarwaki akalla 46 a asibitin koyarwa na Ahmadu Bello.[7]

Abubuwan da suka faru

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Alƙaluma da hukumar ta fitar sun nuna cewa, a watan Mayun shekarar 1992 da ta gabata rikicin yayi sanadin mutuwar mutane 471 (250 a Kaduna, 188 a Zangon Kataf da sauran 33 daga Zariya, Ikara da sauran yankuna), mutane 518 ne suka jikkata, gidaje 229 sun kone ko aka lalata, hakazalika motoci 218 aka lalata ko aka kone. Duk da cewa al’ummar Hausawa na Zango sun yi ikrarin cewa sun yi asarar mutane 1,528, amma an ce Hausawa da yawa sun gudu daga yankin Zangon Kataf; wasu daga baya sun dawo.[5] Africa Watch ta bada rahoto kan ziyarar da tayi a Zangon Kataf a watan Afrilun 1993; Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa shekara guda da ta wuce ne aka ruwaito cewa shugaban kasa na lokacin Janar Babangida ya ziyarci Zangon Kataf kwanaki kaɗan bayan rikicin da ya barke a watan Mayun 1992. A wannan ziyarar ya yi alkawarin biyan diyya ga wadanda aka lalata musu gidaje. Africa Watch ta ruwaito cewa, yace "a bayyane yake cewa gwamnati na shirin sake gina al'ummar Hausawa".[6]

Bincike da gwaji

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Tambaya

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Samfuri:More citations needed section A cikin rahoton da ta fitar a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1993, Africa Watch ta bayyana kama da shari'ar da aka yi wa Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot da wasu su shida bayan tarzomar ta Zango-Kataf da Kaduna. A cikin kwamitin binciken mai shari’a Rahila Cudjoe, lauyoyin da ke wakiltar Atyap da Hausa-Fulani sun gabatar da rahotonsu a gaban hukumar. Biyar daga cikin mambobin kwamitin dai Hausa-Fulani ne kuma ba a bayyana rahoton da hukumar ta bayar nan take ba. Sakamakon tarzomar da aka yi a watan Mayun 1992, an kama daruruwan mutanen Atyap. Akalla 21 aka bari a gidan yari ba tare da an gabatar da tuhume-tuhume ba ko kuma ba a gudanar da shari’a ba, a ƙarƙashin dokar ta 2 ta 1984, yayin da aka saki wasu mutane da dama.

Wakilan al’ummar Atyap sun yi nuni da cewa, manyan mutanen da gwamnati ta kama su ne shugabannin Atyap, da suka hada da shugaban karamar hukumar – ACP Juri B. Ayok (rtd), Hakimin gundumar, Bala Ade Dauke Gora, da hakimai da dama, da Manjo Janar Zamani. Lekwot (rtd.); A cewar wakilan al’umma, ba a kama waɗannan mutane da wani laifi ba, sai dai saboda matsayinsu a cikin al’umma. An dai ce an kama Lekwot ne sakamakon rashin jituwar da ke tsakaninsa da shugaba Babangida.[8][9]

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1992, gwamnatin mulkin soja a hukumance ta haramta duk wani ƙungiyoyin addini da na yanki waɗanda ke goyon bayan yan takarar siyasa, wanda hakan ya ƙara tabarbare halin da ake ciki tsakanin Hausawa da sauran kananan yan asalin jihar Kaduna.. Bayan rikicin da ya ɓarke a watan Mayu, gwamnatin jihar ta sauya ikon hukumar ta Cudjoe, tare da ƙara al'amuran da suka faru a watan Mayu ga tsarin hukumar. . Saboda ra'ayin nuna son kai ga al'ummar Atyap a cikin hukumar, lauyoyin da ke kare su sun kaurace wa kwamitin binciken.

Kotuna na musamman guda biyu da aka yi niyya su ketare daidaitattun kotuna, gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya ta shirya domin gurfanar da mutanen da ake zargi da hannu a laifuka a lokacin tarzomar.. Lauyoyin Najeriya sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da wannan matakin, domin ana ganin hakan wani yunƙuri ne na yin amfani da tsarin shari’a domin neman wata ƙungiya.

A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1992, an kafa kotun farko; Justice Benedict Okadigbo ne ya jagoranta, tare da mambobin kwamitin da suka haɗa da: Godwin Graham-Douglas, Alhaji Aminu Malumfashi, Hajia Yusuf Tani, Otunba A. Adeleke Adedoyin, Col. Yusuf Abubakar da Mustapha Wali. Hukunce-hukuncen Jama'a (Kotu ta Musamman) Dokar No. 53 na 1987, wacce ta ba da ikon da ake buƙata don kafa kotun, kawai ta ba da izinin mafi girman mambobi biyar, kamar yadda lauyoyi suka nuna; duk da haka, gwamnatin bayan kafa kotun farko, ta gyara dokar tare da yin amfani da shi a baya, inda ta ba da damar ƙara wasu mutane biyu su cike jimillar mutane bakwai. Wannan kwamiti na farko, wanda kuma aka bayyana da sunan kotun Okadigbo, ya hada da: Hausawa Musulmi/Fulani uku da wani jami’in soja; ɗan sanda musulmi mai ritaya; kuma Kirista mai suna Godwin Alaye Graham-Douglas. Wannan mutum na karshe ya kasance babban lauyan Najeriya (SAN), wanda daga baya ya fice daga kotun; ya danganta fitar sa a kotun a matsayin rashin lafiyarsa. Sauran mambobin kwamitin sun yanke shawara ba tare da la’akari da amincewar sa ba.

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1992, kotun ta biyu, karkashin jagorancin Emmanuel Adegbite tare da mambobin kwamitin sun hada da: NN Onugh, BA Njemanze, Lt. Col. Yakubu Bako, Alhaji Sule Baba Mohammed, Cif LO Okoi, da Issac Zakari Dimka. Shugaban kasar, Gen. Daga nan sai Ibrahim Babangida, ya bayyana cewa za a yi tunanin aikata laifi a kan duk wanda kotun ta zarge shi a fili wanda ya saba wa dokar da ta tanadi hakkin a dauka ba shi da laifi har sai an tabbatar da shi da aikata laifin, dokar manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, kuma tana cikin sashe na 7 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Hakkin Dan Adam da Jama'a na Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka.[6][10]

Zaman kotu

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Samfuri:More citations needed section Mutanen 13 daga yankin Zangon Kataf da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa, dukkansu ‘yan kabilar Atyap ne.[6]

Fara Shari'a A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1992, aka fara shari’ar Manjo Janar Lekwot da kuma wanda ake tuhumarsa da shi. An tuhume su da laifin "taro ba bisa ka'ida ba, tayar da tarzoma, tayar da makamai, da hargitsa zaman lafiyar jama'a". Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa shugaban kotun, Mai shari’a Okadigbo, ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa ga lauyoyin da ke karkashin jagorancin Cif GOK Ajayi (SAN), tare da wata tawagar lauyoyin, Barista Emmanuel Toro, inda ya bayyana imaninsa cewa kotun ta yi “hukunce-hukunce na yanke hukunci. ".

Hukuncin A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1993, kotu ta yanke wa shida daga cikin mutane bakwai hukuncin kisa.[11] Wadannan sun hada da: Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd) , Maj. James Atomic Kude (rtd), Yunana Karau, Markus Maman, Yahaya Duniyo, da Julius T. Sarki (mai kauyen Zaman Dabo watau. Atak Nfang). Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen da kwamitin ya yanke, ba a daukaka kara ba, sai dai amincewar karshe da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NDSC) ta yi, wadda ta yanke hukuncin karshe kan hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda Emmanuel Toro ya bayyana, “Har yanzu hukuncin kotun ya zama asiri”, kasancewar ba a taba bayyana hukuncin da kotun Okadigbo ta yanke ba har zuwa ga lauyoyin mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kuma ake tsare da su a gidan yarin Kaduna, gidan yarin Abeokuta. da kuma gidan yari na Fatakwal (kamar yadda aka yi a kan Manjo Gen. Lekwot).[6]

Wasu mutane biyar da ake tuhuma a watan Afrilun 1993 sun kasance a kurkuku bayan an yi musu shari'a sau biyu. Kotun Okadigbo ta yanke hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku a gidan yari da kuma Peter T. Lekwot (dan uwan Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot) — hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. Duk da ikirarin da suka yi na cewa ba su da laifi—Peter Lekwot ya samu shaidu da dama sun shaida cewa yana Kaduna yana wani taro a lokacin da lamarin ya fara, da kuma Adamu Shekari wanda shi ma yana wani gari a lokacin, ba a taba sauraren kokensu ba. Sauran ukun, wato: Zamani Kazah, Hon. Shekarau Kaah da Sani Adam Jankasa dukkansu kotun Okadigbo ta wanke su saboda dukkansu tsofaffi ne. (Zamani Kazah mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) na karamar hukumar, wanda shine mafi tsufa a cikinsu, a lokacin yana da shekaru akalla 80 a duniya. Kotun ta Adegbite ta sake sake gurfanar da wadannan mutane biyar a gaban kotu tare da tuhumarsu da suka hada da kisan kai. Daga baya kotun ta wanke Adamu Shekari da Peter Lekwot bisa dalilin da ya sa ba su halarci wurin da aka aikata laifin ba a lokacin da aka gudanar da taron, amma ta yanke wa sauran ukun uku hukuncin kisa a baya. Daga nan aka kai su sashin marasa lafiya na gidan yarin tarayya da ke Abeokuta saboda sun tsufa. [6]

Aƙalla wasu hudu kotun ta yanke musu hukuncin kisa, wadanda suka hada da: Iliya (Elias) Manza, Ayuba Tache, Jonathan S. Yashim, da Insfekta Gankon Dawa Kurfi (rtd). Kotun Okadigbo ta yanke wa Elias Manza hukuncin kisa, yayin da sauran ukun kotun Adegbite ta yanke hukuncin kisa. Hausa-Fulani uku ne kawai daga cikin kotunan biyu suka yi shari’ar kuma kamar yadda lauyansu Mahmood Yahaya ya bayyana, an wanke su kuma aka sake su.

Daga cikin Atyap bakwai da kotuna ta wanke su duk da cewa suna nan a gidan yari na Kaduna a karkashin doka ta 2 na 1984 (wadda ta ba da izinin a tsare su ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba), na wani dan lokaci kafin a sake su, sun hada da: ACP Juri B. Ayok (rtd. ), John Y. Toro, Insp. Timothy Shelu Adam (rtd), Jonah Abashe, Bala Ninyio Bawa, Ayuba Yashim, da Tauna Yakubu.

Martanin Gwamnatin Kaduna

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Bayan barkewar tarzoma gwamnan jihar Kaduna nan take ya tsige shugaban karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf, ACP Juri B. Ayok (rtd) dan jam’iyyar SDP wanda a watan Yunin 1993 shi kadai ne a kungiyar Zamani Lekwot. an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen. Gwamnan wanda dan jam’iyyar adawa ta National Republican Convention (NRC) ne ya maye gurbinsa da dan jam’iyyar NRC, Malam Haruna Zok. Ya kuma maye gurbin mataimakin Ayok tare da maye gurbinsa da wani dan jam’iyyar adawa ta NRC ba tare da gudanar da zaben fidda gwani ba bayan watanni shida da tsige Ayok da mataimakinsa, wanda hakan ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, kuma duk da karar da lauyoyin al’ummar Atyap suka shigar. suna kalubalantar tsige shi ba bisa ka’ida ba, babu abin da aka cimma.[6]

Bayan nan

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A watan Fabrairun 1993, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta CRP, ta gabatar da ƙara a gaban wata babbar kotun Legas, tana neman a jinkirta hukuncin kisa da kungiyar Lekwot ta yi, har sai an saurari karar da suka shigar a gaban Hukumar Kula da Bil Adama ta Afrika. da hakkin Jama'a. Wani lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam a Najeriya, Cif Mike AA Ozekhome, shi ma ya shigar da kara a lokaci guda a kotun da ke neman a soke hukuncin kisa. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1993, Kotu ta yanke Ozekhome cewa ba shi da wurin da zai kai kararsa. Duk da haka, ta amince da karar CPR, ta tsawaita lokacin aiwatar da shari'ar Lekwot zuwa Yuni 7, 1993. [6][11]

Sabanin yadda ake fargabar, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ba ta zartar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da Gen. Zaman gwamanti Babangida ya wuce. Ko a lokacin da gwamnatin rikon kwarya karkashin jagorancin Cif Ernest Shonekan ta shigo cikin watan Agusta 26, 1993, babu abin da aka yi. Lokacin da Janar Sani Abacha ya hau kan karagar mulki a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1993, bai yi wani aiki a kan wannan batu ba, sai dai ya jira sakamakon karshe na hukumar Afrika, inda ta gano yadda kotunan shari’a da gwamnatin mulkin soja mai barin gado ta yi, ta kuma nemi a sake shi. daga cikin mutanen da aka yanke wa hukuncin daga tsare. Wannan, gwamnatin Abacha ta ba da izini, kuma an sake su a 1996.[12]

Sauran

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Sauran wadanda ke da hannu a rikicin ko wadanda suka taka rawa a rikicin yan asalin kabilar Atyap, wadanda ba a ambata a sama ba sun hada da: Kato Yashim, Tonak Dabo, James Gandu, Haruna Bityong, Philip Abu, Bala Bonet, Bitrus Kwasau, da Bala N. Bawa.[11] Wasu lauyoyi biyu da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa ga al'ummar Atyap sune Barista Barrister (Col.) Y. A. Madaki (rtd.) da Barrister Bitrus Duniyo.

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Toyin Falola (2001). Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies. University Rochester Press. p. 216. ISBN 1-58046-052-6.
  2. ↑ Yahaya, Aliyu (Spring 2016). "Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria". 8 (1). Retrieved August 10, 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ Ernest E. Uwazie; Isaac Olawale Albert; G. N. Uzoigwe (1999). Inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution in Nigeria. Lexington Books. p. 106. ISBN 0-7391-0033-5.
  4. ↑ Kazah-Toure 2012, pp. 88-121
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Suberu, Rotimi T. "Ethnic Minority Conflicts and Governance in Nigeria". IFRA-NIGERIA. pp. 48–65. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 "Nigeria: Threats to a New Democracy" (PDF). Africa Watch. 5 (9): 13–21. June 1993. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Nigeria Quells Religious Riots; 200 Dead". The New York Times. May 20, 1992. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  8. ↑ Yusuf Yariyok (February 4, 2003). "Fighting Muhammad's War: Revisiting Sani Yerina's Fatwa". NigeriaWorld. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  9. ↑ "Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 1995 - Nigeria". January 1, 1995. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  10. ↑ Ọláyọkù, Philip Adémọ́lá (February 2017). "Blurring 'the Other' | Transforming relations in the management of the 1992 ethno-religious conflicts in Zangon Kataf, Kaduna State, Nigeria". AJCR. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 THE A̠tyap 1946 & 1992 Heroes Almanac.
  12. ↑ Okafor, Obiora Chinedu (2004). "The African System on Human and Peoples' Rights, Quasi-Constructivism, and the Possibility of Peacebuilding within African States". International Journal of Human Rights. 8 (4): 25–26. doi:10.1080/1364298042000283576. S2CID 54812983. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

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