Wikipedia

'Yancin Dan Adam na Intersex

An haifi mutane masu jima'i tare da halayen jima'i, irin su chromosomes, gonads, ko al'aura, cewa, a cewar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, "ba su dace da ra'ayi na binary na namiji ko mace ba."

Mahalarta a karo na uku International Intersex Forum, Malta, a cikin Disamba 2013

Masu jima'i sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsangwama da wariya tun daga haihuwa, musamman lokacin da aka ga bambancin jima'i. A wasu ƙasashe wannan na iya haɗawa da kisan jarirai, watsi da kyama ga iyalai. Ana iya zargin iyaye mata a Gabashin Afirka da maita, kuma ana iya kwatanta haihuwar ƴaƴan jima'i a matsayin la'ana . [1] [2] [3]

Jarirai masu jima'i da yara, kamar waɗanda ke da al'aurar waje mai cike da ruɗani, na iya zama ta hanyar tiyata da/ko canza yanayin hormonal don dacewa da halayen jima'i da aka yarda da su a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, ana la'akari da wannan a matsayin rigima, ba tare da wani tabbataccen shaida na kyakkyawan sakamako ba. [4] Irin waɗannan jiyya na iya haɗawa da haifuwa. Manya ciki har da fitattun 'yan wasa mata, su ma sun kasance masu irin wannan magani. [5] Ana gane waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin cin zarafin ɗan adam, tare da sanarwa daga hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [6] [7] majalisar dokokin Ostiraliya, [8] da cibiyoyin da'a na Jamus da Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin Intersex sun kuma ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin shekaru da yawa, ciki har da sanarwar Malta ta Ƙungiyar Intersex ta Duniya ta uku.

Aiwatar da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokoki da ƙa'idodi ya ci gaba a hankali. A cikin 2011, Christiane Völling ya ci nasara a shari'ar farko da aka yi nasara a kan wani likitan fiɗa don sa baki ba tare da izini ba. [9] A cikin 2015, Majalisar Turai ta amince a karon farko wani haƙƙi ga masu yin jima'i don kada su sha maganin aikin jima'i. A cikin watan Afrilun 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta aikin likita ba tare da izini ba don canza yanayin jima'i, gami da na masu yin jima'i.

Sauran batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam da na shari'a sun haɗa da 'yancin rayuwa, kariya daga wariya, tsayawa don shigar da doka da diyya, samun damar bayanai, da kuma amincewa da doka. Kasashe kadan ya zuwa yanzu suna kare masu yin jima'i daga wariya. (1) Ya zama haram ga likitocin likita ko wasu ƙwararru don gudanar da kowane magani na jima'i da / ko aikin tiyata a kan halayen jima'i na ƙananan yara wanda za'a iya jinkirta jiyya da / ko shiga tsakani har sai wanda za a ba da shi zai iya samar da shi. sanarwar da aka sanar: Idan har irin wannan maganin aikin jima'i da/ko tsoma baki kan halayen jima'i na ƙananan yara za a gudanar da shi idan ƙarami ya ba da izini dalla-dalla ta wurin mutumin da ke ba da ikon iyaye ko mai koyar da ƙarami. (2) A cikin yanayi na musamman ana iya aiwatar da jiyya da zarar an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙungiyar gama gari da mutanen da ke aiwatar da ikon iyaye ko mai koyar da ƙananan yara waɗanda har yanzu ba su iya ba da izini ba: Idan har aka ba da shawarar likita wanda abubuwan zamantakewa ke haifar da su ba tare da izini ba. na kananan yara, zai saba wa wannan dokar.]

Yancin Dan Adam Akan Matamaza

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Taron ILGA 2018, hoto na rukuni don bikin Ranar Fadakarwa tsakanin Matamaza

Bincike ya nuna haɓakar yarjejeniya cewa nau'ikan jinsin matamaza daban-daban na al'ada ne - idan ba kasafai ba - nau'ikan ilimin halittar ɗan adam, da cibiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam suna sanya ƙarin bincike kan ayyukan likita da batutuwan nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke tsakanin matamaza. Nazarin matukin jirgi na farko na 2013. Hakkokin Dan Adam tsakanin matamaza, da Dan Christian Ghattas, [10] [11] ya gano cewa ana nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen duniya: Majalisar Turai ta ba da haske game da abubuwan da ke damun su:

  • Daidaitaccen haƙƙin rayuwa da rigakafin jiyya na likita ba tare da cikakken izini ba gami da jiyya da aka ɗauka ba dole ba;
  • Cire Intersex azaman yanayin likita wanda za'a iya warkewa amma wanda zai iya samun jiyya tare da ingantaccen izini
  • Daidaitaccen kulawa a ƙarƙashin doka; gami da takamaiman tanadin doka kama da sauran azuzuwan da aka rufe;
  • Samun dama ga bayanai, bayanan likita, takwarorinsu da sauran shawarwari da tallafi;
  • Ƙaddamar da kai a cikin sanin jinsi, ta hanyar saurin samun dama ga takaddun hukuma.

Dangantaka tsakanin Intersex da LGBT

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  Ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun ba da haske game da kira ga amincewa da haƙƙin LGBT waɗanda suka kasa magance matsalar "daidaitawar" jiyya a kan yara masu jima'i, ta amfani da kalmar portmanteau " pinkwashing ". A cikin watan Yuni 2016, Ƙungiyar Intersex International Australia ta yi nuni ga maganganu masu cin karo da juna daga gwamnatocin Ostiraliya, suna ba da shawarar cewa an gane mutunci da haƙƙin LGBTI (LGBT da intersex) yayin da, a lokaci guda, ayyuka masu cutarwa a kan yara masu jima'i. [12]

A cikin watan Agustan 2016, Zwischengeschlecht ya bayyana ayyuka na inganta daidaito ko dokar matsayin jama'a ba tare da daukar mataki kan haramta "kaciya tsakanin maza da mata" a matsayin wani nau'i na "pinkwashing". [13] A baya kungiyar ta yi tsokaci kan kalamai na gwamnati na gujewa ga Kungiyoyin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke dagula al'amuran jima'i, transgender da LGBT, maimakon magance munanan halaye a kan jarirai. [14]

Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa

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Masu jima'i suna fuskantar tsangwama da wariya tun daga haihuwa. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Afirka da Asiya, wannan na iya haɗawa da kashe jarirai, watsi da kyama ga iyalai. Ana iya zargin iyaye mata a gabashin Afirka da maita, kuma ana iya kwatanta haihuwar ƴaƴan jima'i a matsayin la'ana. [15] [2] An ba da rahoton watsi da kisan gilla a Uganda, [16] Kenya, [17] kudancin Asiya, [18] da China . [3] A shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa wani matashi dan kasar Kenya mai suna Muhadh Isma'il, ya yanke jiki ya mutu. A baya an bayyana shi a matsayin tsinuwa ga iyalinsa. [17]

Ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba don gyara halayen jima'i na masu jima'i suna faruwa a duk ƙasashe inda aka bincika 'yancin ɗan adam na masu jima'i. [19] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, da sauran hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya irinsu ofishin babban kwamishina mai kare hakkin dan Adam, da karuwar cibiyoyi na yanki da na kasa sun sha suka daga irin wadannan matakan. A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita masu samun kudin shiga, farashin kiwon lafiya na iya ƙayyadadden damar samun jiyya na dole a daidai lokacin da wasu mutane ke fuskantar sasancin likita na tilastawa. [3]

An bayyana haƙƙoƙi da dama kamar yadda wulaƙanci da tilastawa aikin likita ya shafa akan ƙananan yara:

  • hakkin rayuwa .
  • haƙƙin keɓantawa, gami da haƙƙin yancin kai ko yanke shawarar kai game da magani. [20]
  • haramcin azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci. [6] [20]
  • haƙƙi zuwa mutuncin jiki da/ko cin gashin kai na jiki. [21]
  • Bugu da ƙari, mafi kyawun abin da yaron ke da shi bazai yi aiki ta hanyar tiyata da nufin haɗin kai na iyali da zamantakewa ba. [22]

Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam

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Dan gwagwarmayar jima'i a Hong Kong Small Luk

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haƙƙin Intersex ya kasance batun rahotanni daga cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ƙasa ta Swiss kan Halayen Halitta (2012), mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko wulaƙanci ko hukunci (2013), [6] da Majalisar Dattijan Australiya (2013). [20] A cikin 2015 Majalisar Turai, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kare hakkin dan Adam da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya su ma sun yi magana game da batun. A cikin watan Afrilun 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta tilastawa likitoci shiga tsakani. A cikin wannan shekarar, Majalisar Turai ta zama cibiyar farko da ta bayyana cewa masu yin jima'i suna da 'yancin kada a shiga tsakani na tabbatar da jima'i.

Domin Intersex Awareness Day, Oktoba 26, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya masana ciki har da kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa, Kwamitin 'Yancin Yara da Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa, tare da Majalisar Turai Kwamishina 'Yancin Dan Adam, Inter-American Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Masu Rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira da a kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam da ake yi wa masu jima'i, ciki har da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Masanan sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan zargin cin zarafin bil'adama, da ikon shigar da kara don biyan diyya, da aiwatar da matakan yaki da wariya:

A cikin 2017, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam Amnesty International [23] da Human Rights Watch [24] [25] sun buga manyan rahotanni game da haƙƙin yara masu sha'awar jima'i.

Kotun tsarin mulki ta Colombia

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Ko da yake ba a sami yawancin shari'o'in yaran da ke da yanayin jima'i ba, wani shari'ar da aka kai Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Colombia ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin jiyya. [26] Lamarin ya takaita ikon likitoci da iyaye na yanke shawarar hanyoyin tiyata a kan al'aurar yara masu cike da rudani bayan shekaru biyar, yayin da suke ci gaba da ba da izinin shiga tsakani kan yara kanana. Saboda yanke shawara na Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Colombia a kan Case 1 Part 1 (SU-337 na 1999), likitoci sun wajaba su sanar da iyaye a kan dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i yaro. Iyaye za su iya ba da izinin tiyata kawai idan sun sami ingantaccen bayani, kuma ba za su iya ba da izini ba bayan yaron ya kai shekaru biyar. Daga nan ne yaron zai gane asalin jinsin su. [27] Shari'ar kotun ta kai ga kafa ka'idojin doka don aikin tiyatar likitoci kan yara masu jima'i.

Dokokin Malta

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A cikin Afrilu 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta shiga tsakani na likita ba tare da izini ba a cikin Dokar Bayar da Shaidar Jinsi da Dokar Halayen Jima'i . Dokar ta amince da haƙƙin mutuncin jiki da ƴancin kai na zahiri, tare da hana gyare-gyare ga halayen jima'i na yara don abubuwan zamantakewa:

Kungiyoyin fararen hula sun yi maraba da dokar. [21] [28] [29]

Dokokin Chile

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A cikin Nuwamba 2023, ta hanyar madauwari No. 15 na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ba dole ba da kuma wadanda ba yarda da tiyata, hanyoyin ko magani jiyya a intersex jarirai, yara da kuma matasa an haramta. [30]

A cikin Janairu 2016, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Chile ta ba da umarnin ta hanyar madauwari No. 18 dakatar da ba dole ba ne normalization jiyya ga intersex yara, ciki har da irreversible tiyata, har sai sun kai shekaru da za su iya yanke shawara da kansu. [31] [32] An maye gurbin dokokin a watan Agusta 2016 ta hanyar madauwari No. 07. [33] [34] [35] An soke da'awar 18/2015 da 07/2016 ta hanyar da'ira 15/2023.

Jihar Tamil Nadu ta Indiya

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A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019 Babban Kotun Madras (Madurai Bench) ta zartar da hukunci mai ban mamaki [36] kuma ta ba da umarnin dakatar da tiyata na Zaɓar Jima'i akan Jarirai na Jima'i dangane da ayyukan Gopi Shankar Madurai . A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2019 Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu, Indiya ta ba da umarnin gwamnati na hana tiyatar da ba dole ba a kan halayen jima'i na jarirai da yara a jihar Tamil Nadu ta Indiya tare da mutane miliyan 77.8, an keɓe wannan ƙa'idar a cikin lamarin. na yanayi masu barazana ga rayuwa. [37] [38] [39]

An zartar da wata doka da ta tanadi haramta ayyukan yara da matasa baki ɗaya tare da 'bambance-bambancen ci gaban jinsi' ('Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung') a majalisar dokokin Jamus a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2021. [40] [41] A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Deutsches Ärzteblatt, dokar an yi niyya ne don ƙarfafa yanke shawarar yanke shawara na yara da matasa da kuma guje wa lahani ga lafiyarsu. Canje-canjen tiyata ga halayen jinsi ya kamata kawai ya faru - ko da tare da izinin iyaye - idan ba za a iya jinkirta aikin ba har zuwa shekaru 14. Kungiyar Kwaddar Tarayya ta Psyistherahereps na bukatar mai ba da shawara tare da gogewa a cikin kimantawa kafin yiwuwar shiga. [42] Yayin da ake goyan bayan ci gaba, [43] dokar da aka zartar a ƙarshe ta kuma soki Ƙungiyar Intersex International (OII) Jamus, OII Turai, da Intergeschlechtliche Menschen, saboda kasancewar keɓancewa. [44] [45] [46]

Haƙƙin rayuwa

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Fahimtar kwayoyin halittar preimplantation (PGD ko PIGD) yana nufin gwajin kwayoyin halitta na embryos kafin a dasa su (a matsayin nau'i na bayanin amfrayo ), wani lokacin ma na oocytes kafin hadi . Ana la'akari da PGD a cikin irin wannan salon zuwa ganewar asali na haihuwa . Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance takamaiman yanayin kwayoyin halitta, hanyar ta sa ya zama mai yuwuwa cewa jaririn zai sami 'yanci daga yanayin da ake la'akari. PGD don haka haɗin gwiwa ne ga fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka, kuma yana buƙatar hadi a cikin vitro (IVF) don samun oocytes ko embryos don kimantawa. Fasahar ta ba da damar nuna bambanci ga waɗanda ke da halayen jima'i

Georgiann Davis yayi jayayya cewa irin wannan wariyar ta kasa gane cewa mutane da yawa masu dabi'un jima'i suna rayuwa cikakke da farin ciki. [47] Morgan Carpenter ya nuna bayyanar da dama intersex bambance-bambance a cikin jerin da UK Human hadi da Embryology Authority na "m" "halayen kwayoyin halitta" da za a iya de-zaba, ciki har da 5 alpha reductase rashi da androgen insensitivity ciwo, halaye bayyananne a cikin fitattun mata. 'yan wasa da kuma " magajin jima'i na farko a duniya a fili". [48] Kungiyar Intersex International Ostiraliya ta yi kira ga Hukumar Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Lafiya ta Australiya da ta haramta irin wannan tsoma baki, lura da "kusa da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi da yanayin jima'i a cikin fahimtar zamantakewar jima'i da ka'idojin jinsi, da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimin zamantakewa da likitanci. ".

A cikin 2015, Majalisar Turai ta buga takarda mai ba da shawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam da masu jima'i, yana mai cewa:

 

Kadan daga cikin hukunce-hukuncen ya zuwa yanzu suna ba da kariya bayyananne daga nuna wariya ga masu yin jima'i. Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko da ta fito karara ta kara jima'i a cikin doka, a matsayin wani bangare na sifa ta "jima'i". [49] Ostiraliya ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ƙara sifa mai zaman kanta, na "Matsayin interex". [50] Malta ita ce ta farko da ta fara aiwatar da tsarin "halayen jima'i, ta hanyar doka wanda kuma ya kawo karshen gyare-gyare ga halayen jima'i na kananan yara da aka yi don zamantakewa da al'adu. [21] Bosnia-Herzegovina da aka jera a matsayin "halayen jima'i" [51] [52] Girka ta haramta nuna bambanci da ƙiyayya dangane da "halayen jima'i", tun daga 24 Disamba 2015. [53] [54] [55] daga 2021, Serbia kuma ta hana nuna bambanci dangane da "halayen jima'i". "Halayen jima'i" a ƙarƙashin Doka 21,430 [56] .

Ilimi

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Wani bincike na Ostiraliya na mutane 272 da aka haifa tare da halayen jima'i na yau da kullun, wanda aka buga a cikin 2016, ya gano cewa 18% na masu amsa (idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Australiya na 2%) sun kasa kammala makarantar sakandare, tare da barin makarantar farko daidai da ayyukan likita na balaga, cin zarafi da zalunci. wasu dalilai.

Aiki

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Wani bincike na Ostiraliya na 2015 game da mutanen da aka haifa tare da halayen jima'i na yau da kullun ya sami matsanancin talauci, baya ga yawan matakan barin makarantar farko, kuma sama da matsakaicin adadin nakasa. Jagorar masu ɗaukar ma'aikata don haɗa haɗin kai tsakanin jima'i da Pride in Diversity da Organization Intersex International Ostiraliya suka buga kuma ya bayyana lokuta na wariya a cikin aiki.

Kiwon lafiya

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Kariyar nuna bambanci ta haɗu tare da magani na son rai da tilastawa. Kariyar Maltese bisa dalilan halayen jima'i suna ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya daga gyare-gyare marasa mahimmanci da cutarwa ga halayen jima'i na yara.

A cikin watan Mayu 2016, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar da ke bayanin Sashe na 1557 na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi yana bayyana cewa Dokar ta haramta "wariya kan halayen jima'i ko halayen jima'i" a cikin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, a matsayin wani ɓangare na haramcin nuna bambanci "bisa jima'i".

Wasanni

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A cikin 2013, an bayyana a cikin wata jarida ta likita cewa 'yan wasa mata hudu da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba daga kasashe masu tasowa sun fuskanci gonadectomies (sterilization) da clitoridectomies na clitoridectomies ( kaciyar mata ) bayan gwajin testosterone ya nuna cewa suna da yanayin jima'i. [57] [58] An gabatar da gwajin Testosterone ne bayan shari'ar Caster Semenya, na 'yar tseren Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi wa gwaji saboda kamanni da karfinta. [57] [58] Babu wata shaida cewa hyperandrogenism na asali a cikin manyan 'yan wasa mata suna ba da fa'ida a cikin wasanni. [59] Yayin da Ostiraliya ke kare ma'aurata daga wariya, Dokar ta ƙunshi keɓewa a cikin wasanni.

Magani da da'awar diyya

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Masu fafutuka na jima'i a kan jirgin ruwa a Utrecht Canal Pride ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2018

An yi iƙirarin biyan diyya a cikin ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in shari'a.

Christiane Völling, Jamus

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A Jamus a cikin 2011, Christiane Völling ta yi nasara a shari'ar da aka yi mata game da jinya. An umurci likitan da ya biya Yuro 100,000 a matsayin diyya [60] [61] bayan yakin shari'a da ya fara a 2007, shekaru talatin bayan cire kayan aikinta na haihuwa. [9] [62]

Benjamín-Maricarmen, Chile

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A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2005, mahaifiyar wani yaro, Benjamín, ta shigar da kara a kan Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Maule bayan an cire mata maza da kuma tsarin haihuwa na yaron ba tare da sanar da iyayen yanayin aikin tiyata ba. Yaron ya kasance yarinya. An ƙaddamar da da'awar diyya a cikin Kotun Haruffa ta huɗu na Talca, kuma ta ƙare a Kotun Koli ta Chile . A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Kotun ta yanke wa Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Maule hukuncin “rashin hidima” da kuma biyan diyya peso miliyan 100 saboda lalacewar ɗabi’a da ɗabi’a da aka yi wa Benjamín, da kuma ƙarin miliyan 5 ga kowane ɗayan iyayen.

Harka MC da Aaronson, Amurka

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A cikin Amurka an gabatar da shari'ar MC da Aaronson, wanda aka ci gaba ta hanyar interACT tare da Cibiyar Dokar Talauci ta Kudancin, a gaban kotuna a cikin 2013. [63] [64] [65] A cikin 2015, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Hudu ta yi watsi da karar, tana mai cewa, "ba "yana nufin rage mummunan cutar da MC ke ikirarin ya sha ba" amma wani jami'i mai ma'ana a 2006 ba shi da gargadi mai kyau daga lokacin. -Tsarin da ya gabata cewa yin aikin tiyatar jima'i a kan MC mai wata goma sha shida ya keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki a sarari." [66] [67] A cikin Yuli 2017, an ba da rahoton cewa Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta South Carolina ta yanke hukunci a kotu kan $ 440,000, ba tare da shigar da wani abin alhaki ba. [68]

Michaela Raab case, Jamus

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A cikin 2015, Michaela Raab ta kai karar likitoci a Nuremberg, Jamus, saboda rashin ba ta shawarar yadda ya kamata. Likitoci sun bayyana cewa "suna yin aiki ne kawai bisa ka'idojin lokacin - wanda ke neman kare marasa lafiya daga tasirin zamantakewa na koyan cikakkiyar gaskiya game da chromosomes." A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2015, Kotun Jihar Nuremberg ta yanke hukuncin cewa Jami'ar Erlangen-Nuremberg Clinic ta biya diyya da diyya.

Samun damar bayanai

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"Bai kamata a gaya musu ba..." Lasisi don Lie - Androgen insensitivity syndrome Standards a cikin 1963

Tare da haɓakar kimiyyar likitanci na zamani a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai, yawancin masu yin jima'i tare da al'aurar waje mara kyau an yi musu gyaran fuska ta hanyar tiyata don kama da na mace ko na namiji. Likitoci sun nuna haihuwar jariran jima'i a matsayin "gaggawa na zamantakewa". [69] An kuma ɗauki samfurin tushen sirri, a cikin imani cewa wannan ya zama dole don tabbatar da ci gaban "na al'ada" ta jiki da zamantakewa. [70] [71] Bayyanawa ya kuma haɗa da gaya wa mutane cewa ba za su taɓa saduwa da wani mai irin wannan yanayin ba. [20] Samun bayanan likita shima ya kasance mai wahala a tarihi. Amma duk da haka ikon bayar da izini kyauta, ingantaccen bayani ya dogara da samun bayanai.

Majalisar Turai da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun yarda da wajibcin inganta samar da bayanai, gami da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan likita .

Wasu ƙungiyoyin jima'i sun yi iƙirarin cewa samfuran tushen sirri sun ci gaba ta hanyar canjin harshe na asibiti zuwa rikice-rikice na ci gaban jima'i . Morgan Carpenter na Organization Intersex International Ostiraliya ya nakalto aikin Miranda Fricker a kan "rashin adalci na hermeneutical" inda, duk da sabbin kariyar doka daga nuna wariya a kan yanayin yanayin jima'i, "wani wanda ke da kwarewar rayuwa ba zai iya ko da ma'anar abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa ba" saboda zuwa ƙaddamar da harshe na asibiti kuma "babu kalmomi don suna gwaninta".

Sanin doka

gyara sashe

A cewar taron Asiya Pasifik na Cibiyoyin Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama na ƙasa, ƙasashe kaɗan ne suka ba da izinin amincewa da masu yin jima'i ta hanyar doka. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa amincewa da masu jima'i a shari'a shine:

  • na farko game da samun haƙƙoƙin daidai da na sauran maza da mata, lokacin da aka ba su namiji ko mace;
  • Na biyu shine game da samun damar yin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa zuwa takaddun doka lokacin da aikin jima'i na asali bai dace ba; kuma
  • na uku, yayin da ficewa cikin makirci na iya taimakawa wasu mutane, amincewar doka ba game da ƙirƙirar jinsi na uku ko rarraba jinsi ga masu yin jima'i a matsayin yawan jama'a ba, a maimakon haka yana game da ba da damar tsarin ficewa ga duk wanda yake nema.

A wasu yankuna, samun dama ga kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida na iya zama matsala.

Alamomin jinsi

gyara sashe

Kamar kowa da kowa, wasu masu yin jima'i na iya tasowa a matsayin jinsi na musamman (namiji ko mace) amma sai a gano su da wani daga baya a rayuwa, yayin da yawancin ba sa. [72] Kamar wadanda ba intersex ba, wasu masu yin jima'i ba za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin mace kaɗai ba ko kuma namiji na musamman. Binciken asibiti na 2012 ya nuna cewa tsakanin 8.5-20% na mutanen da ke da yanayin jima'i na iya fuskantar dysphoria na jinsi, [73] yayin da bincike na zamantakewar al'umma a Ostiraliya, wata ƙasa da ke da jinsi na 'X' na uku, ya nuna cewa 19% na mutanen da aka haifa tare da rashin daidaituwa. halayen jima'i sun zaɓi zaɓi na "X" ko "sauran", yayin da 52% mata ne, 23% maza da 6% rashin tabbas.

Samun dama ga takaddun shaida

gyara sashe

Samun takardar shaidar haihuwa tare da madaidaicin alamar jima'i na iya zama matsala ga mutanen da ba su gane jima'i da aka sanya a lokacin haihuwa ba, ko kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da buƙatun tiyata kawai.

Fasfo ɗin fasfo da takaddun shaida na Ostiraliya da wasu ƙasashe sun karɓi "X" a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i na uku ban da "M" (namiji) da "F" (mace), aƙalla tun 2003. [74] [75] A cikin 2013, Jamus ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta Turai da ta ba da izinin yin rajistar jariran da ke da halaye na jinsin biyu a matsayin waɗanda ba su da iyaka kan takardar shaidar haihuwa, a cikin adawa da shakku daga ƙungiyoyin jima'i waɗanda ke nuni da cewa dokar ta ba da umarnin keɓe daga jinsin maza ko mata. [76] [77] Majalisar Turai ta amince da wannan tsarin, da kuma damuwa game da amincewa da rabe-rabe na uku da marasa tushe a cikin Takarda ta 2015, tana mai cewa waɗannan na iya haifar da "fitarwa na tilastawa" kuma "ya haifar da karuwar matsin lamba ga iyayen yara masu jima'i don yanke shawara a cikin yardar. na jinsi daya." Takardar Batutuwa ta yi jayayya da cewa "karin yin tunani a kan shaidar da ba ta binary ba ya zama dole":

Mauro Cabral, Global Action for Trans Equality (GATE) Co-Director, ya nuna cewa duk wani fitarwa a waje da "F" / "M" dichotomy yana buƙatar tsara shi sosai kuma a aiwatar da shi tare da ra'ayi na 'yancin ɗan adam, yana mai cewa:

“People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. If only trans and/or intersex people can access that third category, or if they are compulsively assigned a third sex, then the gender binary gets stronger, not weaker”[78]

Hakkokin tsakanin jima'i ta hanyar hurumi

gyara sashe

Karanta takamaiman shafuka na ƙasa akan haƙƙin jima'i ta hanyoyin haɗin kan sunan ƙasar, inda akwai.</link>

Afirka

gyara sashe
Ƙasa / hukumci Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa Kariyar nuna wariya Samun dama ga takaddun shaida Samun damar samun haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya kamar sauran maza da mata Canza takaddun shaida M/F Rabe-raben jinsi ko jinsi na uku Ƙarshen rarraba hukuma ta hanyar jima'i ko jinsi Bambance-bambancen jima'i da jinsi Sanya jarirai da yara ga namiji ko mace
 </img> Kenya Tun daga 2022 </img> [79] [80]  </img>  </img> Tun daga 2022 </img> [81]
 </img> Afirka ta Kudu  </img> [82]  </img> [49]  </img>  </img> [83]  </img>Dangane da rahotannin likita da zamantakewa
 </img> Uganda  </img> [84]  </img>  </img>

Amurkawa

gyara sashe
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Argentina  [85]     Self-determination[86]   Since July 2021, gender X became available and implemented[87]
  Canada         Self-determination  
  Chile  [88][89]  [56][90][91]     Self-determination[92]  [92]
  Colombia   No, but restricted in children aged over 5.     Self-determination
  Mexico  [93][94]  [94]   Since May 2023, a gender X option formally became available on Passports within Mexico - alongside male and female options.[95][96]
  United States  [97] Partial, in healthcare[98]   Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced  /  Opt in only for Washington D.C., California, New York City, Ohio (with a court order only), New Mexico,[99] Nevada,[100] Oregon, Utah (with a court order only),[101] Washington State, New Jersey,[102] Colorado, and Michigan.[103][104][105][106] In October 2021, the very first US Passport with a gender X was issued by a court order for an individual. From April-11-2022, gender X becomes officially available and recognised for any validly issued US Passport holder.[107][108][109]
  Uruguay  [110][111]   Self-determination  [112]

Asiya

gyara sashe
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Bangladesh      [113][ana buƙatar hujja]  [113][ana buƙatar hujja]
  China  [114][115]  [116]
  India      [117]  [117]
  Japan       Requires surgery
  Nepal      [118]   [118]
  Pakistan    [119]   Self-determination[119]  [119]
  South Korea      [ana buƙatar hujja]
  Thailand       Requires surgery
  Vietnam       Requires surgery

Turai

gyara sashe
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Albania  [120]  [121]
  Austria  [122]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina    [51]
  Belgium         Self-determination[123][124]  
  Denmark  [23]     Self-determination  
  Finland    [125]      
  France  [126]        
  Germany   with exceptions[44][127][128]        [129]
  Greece    [53]
  Iceland    [130][131][132]       Self-determination[130][131][132]  [130][131][132]
  Ireland  [133][134]     Self-determination[135]  
  Jersey    [136]
  Luxembourg        [137]  
  Malta   Legislated[ana buƙatar hujja]         Self-determination[135]  [138]
  Montenegro    [139]              
  Netherlands          
  Norway  [140]       Self-determination[141][142][143]  
  Portugal   Legislated         Self-determination[144][145]  
  Serbia    [55]
  Switzerland  [146][147][148]     Self-determination[149]  
  United Kingdom  [150][151]     Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria[152]  

Oceania

gyara sashe
Ƙasa / hukumci Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa Kariyar nuna wariya Samun dama ga takaddun shaida Samun damar samun haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya kamar sauran maza da mata Canza takaddun shaida M/F Rabe-raben jinsi ko jinsi na uku Ƙarshen rarraba hukuma ta hanyar jima'i ko jinsi Bambance-bambancen jima'i da jinsi Sanya jarirai da yara ga namiji ko mace
 </img> Ostiraliya  </img> [153] [20]  </img> A matakin tarayya [154]  </img> Keɓance game da wasanni da kaciyar mata [154]  </img> Manufofin sun bambanta dangane da hukumci [155] </img> Yana buƙatar tiyatar sake aikin jima'i da izini daga aƙalla likitocin likita 2 a cikin NSW da QLD kawai. Maganin da ya dace (ko izinin likitoci 1) a cikin WA, SA, NT da ACT. "Ƙaddamar da kai" a cikin TAS da VIC. [156]  </img> (Fasfo) </img> Shiga a matakin tarayya, manufofin jiha/yanki sun bambanta [155] [157]
 </img> New Zealand  </img> [153]  </img>  </img>Keɓance game da kaciyar mata  </img>Daga Yuli 2023, ta hanyar cin gashin kai [158]  </img>(Fasfo) </img> (Za a iya amfani da takardar shaidar haihuwa ta uku idan an ƙayyade lokacin haihuwa [159] )

Duba sauran bayanai

gyara sashe
  • Ranar Fadakarwa tsakanin Jima'i
  • Intersex mutane da aikin soja
  • Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam Intersex
  • Intersex likita shisshigi
  • Wariya ga masu jima'i
  • Amincewa da shari'a na mutane masu jima'i

Bayanan kula

gyara sashe

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ name="cschrcl">Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law; Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum; Rainbow Health Foundation; Sexual Minorities Uganda; Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2014). "Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation". Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Grady, Helen; Soy, Anne (May 4, 2017). "The midwife who saved intersex babies". BBC World Service, Kenya. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex (October 2015). "Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment". Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  4. ↑ "Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia". Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG). 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Rebecca Jordan-Young; Peter Sonksen; Katrina Karkazis (2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348: g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture" (PDF). Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  7. ↑ "Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement". World Health Organization. May 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  8. ↑ name="SenateOnSterilisation">Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "German Gender-Assignment Case Has Intersexuals Hopeful". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  10. ↑ name="ghattas">Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  11. ↑ "A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals". OII Europe. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  12. ↑ "Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review". Organisation Intersex International Australia. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  13. ↑ ""Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. August 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  14. ↑ "TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  15. ↑ name="cschrcl">Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law; Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum; Rainbow Health Foundation; Sexual Minorities Uganda; Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2014). "Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation". Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  16. ↑ Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law; Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum; Rainbow Health Foundation; Sexual Minorities Uganda; Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2014). "Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation". Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-14.Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law; Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum; Rainbow Health Foundation; Sexual Minorities Uganda; Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2014). "Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation". Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Odero, Joseph (December 23, 2015). "Intersex in Kenya: Held captive, beaten, hacked. Dead". 76 CRIMES. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  18. ↑ Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (3): 227–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.9016. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 18633712. S2CID 8897416.
  19. ↑ Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). "Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named swissnek
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Amnesty International (2017). "First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex". Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  24. ↑ Stewart, Philippa (2017-07-25). "Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing'". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  25. ↑ Human Rights Watch (2017-07-25). "US: Harmful Surgery on Intersex Children". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  26. ↑ Curtis, Skyler (2010–2011). "Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children". McGeorge Law Review. 42: 863. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  27. ↑ "Corte Constitucional de Colombia: Sentencia T-1025/02". Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  28. ↑ "OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform". OII Europe. April 1, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-22. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  29. ↑ Carpenter, Morgan (April 2, 2015). "We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people". Organisation Intersex International Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-07-04. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  30. ↑ "Circular No. 15/2023" (PDF). diprece.minsal.cl (in Sifaniyanci). 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  31. ↑ "Chilean Government Stops the 'Normalization' of Intersex Children". OutRight Action International. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Chilean Ministry of Health issues instructions stopping "normalising" interventions on intersex children". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  33. ↑ Inter, Laura; Aoi, Hana (June 15, 2017). "Circular 7 de 2016: Un paso atrás en la lucha por los Derechos Humanos de las personas intersexuales en Chile. Por Laura Inter y Hana Aoi". Brújula Intersexual. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  34. ↑ Godoy, Camilo (June 18, 2017). "¿Cómo nace la Circular 7 del Ministerio de Salud de Chile? Por Camilo Godoy". Brújula Intersexual. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  35. ↑ Inter, Laura; Aoi, Hana (June 2017). "Circular 7 De 2016: Un Paso Atrás En La Lucha Por Los Derechos Humanos De Las Personas Intersexuales En Chile" (PDF). Brújula Intersexual. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
  36. ↑ ""Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]". 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  37. ↑ "Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children - Human Rights Watch". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  38. ↑ ""Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute". 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  39. ↑ "Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People - Human Rights Watch". 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  40. ↑ "Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  41. ↑ "Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  42. ↑ Bühring, Petra (February 20, 2021). "Intersexuelle Kinder: Recht zur Selbstbestimmung". aerzteblatt.de (in German). Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  43. ↑ "A good first step: Germany adopts law banning IGM. But there is still room for improvement". OII Europe. March 30, 2021. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Intergeschlechtliche Menschen (March 26, 2021). "Bundestag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschle". Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung"" (PDF) (in German). September 23, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  46. ↑ "Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen" (PDF). OII Germany (in German). March 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  47. ↑ Davis, Georgiann (October 2013). "The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095.
  48. ↑ Carpenter, Morgan (July 18, 2014). "Morgan Carpenter at LGBTI Human Rights in the Commonwealth conference". Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098". ComLaw. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  52. ↑ "LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις [LAW NO. 3456 Cohabitation, exercise of rights, criminal and other provisions] (PDF) (in Girkanci). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  54. ↑ Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο (in Girkanci). 2015-12-23. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Napokon vidljivi" [Finally visible]. XY Spectrum (in Sabiyan). 2021-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Law No. 21,430 on Guarantees and Comprehensive protection of the Rights of Childrent and Adolescents" (PDF) (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; Hiéronimus, Sylvie; Gaspari, Laura; Kurzenne, Jean-Yves; Chevallier, Patrick; Bermon, Stéphane; Chevalier, Nicolas; Sultan, Charles (June 2013). "Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (6): –1055–E1059. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3893. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 23633205.
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