Ahmad al-Mansur
Ahmad al-Mansur (Larabci: أبو العباس أحمد المنصور, Ahmad Abu al-Abbas al-Mansur, also Ahmad al-Mansur al-Dahabbi ( Larabci: أحمد المنصور الذهبي), da kuma Ahmed al-Mansour (1549 [1] - a ranara shirin da biyar 25 ga Agusta 1603[2][3]) shi ne Saadi Sultan na Moroko daga 1578 zuwa wafatinsa a shekara ta 1603, na shida kuma mafi shahara a cikin dukkan sarakunan Saadiyya. Ahmad al-Mansur ya kasance muhimmin jigo a Turai da Afirka a ƙarni na sha shida. Ƙarfin sojojinsa da wurin dabarunsa sun sanya shi zama ɗan wasan wuta mai mahimmanci a ƙarshen lokacin Renaissance . An bayyana shi a matsayin "mutum mai zurfin ilimin addinin Islama, mai son litattafai, kirari da lissafi, da kuma masanin litattafai na sufanci, kuma mai son tattaunawa ta ilimi."[4]
 Ahmad al-Mansur | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
1578 (Gregorian) - 1603 ← Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi (en)  - Zidan al-Nasir (en) → | |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa | Fas, 1549 | ||
| Harshen uwa | Larabci | ||
| Mutuwa | Fas, 25 ga Augusta, 1603 | ||
| Makwanci | Kabarin Saadian | ||
| Yanayin mutuwa |
Sababi na ainihi (plague (en) ) | ||
| Ƴan uwa | |||
| Mahaifi | Muhammad al-Shaykh | ||
| Mahaifiya | Lalla Masuda | ||
| Yara |
view
| ||
| Ahali |
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi (en) da Abdallah al-Ghalib (en) | ||
| Yare |
Saadi dynasty (en) | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Harsuna | Larabci | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a | sarki, maiwaƙe, marubuci da Shugaban soji | ||
 | |||
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheAhmad shi ne ɗa na biyar ga Mohammed ash-Sheikh wanda shi ne sarkin Saadi na farko na Moroko.[5] Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Lalla Masuda . Bayan kashe mahaifinsu Mohammed a shekara ta 1557 da gwagwarmayar neman mulki, ƴan'uwa biyu Ahmad al-Mansur da Abd al-Malik dole ne su gudu daga babban dan uwansu Abdallah al-Ghalib (1557-1574), suka bar Moroko suka zauna a kasashen waje. har zuwa 1576. 'Yan'uwan biyu sun shafe shekaru 17 a tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya tsakanin Masarautar Algiers da Konstantinoful, kuma sun ci gajiyar horon Ottoman da tuntuɓar al'adun Ottoman."[6] Gabaɗaya, “ya sami ilimi mai yawa a cikin ilimomin addinin musulunci da na boko, waɗanda suka haɗa da ilimin tauhidi, shari’a, waƙa, nahawu, ƙamus, tafsiri, lissafi, lissafi da algebra, da ilimin taurari.
Yaƙin Ksar el-Kebir
gyara sasheA cikin 1578, ɗan'uwan Ahmad, Sultan Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I, ya mutu a yaƙi da sojojin Portugal a Ksar-el-kebir . An nada Ahmad a matsayin magajin dan uwansa kuma ya fara mulkinsa a cikin sabbin daraja da dukiya da aka samu daga fansar fursunonin da aka kama.
Mulki (1578-1603)
gyara sasheAl-Mansur ya fara mulkinsa ne ta hanyar yin amfani da babban matsayinsa tare da 'yan Portugal da aka ci nasara a lokacin tattaunawar fansa na fursunoni, wanda tarinsa ya cika asusun sarauta na Moroccan. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya ba da izinin babban alamar gine-gine na wannan sabuwar haihuwar ikon Moroccan, fadar El Badi a Marrakesh, babban gidan sarauta mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wanda ya yi amfani da shi don karbar jakadu da kuma gudanar da bukukuwa. [7] An fara ginin a cikin Disamba 1578 kuma an gama shi a cikin 1593 ko 1594. [8]
Daga karshe dai baitul-mali sun fara bushewa saboda dimbin kudaden da ake kashewa wajen tallafa wa sojoji, ayyukan leken asiri da dama, gidan sarauta da sauran ayyukan gine-ginen birane, salon salon sarauta da farfaganda da nufin samar da goyon baya ga da'awarsa ta Halifanci.[8][9] [8][10]
Dangantaka da Turai
gyara sashe
Matsayin kasar Maroko da ƙasashen Kirista na nan daram. Ana kallon Sipaniya da Portugal a matsayin kafirai, amma al-Mansur ya san cewa hanya daya tilo da masarautarsa za ta bunkasa ita ce ta ci gaba da cin gajiyar kawance da sauran tattalin arzikin Kirista. Don yin hakan, Maroko dole ne ta sarrafa manyan albarkatun zinare na kanta. A kan haka, al-Mansur ya sha kaye a kan cinikin zinari na Songhai daga sahara da fatan warware gibin tattalin arzikin Morocco da Turai.
Al-Mansur ya haɓaka dangantakar abokantaka da Ingila saboda haɗin gwiwar Anglo-Maroko . A shekara ta 1600 ya aika da sakatarensa Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud a matsayin jakada a Kotun Sarauniya Elizabeth ta I ta Ingila don yin shawarwari kan kawance da Spain .
Al-Mansur ya kuma rubuta game da sake cin nasarar al-Andalus ga Islama daga Mutanen Espanya na Kirista. A cikin wasiƙar 1 ga Mayu 1601 ya rubuta cewa yana da burin yin mulkin mallaka a sabuwar duniya . Ya yi hasashen cewa Musulunci zai yi galaba a nahiyar Amurka kuma za a yi shelar Mahdi daga bangarorin biyu na teku.
Al-Mansur yana da likitocin Faransa a kotunsa. Arnoult de Lisle likita ne ga Sultan daga 1588 zuwa 1598. Daga nan sai Étienne Hubert d'Orléans ya gaje shi daga 1598 zuwa 1600. Dukansu sun koma Faransa don zama farfesoshi na Larabci a Collège de France, kuma sun ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsu na diflomasiyya.
Dangantaka da Daular Usmaniyya
gyara sashe
Al-Mansur yana da dangantaka maras kyau da Daular Usmaniyya . A farkon mulkinsa ya amince da naɗin sarautar Sarkin Ottoman, kamar yadda Abd al-Malik ya yi, yayin da yake ci gaba da zaman kansa a aikace. :190Duk da haka ya gaggauta kawar da Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya lokacin da ya karbi ofishin jakadancin Spain a shekara ta 1579, wanda ya kawo masa kyaututtuka masu kyau, sannan aka ce ya tattake alamar Ottoman suzerainty a gaban ofishin jakadancin Spain a 1581. Ya kuma yi zargin cewa daular Usmaniyya na da hannu a tawayen farko da aka yi masa a farkon mulkinsa. Hakan ya sa ya rika fitar da tsabar kudi da sunan sa ya yi sallar Juma’a tare da gabatar da khutba da sunansa maimakon sunan Murad III, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya. :189 :63
Dangane da cire sunansa daga Sallar Juma'a, Murad III ya fara shirye-shiryen kai wa Maroko hari. Bayan samun labarin haka, al-Mansur ya garzaya ya aika da jakada zuwa Istanbul da manyan kyaututtuka kuma aka soke harin. Ya biya harajin zinare sama da 100,000, ya amince ya nuna girmamawa ga Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya kuma aka bar shi shi kaɗai. :64Ofishin jakadanci ya kusa kasa isa Istanbul sakamakon adawar Uluç (wanda aka fi sani da Kılıç Ali Paşa), babban Admiral na Ottoman a Algiers wanda ya yi fatan Maroko ta mamaye tare da shigar da su cikin fagen tasirin Ottoman Algeria. [11] [12] :64
A cikin 1582, an kuma tilasta al-Mansur ya amince da wani "kariya" na Ottoman na musamman a kan Maroko da kuma biya wani haraji don dakatar da hare-haren daga Aljeriya na corsairs a gabar tekun Moroccan da kuma jiragen ruwa na Morocco. A cikin 1583, sarakunan Sadiya da na Ottoman har ma sun tattauna a kan wani aikin soja na hadin gwiwa a kan Mutanen Espanya a Oran . [11] Bayan haka Al-Mansur ya samu dangantaka ta lumana da daular Usmaniyya kuma yana mutunta ikonta, amma kuma ya taka wa daular Usmania da turawa gaba da juna tare da yada farfagandar da ke kawo cikas ga da'awar Sarkin Ottoman a matsayin shugaban dukkan musulmi. :65Ya ci gaba da aika kudi zuwa Istanbul duk shekara, wanda Sadiyawa suka fassara a matsayin "kyauta" ga Daular Usmaniyya yayin da Daular Usmaniyya suka dauke ta a matsayin "girma". :102[12] :65
A cikin 1587 Uluç ya mutu kuma wani canji a gwamnatin Ottoman a Algiers ya iyakance ikon gwamnoninta. Bayan haka, sai da takun saka tsakanin jihohin biyu ke kara raguwa, yayin da gwamnatin Sadiya ta kara samun kwanciyar hankali, kuma 'yancinta ya kara yin tsami. Al-Mansur ma ya ji kwarin guiwa bayan 1587 don ya bar biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun ga Murad III. :196Duk da iyakacin ikonsa, a hukumance ya shelanta kansa khalifa a karshen mulkinsa, yana ganin kansa a matsayin kishiya, maimakon na karkashin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya, har ma a matsayin shugaban da ya dace a duniyar musulmi. [13] :189 :63
Nasara
gyara sashe
Haɗewar tsaunukan Sahara
gyara sasheA cikin 1583 bayan aika al-Mansur karkashin jagorancin kwamanda Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Baraka da Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed Ibn Al-Haddad Al-Omari. Tattakin sojojin ya fara ne daga Marrakesh, kuma sun isa ne bayan kwanaki 70, inda da farko suka yi kira da a yi biyayya da gargadi, bayan da dattawan kabilu suka ki yarda, aka fara yakin. [14] [15] Yankunan da aka haɗa sun ƙunshi Tuat, Jouda, Tamantit, Tabelbala, Ourgla, Tsabit, Tekorareen, da sauransu.
Shigar da Chinguetti
gyara sasheSadiyawa sun yi ta kokarin sarrafa Chinguetti, kuma an yi mafificin yunƙurin a lokacin mulkin Sultan Muhammad al-Shaykh, amma sarrafa shi bai zo ba sai lokacin mulkin Ahmed al-Mansur, wanda ya kori yaƙin neman zaɓe a shekara ta 1584 wanda Muhammad ya jagoranta. bin Salem inda ya yi nasarar kwace iko da Chinguetti, Mauritania ta zamani . [16]
Yaƙin Songhai
gyara sasheDaular Songhai kasa ce ta yammacin Afirka da ke tsakiyar kasar Mali . Daga farkon 15th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 16, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan daulolin Afirka a tarihi. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1590, Ahmad ya yi amfani da rigingimun cikin gida na baya-bayan nan a cikin daular kuma ya aika da sojoji 4,000 zuwa hamadar Sahara karkashin jagorancin Judar Pasha dan kasar Spain wanda ya tuba. Ko da yake Songhai ya sadu da su a yakin Tondibi tare da sojojin 40,000, ba su da makamin bindigogi na Moroccan kuma suka gudu da sauri. Ahmad ya ci gaba, ya kori garuruwan Songhai na Timbuktu da Djenné, da kuma babban birnin Gao . Duk da irin nasarorin da aka samu na farko, ba da jimawa ba dabarun sarrafa wani yanki na hamadar sahara ya yi matukar wahala, kuma Sa’adiyawa sun rasa iko da garuruwan ba da dadewa ba bayan 1620. [17]
Gado
gyara sashe
Ahmad al-Mansur ya rasu a shekara ta 1603 kuma dansa Zidan al-Nasir wanda ke zaune a Marrakech, da Abou Fares Abdallah, wanda ke garin Fez ne kawai ya gaje shi . An binne shi a mausoleum na kaburburan Sadiya a Marrakech. Shahararrun marubuta a kotunsa sun hada da Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali, Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi da Al-Masfiwi .
Ta hanyar diflomasiyya mai hazaka al-Mansur ya bijirewa bukatun Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, don kiyaye 'yancin kai na Moroko. Ta hanyar wasa da Turawa da Ottoman da juna, al-Mansur ya yi fice a fannin daidaita madafun iko ta hanyar diflomasiyya. A ƙarshe ya kashe fiye da abin da ya tara a cikin kudaden shiga. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya faɗaɗa abin da ya mallaka ta hanyar cin nasara, kuma ko da yake da farko sun yi nasara a yakin da suka yi na yaki da daular Songhai, Moroccans sun sami daɗaɗɗa da wuya su kula da mutanen da aka ci nasara yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. A halin yanzu, yayin da Moroccan suka ci gaba da gwagwarmaya a Songhai, karfinsu da martabarsu a fagen duniya ya ragu sosai.
Al-Mansur na daya daga cikin hukumomi na farko da suka dauki mataki kan shan taba a shekarar 1602 zuwa karshen mulkinsa. Sarkin daular Saadi ya yi amfani da kayan aiki na addini na fatawa (lalacewar shari'ar Musulunci) don hana shan taba.
Shahararrun al'adu
gyara sashe- An bayyana shi a matsayin jagoran wayewa na Moroccan a cikin 2013 dabarun kwamfuta game Wayewa V: Brave New World . [18]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Rake, Alan (1994). 100 great Africans. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8108-2929-0.
- ↑ Barroll, J. Leeds (October 2003). Shakespeare studies. Columbia, S.C. [etc.] University of South Carolina Press [etc.] p. 121. ISBN 0-8386-3999-2.
- ↑ García-Arenal, Mercedes (2009). Ahmad al-Mansur (Makers of the Muslim World). Oneworld Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-85168-610-0.
- ↑ García-Arenal, Mercedes (2009). Ahmad al-Mansur (Makers of the Muslim World). Oneworld Publications. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-85168-610-0.
- ↑ Bagley, Frank Ronald Charles; Kissling, Hans Joachim (1994). The last great Muslim empires: history of the Muslim world. Markus Wiener Publishers, Incorporated. p. 103ff. ISBN 9781558761124.
- ↑ García-Arenal, Mercedes (2009). Ahmad al-Mansur (Makers of the Muslim World). Oneworld Publications. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85168-610-0.
- ↑ Meunier, Jean (1957). "Le grand Riad du palais du Badi'". Hespéris. 44: 129–134. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. pp. 393–401.
- ↑ Meunier, Jean (1957). "Le grand Riad du palais du Badi'". Hespéris. 44: 129–134. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ↑ Salmon, Xavier (2016). Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650. Paris: LienArt. p. 256. ISBN 9782359061826.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dergisi, Journal of Ottoman Studies / Osmanlı Araştırmaları; Gürkan (ESG), Emrah Safa (2015). "Fooling the Sultan: Information, Decision-Making and the "Mediterranean Faction" (1585-1587) - Journal of Ottoman Studies (AHCI)". Journal of Ottoman Studies 45 (2015): 57-96. (in Turanci): 57. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ الناصري, أحمد بن خالد. "ص 98 و ص 99- كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى - استيلاء المنصور على بلاد الصحراء تيكورارين وتوات وغيرهما - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". Archived from the original on 2020-06-23.
- ↑ "دعوة الحق - الصحراء المغربية عبر التاريخ". Archived from the original on 2019-11-26.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKaba81 - ↑ "Morocco, Indonesia to Join Civilization V Roster". May 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2013.