Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka

Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka
	illicit trade (en)

A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, cinikin ƙwayoyi a Afirka ta Yamma ya haɓaka cikin sauri yayin da karuwar buƙatun Amurka da Turai na cocaine, cannabis, da sauran magunguna. Wannan ya haifar da fadada hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu, wadanda dukkansu suka bi ta yammacin Afirka . Hanya ɗaya da aka fitar da tabar wiwi a cikin gida daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Turai da Asiya . Wata hanyar kasuwanci ta kwashe hodar iblis daga Latin Amurka da tabar heroin daga Afghanistan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Turai da Amurka. A cikin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu, masu fataucin muggan kwayoyi sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwar Mali da Berber suka kirkira a lokacin mulkin mallaka don jigilar kwayoyi a cikin yankin, da kuma fadin yankin yammacin Afirka a matsayin tsaka-tsakin tasha daga Latin Amurka da kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa Turai.^[1] Amurka.^[2] Wannan ya faru ne saboda munanan iyakokin Afirka ta Yamma, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki.

Da farko dai, an yi fasa-kwaurin miyagun kwayoyi ne da kadan; amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba kuma ana ci gaba da samun karuwar bukatar magunguna, kasashen yammacin Afirka - musamman Najeriya, Ghana, da Guinea-Bissau - an ba su amanar lodin hodar iblis da ya kai tan 135 zuwa 145 (a cewar UNODC ). Tun daga wannan lokacin Afirka ta Yamma ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a duniya,^[3] tare da haɓaka iri-iri da adadin magungunan da ake fataucin su ta yammacin Afirka, da kuma faɗaɗa cinikin ƙwayoyi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa wasu sassan nahiyar. Matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da ba da fifiko daga gwamnatocin yankin ya haifar da karuwar kungiyoyin da ke yaki da muggan kwayoyi a yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka, inda suka sauya fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da ayyukan cikin gida.

Tarihi

A cewar ɗan tarihi Emmanuel Akyeampong, kayayyakin cannabis a yammacin Afirka sun wanzu kafin tsakiyar karni na ashirin . A shekarar 1934 hukumomin mulkin mallaka na ci gaba da gwajin noman Coca a Calabar da sauran wurare a Najeriya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan sanda sun kama wasu manoman Najeriya da laifin noma da sayar da kananan tabar wiwi, wadanda ake jigilar su zuwa Turai da Amurka . Ana cikin haka ne masu tabar wiwi a Najeriya na siyan tabar wiwi da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dillalan Belgian Congo.^[4]

A shekarar 1952 ne aka fara rubuta cewa an yi amfani da yammacin Afirka a matsayin wurin safarar mutane a shekarar 1952, lokacin da jami’an Amurka suka lura cewa wata kungiyar hadin guiwa ta Lebanon ta boye tabar heroin a yammacin Afirka domin gudun kada ‘yan sanda su kama su, da kuma kaucewa binciken jami’an da ke kan hanyar kasuwancin Turai.

Tashin Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin babbar hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ya fara ne a kusan shekarun 1960, lokacin da Beatles da Swinging London suka shahara, kuma matasa maza da mata a Burtaniya da sauran sassan Turai sun nemi haramtattun kwayoyi . Tabar wiwi ya fi yawa, kuma rahotannin lokacin sun bayyana cewa ana fitar da tabar tabar da ake noman a yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya zuwa Turai da yawa. Kasuwancin miyagun kwayoyi ya zama matsala, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta fitar da wata doka cewa duk wanda aka samu da laifin fitar da wiwi zuwa kasashen waje za a daure shi na tsawon shekaru goma. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, 'yan Najeriya da dama da wasu 'yan kasuwa 'yan Ghana kan fita don yin ciniki bisa ka'idojinsu. Dillalan sun je wurare irin su Latin Amurka ko Asiya sun sayi kananan gungun kwayoyi masu yawa (yawanci hodar iblis ko tabar heroin), sannan suka sa ‘yan aike su fita su sayar da kadarorinsu. An yi hasashen cewa asalin fitar da muggan kwayoyi ya fara ne da daliban Afirka ta Yamma da ke zaune a EU da Amurka wadanda suka kasa karbar kudaden tallafin karatu, daga nan ne jami’an sojin ruwa na Najeriya suka dauki hayarsu wajen bayar da horo wadanda suka jibge a Indiya don kai kayan aikin. tabar heroin da suka saya, suka dawo da ita kasashen da suka zauna.

Bayan 1982 Amurka da Turai sun lura da karuwar masu safarar kwayoyi a Najeriya a kasashensu. Amurka ta kama 'yan Najeriya 21 da laifin safarar kwayoyi, sannan da yawa daga baya. A Turai wani jami'in ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Jamus ta Yamma ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta gaba cewa Hamburg, Jamus na shigo da muggan kwayoyi daga Afirka ta Yamma, gami da tan daya da rabi na maganin asiri (mai yiwuwa marijuana) daga Ghana.

Bukata

Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2009, yawan shan hodar iblis ya rubanya a nahiyar Turai, a sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasashen Latin Amurka da dillalan Afirka ta Yamma sun kulla kawance domin saukaka zirga-zirgar miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar cin gajiyar jiragen sama da jiragen ruwa da ke shiga da fita daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka. Daga nan kuma aka yaɗa muggan ƙwayoyi ta Arewacin Amirka da Turai ta hanyar ƙabilun ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da albarkatu don safarar ƙwayoyi ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa.^[5]

Bukatun cikin gida na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya bambanta ga yankuna da yawan jama'a daban-daban. Amfani da abubuwa masu rahusa, kamar tabar wiwi da tushen abin sha da ake kira akpeteshie, ya faɗo sosai kan masu aiki da talakawa. A Ghana, ƙungiyoyi kamar masu hakar ma'adinai, ma'aikatan aikin gona, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna amfani da waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta jure buƙatun rayuwa mai wahala ko kuma kwanakin aiki na wahala. Bukatun cikin gida na magunguna masu tsauri kamar su hodar iblis da tabar heroin, da kuma Mandrax da amphetamines, ana kallon al'adar a matsayin ana samun su ne kawai a tsakanin masu hannu da shuni . Sai dai kuma, faduwar farashin haramtattun magunguna masu tsada da kuma fadada hanyoyin amfani da su sun sa irin wadannan abubuwa su kasance cikin sauki ga ma'aikata a yammacin Afirka, musamman a tsakiyar gari. Ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari na abubuwa kamar hodar iblis da amphetamines ya sa su zama masu sha'awa ga ma'aikatan da ke da dogayen ayyukan aiki, da kuma ɗaliban da suke kwana suna karatu. Sakamakon ci gaba da yaɗuwar al'amuran duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, buƙatun abubuwa, musamman ma magunguna masu ƙarfi, ya bazu zuwa ga masu yawon bude ido da mazaunan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka.

Manyan hanyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka wadanda ke rura wutar wannan bukatu na samun ci gaba a wani bangare daga hannun dakarun gwamnati. Ba kamar hanyoyi daga Latin Amurka ko Asiya waɗanda suka sami ƙaruwar kulawa daga masu aiwatar da muggan ƙwayoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin cikas wajen safarar haramtattun abubuwa ta Yammacin Afirka. Cin hanci da rashawa da alakar siyasa da tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa ke kara rura wutar tsarin “jihar inuwar”, inda kudaden da ake samu daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi ke ba wa ‘yan wasan gwamnati damar gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kudadensu, sannan ‘yan siyasa ke samun madafun iko da tasiri bisa yadda za su iya samun kudade daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ta wannan ma'ana, jari da albarkatun gwamnati da aka samu daga cinikin magunguna su ma suna cikin buƙatu sosai.

Shan miyagun kwayoyi

Sabbin kasuwanni na haramtattun abubuwa da kuma karbuwar karbuwar kwayoyi masu tsauri ya haifar da shari'o'in shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa a shekarun 1980 da 1990, yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi ya karu matuka a tsakanin matasa da kuma talakawan birane.^[6]

Ganin cewa kafin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi su yi jigilar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka, a yanzu sun fahimci cewa za su iya tara kudi ta hanyar sayar da kayayyakinsu a yankin. Sakamakon haka, kasashen da ke tsakiyar hanyoyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka—Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Saliyo, da Guinea-Bissau—duk sun ga karuwar shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi. A kasashe kamar Najeriya, akwai karancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na gwamnati da ake da su, wanda hakan ke barin masu shaye-shaye da iyalansu su tunkari illar kiwon lafiya da illar tattalin arziki da kansu.

Yayin da wuraren da ke damun kungiyoyin da ke kula da muggan kwayoyi ya koma kan isar da magunguna ga kasashen Yamma, ba a mai da hankali sosai kan bukatar gida da sha. Yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka ba su da isassun ayyuka ko manufofin da aka sanya don gudanar da ayyukan shaye-shaye da kamfen na yaƙi da muggan ƙwayoyi yadda ya kamata. Sarrafa magunguna daga yankin ya ba da fifiko kan daidaita fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashen yammacin Afirka.

Adadin yawan shaye-shayen kayan maye ya tsananta wasu batutuwa a Yammacin Afirka, gami da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da AIDS, yawan karuwanci, da yawan matalauta na birane waɗanda ke fama da tattalin arziki ta hanyar dogaro da kwayoyi.^[7] Shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin iyalai ya nuna tasiri mai dorewa a kan matasan birane kuma ya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar shan muggan ƙwayoyi tare da yawan damuwa da damuwa.^[8] Rikicin Casamance a Senegal misali ne na yadda karuwar bukatar kayayyaki a cikin gida ya haifar da damar kudi ga kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a yankin, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.

Shigarwa

Saboda karuwar bukatar magungunan haram^[9] da kuma karuwar riba daga haramtattun kwayoyi biyo bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1980, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma sun balle daga Afirka kuma suka samar da matsuguni a manyan garuruwa a duk fadin duniya don kafa hanyoyin sadarwar muggan kwayoyi . Kimanin kashi hudu zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na hodar iblis dake fitowa daga kasashen Latin Amurka zuwa Turai na ratsa yammacin Afirka.

Dangane da noman miyagun kwayoyi a cikin gida, Najeriya da Ghana sun kasance kan gaba wajen samar da tabar wiwi a yammacin Afirka. Ana yin noman ne da haɗin gwiwar manoman yankin, waɗanda ke shuka amfanin gona irin su okra da tumatur tare da tabar wiwi don rage haɗarin kama tsiron ko lalata gonakinsu da gwamnati ke yi. Ana kuma noma tabar wiwi a wurare masu nisa ko kuma ƙarƙashin gandun daji don ɓoye tsirran daga hukumomi.

Girman fargaba game da fadada samar da magungunan haram a yammacin Afirka ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan sarrafa wannan karuwar samar da abinci a matsayin burin da ya gabata, kan sauran batutuwa kamar amfani da muggan kwayoyi a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Manufofin kula da magunguna da ke tushen wadata sun yi mummunar tasiri ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka sami ƙarin ƙimar buƙatun haram ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba.

Sufuri

Rahoton Drug na Duniya ya bayyana cewa, "Cocaine da aka samu a Afirka ya samo asali ne daga Colombia da Peru kuma yawanci ana wucewa ta Brazil ." Heroin yakan bi ta yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, irin su Thailand, da kuma ta kasashen yammacin Asiya ta hanyar cakuduwar hanyoyin kan kasa da sufurin jiragen sama ta hanyar jigilar kaya . Ana tura waɗannan abubuwan daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin wucewa kai tsaye da hanyoyin sadarwar aikata laifuka waɗanda ƴan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ke taimakon. A wasu lokuta, masu fataucin har sun yi amfani da matafiya na kasashen waje da ba su ji ba, a matsayin masinja, ta hanyar sanya musu jakunkuna da ba su da alama a cikin kayansu domin a biya su. Tun da farko dai an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na kwantena da jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu wajen jigilar hodar iblis daga yankin Latin Amurka zuwa yammacin Afirka, amma tun lokacin da 'yan sandan kasashen ketare suka fara kula da tekun sosai, sai ga shi 'yan fashin sun fara amfani da jiragen dakon kaya na hannu na biyu wajen kai hodar iblis zuwa yammacin Afirka. Ana iya samun jirage cikin sauƙi, kuma matuƙan da ke son yin jigilar waɗannan jiragen suna da sauƙin hayar. Sakamakon rashin dogaron hanyoyin sadarwa na radar na Afirka ta Yamma da kuma ɗaukar hoto, jiragen narco na iya tashi zuwa yankin ba tare da an gano su ba. An yi safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa Turai daga Guinea-Bissau ta hanyar amfani da jiragen sama da jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke amfani da “ alfadarsu ”, ko kuma jiragen ruwa na mutane, wadanda ke hadiye kwaroron roba cike da hodar iblis domin kaucewa tsaron jiragen sama.

Ana safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen yammacin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri. A lokacin da ’yan kasuwa ke tafiya a kan titin kan ƙasa, ’yan kasuwa suna ɓoye abubuwa da wasu kayayyaki kamar gawayi, koko, da ’ya’yan itace, don ɓoye wari da kamanni a wuraren binciken ’yan sanda daban-daban. Ana kuma tafiyar da kayayyaki ta hanyar tasi da motocin daidaikun mutane a lokutan da ofisoshin gwamnati da hanyoyin kasuwanci ba su da ka'ida, kuma damar ganowa ta ragu sosai. A karshe, masu safarar muggan kwayoyi za su kuma biya jami’an tsaro da jami’an kan iyakokin kasar kudadensu don safarar abubuwa ta hanyoyin kasa da na ruwa cikin walwala ba tare da ladabtar da su ba.

Sakamakon Ƙasashen Duniya

Ingantacciyar tsaron kan iyakar Amurka tare da " yakin kan kwayoyi " a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun yi mummunan tasiri ga kungiyar ( Daniel Barrera Barrera ), kwastomomin Colombian sun yi hasarar kuɗi mai yawa. Cibiyoyin laifuka daga Afirka ta Yamma, sun kuma bazu zuwa wasu yankuna - wato Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu mutane dake tsakiyar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun gudanar da ayyuka da kungiyoyi zuwa kudancin nahiyar, inda farashin zirga-zirga da hadarin ganowa ya yi kadan kuma ana samun sabbin kasuwanni na magunguna.

Brazil da Venezuela sun zama manyan yankunan da ake safarar miyagun kwayoyi da ke kan yammacin Afirka. Tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2008 akwai metric tonne 46 na hodar iblis da 'yan sanda suka kama. Wannan ya zo daidai da yadda gwamnatin Venezuelan ta daina aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka (DEA). Rashin bin doka da oda a Venezuela, tare da rashin isasshiyar kula da iyakoki a kasashen biyu da kuma rashin isasshiyar kula da gabar teku a Brazil, na ba da damar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a kasashen biyu da makwabta. Kasashen Brazil da Venezuela na iya jigilar hodar iblis zuwa kasashen yamma da Afirka ta Kudu saboda rashin tsaro a nahiyoyin biyu.

Maganin Magunguna

Haɓaka kasancewar ƙungiyoyin fataucin biyu da ke aiki a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙaramar kasuwancin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma ya zaburar da kasuwannin cikin gida don samun nau'ikan magunguna. Kasuwancin gida na hodar iblis da tabar wiwi ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma, a wasu ƙasashe, ya yaɗa shan muggan kwayoyi a kusan kowane birni. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, marijuana (wanda aka noma da shi a sigar hashish ) ya rikide daga magani mara riba zuwa wanda ake sayar da shi a cikin gida kuma ana fataucinsa akan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a baya don hodar iblis da tabar heroin.^[10]

A baya, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gwamnati da na gwamnati sun kafa matakan dakile fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau da aka yi niyya.^[11] Manyan kasashen da ke samar da muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka a tarihi sun matsa lamba kan gwamnatocin Afirka ta Yamma da su kafa manufofin azabtarwa da kuma aiwatar da tsauraran hanyoyi na sarrafa hanyoyin kasa da kasa. Hakazalika bincike mai alaka ya mayar da hankali kan adadin kame da aka yi ko kuma adadin magungunan da aka kama, maimakon dangantakar da ke tsakanin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wannan mayar da hankali kan kamawa da kamawa ya nuna cewa ba shi da wani tasiri a kan girman cinikin muggan kwayoyi na Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya sa masu fataucin yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin rugujewa da boye kawai. Wannan hanyar sarrafa ta, duk da haka, ta yi aiki don kai hari ga ƙananan masu noman cannabis da masu amfani da kayan maye, maimakon manyan masu fataucin kuɗi waɗanda ke da kuɗi da tasiri don guje wa azabtarwa.

Sakamakon da aka samu na waɗannan manufofin tilastawa ya kasance mai tsauraran matakan tsaro a tashoshin jiragen sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, da sauran kan iyakokin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. An tarwatsa kudaden kasa da kasa tare da yin watsi da su dangane da hanyoyin sadarwa na miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashe a yunkurin dakile cin hanci da rashawa da alaka da gwamnati da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi. A kasashe irin su Najeriya, an kafa hukuncin kisa a matsayin wata hanya ta ladabtar da masu hannu da shuni a kowane mataki da kuma hana duk wani shiga harkar sayar da muggan kwayoyi.

A Najeriya, wannan ba da fifiko ga tsauraran matakan sarrafa muggan kwayoyi, wanda ya ta'azzara sakamakon alakar da ke tsakanin Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Fataucin Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Kasa da kuma shugabancin kasar, ya haifar da mummunan yaki na muggan kwayoyi na cikin gida. Waɗannan matakan ba su ƙunshi cikakken tasirin fataucin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ba, kuma sun yi watsi da yadda fataucin ya haifar da al'adar shan muggan kwayoyi a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi da cibiyoyin birni.

Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Magunguna

Wani abin da ke haifar da saurin bunƙasa cibiyar safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ya kasance tushen cin hanci da rashawa a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, idan ba duka ba. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ’yan siyasa da yawa suna amfana da kuɗin da ake wawure ta hanyar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ba su da kwarin guiwa wajen hukunta manyan masu safarar muggan ƙwayoyi da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu laifi. A mafi ƙaramar matakin ƙasa, masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna biyan jami'an kan iyaka da jami'an tsaro don wuce abubuwan ta hanyoyin sadarwar kan ƙasa cikin aminci kuma cikin ƙarancin haɗari. Ana yin wannan tattaunawa da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyin fataucin sakamakon talauci da basussukan gwamnati da ke ba su damar biyan ma’aikatan gwamnati masu cin hanci da rashawa cikin arha.

Yakin basasa, juyin mulkin soja, da sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatoci na kara ta'azzara cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. 'Yan siyasar da ke cikin wadannan gwamnatocin da ba su da kwanciyar hankali suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na sakandare, ba bisa ka'ida ba don samun karfin iko. A Guinea Bissau, shugabannin sojoji da suka kwace mulki bisa zargin rage cin hanci da rashawa sun shiga cikin harkokin cin hanci da rashawa da ke saukaka kwararar kwayoyi a kan iyakokin kasar.

Yayin da ake ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin Afirka sun kirkiro kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa domin fara sauya salon safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashensu. Najeriya ta kirkiro da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta domin tantance jami’an gwamnati da ke daure da cin hanci da wawure dukiyar kasa a cibiyoyin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Wadannan yunƙuri na rage cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, da ma sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, sun gamu da cikas saboda raunin tsarin shari'a da kuma matakan cin hanci da rashawa da ke tattare da kowane mataki na gwamnati. ^[12]

Gyara Manufofin Magunguna

A ci gaba da neman sabbin matakan kula da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da yin kwaskwarima kan matakan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun bullo da wasu tsare-tsare da suka mayar da hankali kan sauya akalar sauyi daga sarrafa fitar da haramtattun kayayyaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje. magungunan yaki da shan muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, da rage yawan shan magungunan da aka samu cikin sauki sakamakon cinikin muggan kwayoyi.

Kasashen Turai da dama da hukumomin tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi sun yi niyya don rage cutar da masu amfani da su a Afirka da kuma na duniya baki daya. Wannan yana nuna sauyi daga tsoffin manufofin da aka mayar da hankali kan kawar da fatauci da shan haramtattun abubuwa gaba ɗaya, don neman yin maganin illolinsu. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun samu ne ta hanyar bayanan manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke neman karfafa bincike kan cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, ta hanyar inganta fasahohin tattara bayanai da kuma binciken wasu hanyoyin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai da sauran haramtattun kwayoyi baya ga hodar iblis da tabar heroin. Dangane da karuwar shaye-shaye a yammacin Afirka, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan yadda za a bi da masu shan muggan kwayoyi da masu shan kwayoyi. Daga mahangar garambawul, manufar ƙungiyoyin ita ce gane hanyoyin tashin hankali da rashin shari'a da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a baya, da kuma sauya manufofin manufofin a maimakon sauƙaƙe sarrafawa ta hanyoyin bincike da muhawara.^[13]

Wurare a Yammacin Afirka

Najeriya

’Yan sandan yankin da kuma ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC) sun lura cewa shigo da kayayyaki da safarar kwayoyi da dama da suka hada da tabar wiwi da hodar iblis na karuwa. Magungunan sun samo asali ne daga yankuna zuwa Latin Amurka da Afghanistan.
Tabarbarewar harkar man fetur da kuma tabarbarewar masana’antar mai, da kuma sabbin haraji da kuma hana albarkatun kasa da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje a shekarun 1980, sun zaburar da ‘yan Najeriya da dama su koma ga rashin takaita cinikin magunguna.^[14] A tsawon lokaci, wannan ya haifar da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Najeriya a duniya waɗanda ke kewaye da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin DTO na Najeriya, ko Kungiyoyin Kasuwancin Magunguna.
Kungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi na Najeriya ana gudanar da su ne ta hannun barayin muggan kwayoyi wadanda ke gudanar da hada-hadar dillalai, ko “masu yajin aiki”, wadanda ke aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani wajen gina alakar kasashen waje, gudanar da siyar da muggan kwayoyi, da kuma karya takardun doka. Su kuma wadannan ‘yan yajin suna daukar masinjoji, domin tabbatar da cewa ba su da wata alaka da barayin kwayoyi da suke aiki a karkashinsu.
Isar da kasuwancin magunguna na duniya ya yi tasiri a cikin gida Najeriya ma. Tun a shekarar 1989, akwai asusun cibiyoyin shan muggan kwayoyi a Najeriya wadanda ke da yawan adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar tabar heroin ko hodar iblis. Wannan yanayin yana goyan bayan bayanan ƙididdiga na karuwa a cikin zinace-zinace na hodar iblis da tabar heroin a birane da birane a duk faɗin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma.
Tun a shekarun 1990, an gano kokarin da Najeriya ke yi na dakile muggan kwayoyi a matsayin mafi inganci a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, duk kuwa da binciken da aka yi ya nuna yadda ake gudanar da ayyukanta. ^[11] Hukumomin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya karkashin jagorancin hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa, sun taka rawar gani wajen hada kai da sauran kasashen Afirka wajen yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da kuma taka rawar gani a yankin. Su ma wadannan hukumomin Najeriya an sansu da dabarun ladabtarwa na musamman wajen tunkarar fataucin muggan kwayoyi, tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba da aka yi a baya da kuma yunkurin kawar da tabar wiwi gaba daya. ^[11] Sai dai kuma, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kudaden gwamnati da na cikin gida sun ragu ga hukumomin da ke amfani da irin wadannan dabaru, lamarin da ke nuni da sauya salo da yunkurin yin garambawul a manufofin miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya.
Sunan Najeriya a matsayin tushen kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa ya haifar da tashin hankali na kungiyoyi da kuma cin zarafi a kan 'yan Najeriya da aka yi musu kuskure a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya. Tsare da kuma mutuwar wasu da ake zargin ‘yan Najeriya masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a fadin nahiyar ya haifar da matsalar lafiya da kuma kare hakkin bil’adama.

Guinea-Bissau

Tun da Guinea-Bissau ta kasance yankin mulkin Portugal, 'yan Portugal ba sa buƙatar bizar Bissau-Guineans don shiga Portugal. Wannan yana ba da damar shigar da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba cikin sauƙi zuwa Turai ta amfani da "alfadara", ko tasoshin magungunan mutane.
Talauci na kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sa cinikin muggan kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya sa a dace a kasar, domin cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na iya samun kasar kimanin dala biliyan 2 a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka kusan biyu na GDP na Guinea-Bissau. A cikin biranen Turai darajar hodar Iblis da kwayoyi na iya kai kimanin dala biliyan 20.
Hare-haren da ake yi a kasar Guinea-Bissau ba bisa ka'ida ba ya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a kasar.

Ghana

An fara fallasa Ghana da tabar wiwi ta hannun sojojin Ghana da suka yi mu'amala da sinadarin a Kudancin Asiya lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Noma da amfani saboda haka ya bazu cikin sauri ta cikin manyan biranen kamar Accra . Ghana yanzu ita ce kasa ta biyu a yammacin Afirka wajen samar da tabar wiwi.
Kungiyoyi da hanyoyin Najeriya sun bazu zuwa Ghana a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma cikin sauri suka fadada yayin da aka fara hukunta masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya da kuma hukunta su kan safarar muggan kwayoyi kuma Ghana ta zama mafi aminci, madadin hanyar sadarwa. Yawancin 'yan Ghana sun fara ne a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na miyagun ƙwayoyi ko masu jigilar kaya a yankin kuma cikin sauri sun haura zuwa manyan mukamai a ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka.
Binciken fage a Ghana ya nuna cewa cinikin wiwi yana aiki ta hanyar da ake sayar da rarraba kayayyaki da jigilar kayayyaki. Ana sayen tabar wiwi ne daga manoman wasu kayan amfanin gona da ‘ya’yan itatuwa sannan a kai su wasu yankunan Ghana da sauran kasashe kamar Gambia da Senegal.^[15]
Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Narcotics ita ce babbar hukumar tabbatar da muggan ƙwayoyi ta cikin gida kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da gano abubuwa, bincikar ƙwayoyi da kamawa, da isasshiyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin manyan kamawa da kamawa. Hukumar ta NCB na da amincewar kasa da kasa kan manufofinta na tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi, amma da yawa daga cikin ‘yan sandan Ghana na cikin gida ba su da wani abin dogaro kuma an san su da shiga cikin fasa kwaurin kwayoyi da sha a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu amfani da su.

Nassoshi

↑ Bybee, A. N. (2012). The Twenty-First Century Expansion of the Transnational Drug Trade in Africa. Columbia University. OCLC 1023473046.
↑ Howell, Simon (28 November 2014). "West Africa and the transnational trade in illegal drugs: physical properties, policing, and power". Africa Review. 7: 1–14. doi:10.1080/09744053.2014.977590. S2CID 154223418.
↑ Ellis, Stephen (1 April 2009). "West Africa's International Drug Trade". African Affairs. 108 (431): 171–196. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp017. hdl:1887/13818.
↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel (2005). "Diaspora and Drug Trafficking in West Africa: A Case Study of Ghana". African Affairs. 104 (416): 429–447. doi:10.1093/afraf/adi015. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 3518723. S2CID 145648814.
↑ Shaw, Mark (2002-07-01). "West African Criminal Networks in South and Southern Africa". African Affairs. 101 (404): 291–316. doi:10.1093/afraf/101.404.291. ISSN 1468-2621.
↑ Affinnih, Yahya H. (January 2002). "Revisiting Sub-Saharan African Countries' Drug Problems: Health, Social, Economic Costs, and Drug Control Policy". Substance Use & Misuse. 37 (3): 265–290. doi:10.1081/ja-120002479. ISSN 1082-6084. PMID 11913904. S2CID 20605091.
↑ Klein, Axel (March 1999). "Nigeria & the drugs war". Review of African Political Economy. 26 (79): 51–73. doi:10.1080/03056249908704360. ISSN 0305-6244.
↑ Amosu, Sunday Mauton; Onifade, Peter Olutunde; Adamson, Taiwo Abosede (2015-12-02). "Psychoactive substance use and general mental health among refugees in a Nigerian camp". Journal of Substance Use. 21 (3): 230–236. doi:10.3109/14659891.2013.820800. ISSN 1465-9891. S2CID 74846145.
↑ Klantschnig, Gernot (2013-06-25). "West Africa's drug trade: reasons for concern and hope". Addiction. 108 (11): 1871–1872. doi:10.1111/add.12254. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 23796425. S2CID 35752022.
↑ MAZZITELLI, ANTONIO L. (2007-10-22). "Transnational organized crime in West Africa: the additional challenge". International Affairs. 83 (6): 1071–1090. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00674.x. ISSN 0020-5850. S2CID 153654626.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Klantschnig, Gernot (2009-11-12). "The politics of law enforcement in Nigeria: lessons from the war on drugs". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 47 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1017/s0022278x09990036. ISSN 0022-278X. S2CID 154441532.
↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57329386.amp
↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57329386.amp
↑ "West Africa and Drug Trafficking". Africa Economic Institute. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
↑ UNODCCP (1999-03-01). "The Drug Nexus in Africa" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2019-04-15.

[:4-1] Bybee, A. N. (2012). The Twenty-First Century Expansion of the Transnational Drug Trade in Africa. Columbia University. OCLC 1023473046.

[:0-2] Howell, Simon (28 November 2014). "West Africa and the transnational trade in illegal drugs: physical properties, policing, and power". Africa Review. 7: 1–14. doi:10.1080/09744053.2014.977590. S2CID 154223418.

[:1-3] Ellis, Stephen (1 April 2009). "West Africa's International Drug Trade". African Affairs. 108 (431): 171–196. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp017. hdl:1887/13818.

[:8-4] Akyeampong, Emmanuel (2005). "Diaspora and Drug Trafficking in West Africa: A Case Study of Ghana". African Affairs. 104 (416): 429–447. doi:10.1093/afraf/adi015. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 3518723. S2CID 145648814.

[:5-5] Shaw, Mark (2002-07-01). "West African Criminal Networks in South and Southern Africa". African Affairs. 101 (404): 291–316. doi:10.1093/afraf/101.404.291. ISSN 1468-2621.

[:11-6] Affinnih, Yahya H. (January 2002). "Revisiting Sub-Saharan African Countries' Drug Problems: Health, Social, Economic Costs, and Drug Control Policy". Substance Use & Misuse. 37 (3): 265–290. doi:10.1081/ja-120002479. ISSN 1082-6084. PMID 11913904. S2CID 20605091.

[:12-7] Klein, Axel (March 1999). "Nigeria & the drugs war". Review of African Political Economy. 26 (79): 51–73. doi:10.1080/03056249908704360. ISSN 0305-6244.

[8] Amosu, Sunday Mauton; Onifade, Peter Olutunde; Adamson, Taiwo Abosede (2015-12-02). "Psychoactive substance use and general mental health among refugees in a Nigerian camp". Journal of Substance Use. 21 (3): 230–236. doi:10.3109/14659891.2013.820800. ISSN 1465-9891. S2CID 74846145.

[:6-9] Klantschnig, Gernot (2013-06-25). "West Africa's drug trade: reasons for concern and hope". Addiction. 108 (11): 1871–1872. doi:10.1111/add.12254. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 23796425. S2CID 35752022.

[10] MAZZITELLI, ANTONIO L. (2007-10-22). "Transnational organized crime in West Africa: the additional challenge". International Affairs. 83 (6): 1071–1090. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00674.x. ISSN 0020-5850. S2CID 153654626.

[:7-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Klantschnig, Gernot (2009-11-12). "The politics of law enforcement in Nigeria: lessons from the war on drugs". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 47 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1017/s0022278x09990036. ISSN 0022-278X. S2CID 154441532.

[12] ttps://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57329386.amp

[13] ttps://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57329386.amp

[:2-14] "West Africa and Drug Trafficking". Africa Economic Institute. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018.

[15] UNODCCP (1999-03-01). "The Drug Nexus in Africa" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2019-04-15.

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