Wikipedia

Kidan Afirka

Kidan afirka Idan aka yi la’akari da girman nahiyar Afirka, wakarta ta bambanta, tare da yankuna da kasashe suna da al'adun kida daban-daban. Wakar Afirka ta kunshi nau'ikan amapiano, Jùjú, Fuji, Afrobeat, Highlife, Makossa, Kizomba, da sauransu. Har ila yau, kidan Afirka na amfani da manyan kayan kida iri-iri a duk fadin nahiyar. Kida da raye -rayen Yan Afirka, wadanda aka kafa zuwa mataki daban-daban akan al'adun kidan Afirka, sun hada da kidan Amurka kamar Dixieland jazz, blues, jazz, da yawancin nau'ikan Caribbean, irin su calypso (duba kaiso ) da soca . Salon kade-kade na Latin Amurka irin su cumbia, kidan salsa, dan cubano, rumba, conga, bomba, samba da zouk sun samo asali ne daga kidan bayin Afrika, kuma sun yi tasiri ga shahararriyar wakokin Afirka.[1]

Kidan Afirka
music by country or region (en) Fassara da Nau'in kiɗa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na regional music (en) Fassara
Kida a Afirka
Mawakan Afirka a Amurka

Kamar kidan Asiya, Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kidan kida ce mai karfi. Hadadden tsarin rhythmic sau da yawa kuma yana hadar da wakar da aka yi da wani don kirkirar polyrhythm . Mafi yawan nau'in polyrhythm yana wasa uku a saman biyu, kamar sau uku da aka buga da madaidaiciyar bayanin kula. Al'adun kiɗan Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara akai-akai sun dogara da kayan kida iri-iri iri-iri, gami da xylophones, djembes, ganguna, da na'urorin samar da sauti irin su mbira ko "piano na yatsa."

Wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa na kidan Afirka shine yanayin kiransa da amsawa : murya daya ko kayan aiki yana buga dan gajeren magana mai sauti, kuma wannan magana tana sake maimaita ta da wata murya ko kayan aiki. Halin kira-da-amsa ya Mike har zuwa kwankwasa, inda ganga daya zai yi salon kwankwasa, wanda wani gangunan yana wasa iri daya ne. Har ila yau, kidan Afirka yana inganta sosai. Ana yin babban tsarin rhythmic, tare da Yan ganga sannan suna inganta sabbin kira sama da tsayayyen tsarin asali.

Kade-kade na gargajiya a galibin nahiyar ana watsa su ne da baki (ko a zahiri) kuma ba a rubuta su ba. Akwai bambance-bambance a hankali a cikin sauti da sauti wadanda ba sa saukin fassarawa zuwa alamar Yammacin Turai. Kida na Afirka sun fi dacewa da tetratonic na Yamma (bayanin kula-hudu), pentatonic (bayanin kula biyar), hexatonic (bayanin kula shida), da ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula-bakwai). Ana yin jituwa da wakar ta hanyar yin waka a layi daya zuwa kashi uku, na hudu, ko na biyar (duba hadin kai na al'adar yankin Saharar Afirka ).

Waka na da muhimmanci ga addini a Afirka, inda al'adu da bukukuwan addini ke amfani da waka wajen yada labarai daga tsara zuwa tsara tare da rera waka da rawa. Bugu da Kari, kida yana da mahimmanci ga al'ada gaba daya, ba kawai a matsayin nau'i na addini da maganganun kai ba, har ma a matsayin hanyar watsa labaru don sadarwa game da muhimman batutuwan al'umma, siyasa, da dabi'a.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Wasu al'adu da yawa sun yi nazarin kiɗan Afirka ko da yake lokaci, don haka yawan tasirin da ya yi akan wasu. Alal misali, a cikin Disamba na 2002, Kungiyar Swiss Society for Ethnomusicology ta gudanar da taro da yawa a kokarin nazarin kidan Ghana . Wadannan masana ilimin kide-kide da kide-kide da suka shiga cikin binciken sun duba koyan fannonin tarihi ta hanyar waka, tare da al'adu. Bugu da Kari, wasu masana ilimin kida, irin su John Collins sun nemi yin nazarin takamaiman fannoni na kida daga Ghana, irin wannan yana da kasancewar Kiristanci a cikin mashahurin kidan. [2]

Waƙar Afirka tana da dangantaka mai zurfi da al'umma. An yi wakar Afirka don jin dadin jama'a da shiga jama'a; wanda ke sa wakokin Afirka su fado a karkashin rukunin kiɗan al'umma, inda ake karfafa al'umma masu ƙwazo da shiga jama'a a harkar kida. Wannan mahimmancin al'umma ne ya kafa ra'ayin Christopher Small na Farin Ciki da kidan Jama'a, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan al'ada.[3][4][5]

Kiɗa ta yankuna

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Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka

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Arewacin Afirka ita ce wurin zama na tsohuwar Masar da Carthage, wayewa da ke da alaka mai karfi da tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma wacce ta yi tasiri ga tsoffin al'adun Girka da na Romawa.[6] Daga karshe Masar ta fada karkashin mulkin Farisa sannan mulkin Girka da na Roma suka biyo baya, yayin da Romawa da Vandals suka yi mulkin Carthage.[7] Daga baya Larabawa suka mamaye Arewacin Afirka, wadanda suka kafa yankin a matsayin Magrib na kasashen Larabawa.[8]

 
Aar Maanta yana yin tare da kungiyarsa a Pier Scheveningen Strandweg a Hague, Netherlands

Kamar nau'ikan kida na Kogin Nilu da Kahon Afirka (yankin sama-shudi da duhu kore akan taswira), kidan sa yana da alaka a ta kut da kut da kidan Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yana amfani da nau'ikan wakoki iri daya ( maqamat ). Wakar Arewacin Afirka tana da kewayo mai yawa, tun daga kidan tsohuwar Masar zuwa Berber da Kidan Abzinawa na makiyayan hamada. Kidan fasaha na yankin ya dade shekaru aru-aru yana bin tsarin kidan gargajiya na Larabci da Andalusian: shahararrun nau'ikansa na zamani sun hada da Raï na Aljeriya .

Tare da waɗannan ana iya hada su da kiɗan Sudan da na Kahon Afirka, gami da kiɗan Eritrea, Habasha, Djibouti da Somaliya . Kiɗa na Somaliya yawanci pentatonic ne, ta yin amfani da filaye biyar a kowace octave sabanin ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula bakwai) kamar babban sikelin . Kida na tsaunukan Habasha yana amfani da tsarin ka'ida mai mahimmanci wanda ake kira qenet, wanda akwai manyan hanyoyi guda hudu: tezeta, bati, jakada, da anchihoy . Karin hanyoyi guda uku bambance-bambance ne akan abubuwan da ke sama: de karamar tezeta, manyan bati, da karamar bati. [9] Wasu wakoki suna daukar sunan qenet din su, kamar tizita, wakar tunawa. [8]

Yamma, Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas da Afirka ta Kudu

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Majagaba na kabilanci Arthur Morris Jones (1889-1980) ya lura cewa ka'idodin rhythmic na al'adun kidan Bantu na Afirka sun zama babban tsari daya . Hakazalika, babban mashahuran kwararrun kuma masani CK Ladzekpo ya tabbatar da "cikakkiyar kamanni" na ka'idodin Bantu na Afirka. [10]

Kidan gargajiya na Afirka akai-akai yana aiki a yanayi. Ayyuka na iya zama tsayi kuma galibi sun hada da sa hannun masu sauraro. [11] Akwai, alal misali, wakoki aiki na musamman, wakoki da ke tare da haihuwa, aure, farauta da ayyukan siyasa, kida don kawar da mugayen ruhohi da kuma girmama ruhohi masu kyau, matattu da kakanni. Babu daya daga cikin wadannan da aka yi a waje da mahallin zamantakewa da aka yi niyya kuma yawancinsa yana da alaka da wani raye-raye. Wasu daga cikinsa, wadanda kwararrun mawaka ne ke yin su, kidan sacral ne ko kade-kade da kaɗe-kaɗe da ake yi a kotunan sarki.

  • Yankin gabas (yankuna masu haske a taswira) sun hada da kidan Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique da Zimbabwe da kuma tsibiran Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius da Comor . Yawancin wa] annan wa ] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan sun shafi wa] ansu wa ] ansu wa] ansu wa] ansu wadannan abubuwan sun yi tasiri, ko da yake al'adun gargajiya na yankin sun kasance a cikin al'adun Bantu / Nijar-Congo .
  • Yankin kudu (yankin launin ruwan kasa akan taswira) ya hada da kiɗan Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibiya da Angola .
  • Yankin tsakiya (yankin duhu mai duhu akan taswira) ya hada da kidan Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Zambia, gami da kidan Pygmy .
  • Kade-kade na Afirka ta Yamma (yankin rawaya a taswira) ya hada da kidan Senegal da Gambiya, na Guinea da Guinea-Bissau, Saliyo da Laberiya, na cikin kasar Mali, Nijar da Burkina Faso, kasashen bakin teku na Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Najeriya, Kamaru, Gabon da Jamhuriyar Congo da tsibirai irin su Sao Tome da Principe .

Kudanci, Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma suna cikin al'adar kidan da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, suna da tasiri da yawa, daga yankunan Musulmi na Afirka, da kuma a zamanin yau, Amurka da Yammacin Turai .

Azande song from the Congo performed with xylophone.

Afrobeat, Juju, Fuji, Highlife, Makossa, da Kizomba ana yin su a yammacin Afirka. Kide-kiden Afirka ta Yamma yana da bambancin yanki, tare da yankunan musulmi da suka hada da abubuwa na kidan Musulunci da kuma yankunan da ba musulmi ba sun fi tasiri da al'adun 'yan asali, a cewar masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf da masanin ilimin kabilanci Gerhard Kubik . A cewar Diouf, wakar musulmin gargajiya na yammacin Afirka sun hada da abubuwa na kiran sallah na Musulunci (wanda ya samo asali daga Bilal ibn Rabah, wani musulmin Afirka na Habasha a farkon karni na 7), gami da wakoki yabon Allah, waka, canje-canjen bayanin kula, "kalmomi masu kama da juna. quiver and shake" a cikin wakoki murya, canje-canje masu ban mamaki a ma'aunin kiɗa, da shigar hanci . A cewar Kubik, salon murya na mawakan musulmi na yammacin Afirka "ta yin amfani da melisma, wavy intonation, da dai sauransu, gado ne na wannan babban yanki na yammacin Afirka wanda ke hulɗa da Larabci - Musulunci na Magrib tun daga bakwai da kuma karni na takwas." Dangane da kayan aiki, Kubik ya lura cewa kayan kida (ciki har da kakannin banjo ) a al'adance Musulmin Afirka ta Yamma ne ke son yin kida, yayin da al'adar mutanen yammacin Afirka wadanda ba musulmi ba musulmi ke son yin kida. [12]

Kayan kida

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Mawakin Aljeriya Abderrahmane Abdelli yana wasa da mandole

Bayan surutu, wanda ke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kamar hadaddun melisma da yodel, ana kuma amfani da kayan kida iri-iri. Kayayyakin kidan na Afirka sun hada da ganguna iri-iri, kwankolin tsagewa, ƙarara da ƙararrawa biyu, garayu iri-iri, da kayan kade-kade irin na kora da ngoni, da kuma fidda-kai, nau’ikan xylophone da lamellophone iri-iri irin su. mbira, da nau'ikan kayan aikin iska kamar sarewa da Kaho . Bugu da Kari, ana kuma amfani da kayan kirtani, tare da lute -kamar oud da Ngoni waɗanda ke zama abin rakiyar kida a wasu wurare.

Akwai rukunoni biyar na kayan kida na yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka : wayoyi na membrano, wayoyi na kade-kade, wayoyin iska, wayoyi, da kade-kade. Membranophones sune ganguna, gami da kettles, tukwane, da ganga. Wayoyin kade-kade kayan kida ne kamar garayu da garayu. Aerophones wani suna ne na kayan aikin iska. Waɗannan na iya hadawa da sarewa da Kaho, kama da kayan kida da kuke ji a cikin kidan Amurka. Wayoyin wayoyi masu radadi ne da girgiza, yayin da kada na iya zama sauti kamar taka kafa da tafa hannu. Yawancin kayan aikin katako suna da siffofi ko hotuna da aka zana a cikinsu don wakiltar zuriyarsu. Wasu an yi musu ado da gashin fuka-fukai ko beads. [13]

Ganguna da ake amfani da su a wakokin gargajiya na Afirka sun hada da ganguna na magana, bougarabou da djembe a Afirka ta Yamma, da gangunan ruwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma, da kuma nau'ikan gangunan ngoma (ko engoma) a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka . Sauran kayan kade-kade sun hada da raye-raye da masu girgiza, irin su kosika (kashaka), sandar ruwan sama, ƙararrawa da sandunan itace. Har ila yau, Afirka tana da sauran nau'ikan ganguna da yawa, da sarewa da kirtani da kayan aikin iska.

Wasan polyrhythm yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun halayen kidan kasashen kudu da hamadar sahara, sabanin yawan wakar da ake yi a kasashen yamma. Na'urori da aka kirkira na musamman sun samo asali a can tsawon lokaci don saukake kunna kida masu bambanta lokaci guda. Mmbira, kalimba, Kora, Ngoni da dousn'gouni misalan wadannan kayan kida ne wadanda ke tsara bayanin kula ba a cikin tsarin layi daya na yau da kullun daga bass zuwa treble ba, amma a cikin tsararrun matsayi guda biyu wadanda anda ke ba da damar karin sauki a cikin kunna wakoki giciye . Ana iya ganin ci gaba da tasirin wannan ka'ida a cikin karni na 20 na Amurka kayan kidan gravi-kora da gravikord wadanda sabbin misalan zamani ne.

Dangantaka da harshe

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Yawancin harsunan da ake magana da su a Afirka harsunan tonal ne, wanda ke haifar da kusanci tsakanin kida da harshe a wasu al'adun gida. Wadannan musamman al'ummomin suna amfani da sautunan murya da motsi tare da kidan su ma. A cikin rera waka, kirar sautin ko rubutun yana sanya wasu makasudi a kan salon wakar. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin kidan kayan aiki mai magana da harshen harshe sau da yawa kan iya fahimtar rubutu ko rubutu a cikin kidan. Wannan tasirin kuma ya zama tushen harsunan ganga ( ganguna masu magana ). [14]

Tasiri kan kidan Afirka

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Masu ganga na gargajiya a Ghana

A tarihi, abubuwa da yawa sun yi tasiri ga kidan gargajiya na Afirka . Yare, yanayi, al'adu iri-iri, siyasa, motsin jama'a, sun yi tasiri akan kidan, wadanda duk suna haɗuwa. Kowace rukuni na Afirka ta samo asali ne a wani yanki na nahiyar, wanda ke nufin cewa sun ci abinci daban-daban, suna fuskantar yanayi daban-daban, kuma suna Hulda da kungiyoyi daban-daban fiye da sauran al'ummomi. Kowane rukuni ya kaura a farashi daban-daban kuma zuwa wurare daban-daban fiye da sauran, don haka kowanne ya sami tasiri ta hanyar mutane da yanayi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, kowace al'umma ba lallai ba ne ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnati daya, wanda kuma ya yi tasiri sosai akan salon waka. [15]

Tasiri kan kidan Arewacin Amurka

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Wakar Afirka ta kasance babban al'amari wajen tsara abin da muka sani a yau kamar Dixieland, blues, da jazz . Wadannan salon duk an samo su ne daga kade-kade da sautunan Afirka, waɗanda Yan Afirka da aka bautar suka kawo a kan Tekun Atlantika. Kade-kade na Afirka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara galibinsu na da dadi sosai da kuma jin dadi, yayin da ya kamata a kalli blues a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau sakamakon yanayin bauta a sabuwar duniya. Wataƙila blues din ya samo asali azaman haɗakar sikelin shudi na Afirka tare da kayan kida goma sha biyu na Turai. Al'adun kade-kade na mazauna Irish da Scotland sun hadu tare da abubuwan kidan Ba-Amurke don zama tsohon lokaci da bluegrass, a tsakanin sauran nau'ikan.

 
Steve Winwood na ci gaba rock / jazz rock band Traffic sau da yawa amfani da yammacin Afirka kari

A cikin kundin sa na Graceland, mawaƙin gargajiya na Amurka Paul Simon yana amfani da kungiyoyin Afirka, rhythms da wakoki a matsayin tushen kiɗa don kalmomin kansa; musamman Ladysmith Black Mambazo . A farkon shekarun 1970s, Remi Kabaka, mai bugawa na Afro-rock avant-garde, ya shimfida alamu na farko wanda ya haifar da sauti na Afro'rock a cikin kungiyoyin kamar Ginger Baker's Airforce, The Rolling Stones, da Steve Winwood's Traffic. Ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Winwood, Paul McCartney, da Mick Jagger a cikin shekaru goma.[16]

Wasu al'adun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu na Sahara suma suna da tasiri sosai a kan irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar Disney's The Lion King da The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, wanda ya haɗu da kida na gargajiya tare da kida ta Yamma. Wakoki irin su "Circle of Life" da "He Lives in You" sun hadu da kalmomin Zulu da Ingilishi, da kuma salon gargajiya na Afirka na kida tare da salon yammacin zamani. Bugu da Kari, fim din Disney ya kunshi kalmomi da yawa daga harshen Bantu Swahili. Kalmomin hauki matata, alal misali, ainihin Kalmomin Swahili ne wanda a zahiri yana nufin "babu damuwa". Haruffa kamar Simba, Kovu, da Zira su ma kalmomin Swahili ne, ma'ana "zaki", "tsoro", da "kiyayya", bi da bi.[17]

Babatunde Olatunji, Miriam Makeba da Hugh Masekela sun kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Afirka don bunkasa manyan magoya baya a Amurka. Tashoshin rediyo na Afirka da ba na kasuwanci ba sun inganta kiɗa na Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adunsu da siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Har ila yau, kiɗa na Afirka ya sami masu sauraro masu sha'awar a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Black na Tarihi (HBCUs) kuma ya yi kira musamman ga masu gwagwarmaya a cikin 'yancin farar hula da ƙungiyoyin Black Power.[18]

Kyakkyawan kida na Afirka

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Miriam Makeba yayin wasan kwaikwayon

Kyakkyawan kida na Afirka, kamar kida na gargajiya na Afirka, yana da yawa kuma ya bambanta. Yawancin nau'ikan zamani na shahararrun kida na Afirka suna gina kan ƙetare-pollination tare da shahararrun kiɗan yamma. Yawancin nau'ikan shahararrun kiɗa, gami da blues, jazz da rumba, sun samo asali ne daga digiri daban-daban daga al'adun kiɗa daga Afirka, wadanda 'yan Afirka masu bautar suka kai Amurka. Wadannan rhythms da sauti daga baya an daidaita su da sababbin nau'o'i kamar dutse, kida na rai, da rhythm da blues. Hakazalika, shahararrun kida na Afirka sun karbi abubuwa, musamman kayan kida da dabarun rikodin studio na kida na yamma.

A Yammacin Afirka, Fela Kuti da Tony Allen sun yi kiɗa na Afrobeat. Femi Kuti da Seun Kuti sun bi mahaifinsu Fela Kuti. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20 na shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu shine Miriam Makeba, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, a cikin 60s, wajen jawo hankalin masu sauraro na duniya ga kiɗan Afirka da ma'anarsa. An ce Zenzile Miriam Makeba ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa da suka fi tasiri a Afirka, tun daga shekarun 1950. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyi uku, ciki har da ƙungiyar mace ɗaya da wasu biyu. Ta yi kowane irin kiɗa na jazz, kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka, da kiɗa wanda ya shahara a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin. Miriam ta buga mafi yawan kiɗanta a cikin nau'in "mbube", wanda shine "wani salon jituwa na murya wanda ya jawo waƙoƙin jazz na Amurka, ragtime, da wakoki cocin Anglican, da kuma salon kida na asali". Bayan ta koma Amurka, matsaloli tare da fasfo na Makeba sun faru kuma dole ne ta zauna a Amurka, an ce ta sanya karkatarwa ta Amurka a kan mafi yawan kidan Afirka. Tana da sikelin muryarta daban-daban kuma tana iya buga kusan kowane kula. "The Empress of African Music" ta mutu tana da shekaru 76.[19]

Hanyar haɗe-haɗe ta Afro-Euro, dan Cuban, yana da tasiri a kan wasu shahararrun kida a Afirka. Wasu daga cikin rukunin guitar na farko a nahiyar sun buga waƙoƙin Cuban.[20] Kungiyoyin guitar na farko daga Kongo sun kira su rumba (ko da yake ɗa ne maimakon rumba). Hanyar Kongo ta samo asali ne daga abin da aka sani da soukous.

Kalpop wani nau'in kiɗa ne wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin al'ummomin sarauta na Klassikan a ƙarƙashin lakabin rikodin Klassik Nation . Kalpop wani nau'i ne na Klassikan, Afirka, harshe (mai yawa), da kuma shahararren kiɗa wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin zamani a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a Kenya kuma daga baya ya bazu zuwa Amurka da Ingila. Kiɗa na Kalpop ya sami gida ga kwararrun magoya baya kuma tare da wasu kungiyoyin da aka kafa a cikin gida da kuma kungiyoyin Kalpop masu tasowa (akwai kungiyoyin Kal pop masu aiki sama da goma sha uku a cikin Nairobi kadai) don ci gaba da habaka wannan nau'in ta hanyar shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban da suka shafi Kalpop. DON SANTO, Badman Killa, Blessed Paul, Cash B, Jay Nuclear, Rekless, G-Youts (Washu B da Nicki Mulla), Sleek Whizz, Chizei, suna daga cikin masu fasaha da yawa da ke wasa da kiɗa na Kalpop a Kenya.

Masana'antar kida

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Ga masu zane-zane na Afirka, kide-kide na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a samu a cikin masana'antar. Fashi da sauya halin mabukaci suna bayan raguwar tallace-tallace na rikodin. Yin amfani da dokar hakkin mallaka ya kasance mai rauni a Afirka. MusikBi shine shafin yanar gizon farko na sauke kida na doka a Afirka. Ba ya ba da gudana kuma yana iyakance ta hanyar saurin intanet a Afirka. Kasashen Afirka (Kenya, Gambiya da Afirka ta Kudu) sun ga zanga-zangar kan lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen da aka ba wa kida na Amurka. A Zimbabwe dole ne a ba da kashi 75% na lokacin iska ga kida na gida. Ayyukan kariya sun ga ci gaban sababbin nau'o'i kamar Urban Grooves sun fito a Zimbabwe. A cikin 2016 Sony Music ta kaddamar a Afirka ta hanyar bude ofis a Najeriya. A al'adance ba a sami sabis na manyan dakunan karatu na duniya na yamma a Afirka ba, ana biyan bukatun gida don kiɗan su ta hanyar fashi.

Karin karantawa

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Hadin waje

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 Samfuri:Africa in topic

  1. ↑ "Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music". CBMR. Columbia University. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Bebey, Francis (1999-08-01). African Music: A People's Art (in Turanci). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-661-5.
  4. ↑ Borgo, David (1 January 2004). "Play of Meaning and the Meaning of Play in Jazz, The". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 11 (3–4): 174–190.
  5. ↑ Anku, Willie. "Circles and Time: A Theory of Structural Organization of Rhythm in African Music" (PDF). Hugo Ribeiro.
  6. ↑ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. Greenwood. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-313-31333-2.
  7. ↑ Hoppenstand, Gary (2007). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Popular Culture, Volume 4. Greenwood Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-313-33255-5.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Samfuri:Cite NewGrove2001
  9. ↑ Abatte Barihun, liner notes of the album Ras Deshen, 200.
  10. ↑ Ladzekpo, C. K. (1996). "Cultural Understanding of Polyrhythm". Foundation Course in African Music.
  11. ↑ GCSE Music – Edexcel Areas of Study, Coordination Group Publications, UK, 2006, p. 36.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Curiel
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named contemporary-african-art.com
  14. ↑ GCSE Music – Edexcel Areas of Study, Coordination Group Publications, UK, 2006, p. 35, quoting examination board syllabus.
  15. ↑ Nketia, J. H. Kwabena. The Music of Africa. New York: Norton and Company, 1974. Print.
  16. ↑ Azam, O. A. (1993), "The recent influence of African Music on the American music scene and music market". Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ "The Characters." Lion King Pride. 2008. Disney, 1997–2008. Web. 1 February 2010.
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ Miriam Makeba#Musical style
  20. ↑ Roberts, John Storm (1986: cassette) Afro-Cuban Comes Home: The Birth and Growth of Congo Music, Original Music.
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