Wikipedia

Harsuna Gbe

eeHarsuna Gbe (mai suna [ɡ͡bè]) sun samar da tarin harsuna kusan ashirin da suka danganci yankin tsakanin gabashin Ghana da yammacin Najeriya. Adadin masu magana da yarukan Gbe yana tsakanin miliyan huɗu zuwa takwas. Harshen Gbe da aka fi magana da shi shine Ewe (masu magana su miliyan 10.3 a Ghana da Togo), sannan Fon (miliyan 5, galibi a Benin). An sanya harsunan Gbe a cikin reshen Kwa na yarukan Nijar-Congo, amma kwanan nan an rarraba su a matsayin yarukan Volta-Niger. Sun hada da manyan rukuni biyar na yare: Ewe, Fon, Aja, Gen (Mina), Gun da Phla-Pherá .

Harsuna Gbe
Linguistic classification
Glottolog gbee1241[1]
masu yaren ɡ͡bè

Yawancin mutanen Gbe sun zo ne daga gabas zuwa wuraren zama na yanzu a cikin ƙaura da yawa tsakanin karni na goma da goma sha biyar. Wasu daga cikin mutanen Phla-Pherá duk da haka ana zaton su ne ainihin mazaunan yankin waɗanda suka haɗu da baƙi na Gbe, kuma mutanen Gen tabbas sun samo asali ne daga Mutanen Ga-Adangbe a Ghana. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha takwas, an bautar da masu magana da Gbe da yawa kuma an kai su Sabon Duniya: an yi imanin cewa harsunan Gbe sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin harsunan Caribbean da yawa, musamman Haitian Creole.

A kusa da 1840, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Jamus sun fara binciken harshe a cikin yarukan Gbe. A farkon rabin karni na ashirin, masanin Afirka Diedrich Hermann Westermann yana daya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa ga nazarin Gbe. H.B. Capo ne ya buga rarrabuwa ta farko ta cikin gida na yarukan Gbe a shekarar 1988, sannan ya biyo bayan kwatankwacin sauti a shekarar 1991. Harsunan Gbe sune tonal, harsuna masu warewa kuma tsari na asali shine batun-kalma-abu.

Harsuna

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Yanayin ƙasa da yawan jama'a

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Yankin yaren Gbe yana da iyaka zuwa yamma da gabas da Kogin Volta a Ghana da Kogin Weme a Benin. Yankin arewa yana tsakanin digiri 6 zuwa 8 kuma iyakar kudancin ita ce bakin tekun Atlantic. Yankin yana makwabtaka da wasu yarukan Kwa, ban da gabas da arewa maso gabas, inda ake magana da Yoruba. A yamma, ana magana da Ga-Dangme, Guang da Akan. A arewa, Adele, Aguna, Akpafu, Lolobi, da Yorùbá ne ke da iyaka.

Kimanin yawan masu magana da harsunan Gbe ya bambanta sosai. Capo (1988) ya ba da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na miliyan huɗu, yayin da SIL's Ethnologue (15th edition, 2005) ya ba da miliyan takwas. Harsunan Gbe da aka fi magana da su sune Ewe (Ghana da Togo) da Fon (Benin, gabashin Togo) a cikin masu magana miliyan huɗu da miliyan 3, bi da bi. Ewe yare ne na ilimi na yau da kullun don makarantun sakandare da jami'o'i a Ghana, kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin ilimi mara kyau a Togo. A Benin, Aja (masu magana da 740,000) da Fon sun kasance biyu daga cikin harsuna shida na kasa da gwamnati ta zaba don ilimin manya a shekarar 1992.

Rarraba

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Greenberg, bayan Westermann (1952), ya sanya yarukan Gbe a cikin dangin Kwa na yarukan Nijar-Congo. [2] Girman reshen Kwa ya canza a cikin shekaru, kuma Roger Blench ya sanya yarukan Gbe a cikin reshen Volta-Niger tare da tsoffin yarukan Kwa na Gabas a gabashin su.

Gbe ci gaba ne na yaren. Dangane da bincike na kwatankwacin, Capo (1988) ya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyar, tare da kowane rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan da yawa da ke fahimtar juna. Yankunan tsakanin tarin ba koyaushe suke da bambanci ba. Ƙungiyoyin biyar sune: [3]

Sunan Sauran sunaye Masu magana Wasu yaruka Yankin
Ewe Ya ce, ya ce:  ca. 3,600,000 Anlo, (Yankin Keta) Ewedome, (Yardin Ho) Tongu (Yankin Sogakope) ƙasa da rabi na Ghana gabashin Kogin Volta; kudu maso yammacin Togo
Gen Gẽ, Mina, Gɛn gbe  ca. 400,000 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tafkin Togo, a kusa da AnexoƘaddamarwa
Aja Aja gbe, Adja  ca. 500,000 Dogbo, Sikpi Togo, yankin Benin, cikin ƙasa tare da Kogin Mono
Fon Tushen da ya faru  ca. 1,700,000 Gun, Kpase, Agbome, Maxi kudu maso gabashin Togo, Benin yammacin Kogin Weme da bakin tekun
Phla-Pherá Fla, Offra, Xwla gbe  ca. 400,000 Alada, Toli, Ayizo Togo da Benin a bakin tekun da kewayen Tafkin Ahémé

Angela Kluge (2011) ta ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Gbe sun ƙunshi ci gaba da yaren da za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan rukuni uku.

  • Yammacin Gbe iri-iri (Ewe, Gen_language" id="mwiw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gen language">Gen, da Arewa maso yammacin Gbe): Adan, Agoi / Gliji, Agu, Anexo, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Gbin, Gen, Kpelen, Kpési, Togo, Vhlin, Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi (kuma Awuna?)
  • Tsakiyar Gbe iri: Aja (Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi, Tado, Tala)
  • Gabashin Gbe iri-iri (Fon_language" id="mwkw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fon language">Fon, Gabashin Xwela" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Phla–Pherá languages">Phla-Pherá, da Yammacin Phla-Fherá): Agbome, Ajra, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Daxe, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi, Movolo, Saxwe, Se, Seto, Tofin, Toli, Wemewela, Xwla (Eastern), Xwla (Western), X Paula (Wudu?)

Sunayen

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Westermann, marubucin da ya fi tasiri a cikin rukuni, ya kira yaren yaren gaba ɗaya 'Ewe', wanda ya yi amfani da kalmar 'Standard Ewe' don komawa ga rubutun yaren. Sauran marubuta sun kira harsunan Gbe gaba ɗaya 'Aja', bayan sunan yaren yankin Aja-Tado a Benin. Koyaya, amfani da sunan wannan harshe ɗaya don tarin harshe gaba ɗaya ba kawai ba a yarda da shi ba ga duk masu magana har ma da rikicewa. Tun lokacin [4] aka kafa ƙungiyar aiki a Majalisar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka a Cotonou a cikin 1980, an yarda da shawarar sunan H. Gbe. Capo gabaɗaya: '","href":"./Template:'"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwpQ" style="padding-left:0.1em;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">'', wanda shine kalmar 'harshe / yaren' a kowane ɗayan harsuna.

Tarihi

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Kafin 1600

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Ketu, zama a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu (wanda aka fi sani da Dahomey), na iya zama wurin farawa mai dacewa don taƙaitaccen tarihin mutanen da ke magana da Gbe. Hadisai na Ewe suna nufin Ketu a matsayin Amedzofe ("asalin bil'adama") ko Mawufe ("gida na Mai Girma"). An yi imanin cewa mazaunan Ketu sun matsa zuwa yamma ta hanyar jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin karni na goma da na goma sha uku. A Ketu, kakannin mutanen da ke magana da Gbe sun raba kansu da sauran 'yan gudun hijira kuma sun fara kafa nasu ainihi.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Hare-haren tsakanin karni na goma sha uku da goma sha biyar sun kori babban bangare na kungiyar har yanzu zuwa yamma. Sun zauna a tsohuwar masarautar Tado (kuma Stado ko Stádó) a kan kogin Mono (a Togo ta yanzu). Masarautar Tado muhimmiyar jiha ce a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyar.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

A cikin karni na goma sha uku ko goma sha huɗu, masarautar Notsie (ko Notsé, Notsye, Wancé) an kafa ta ne ta hanyar masu ƙaura daga masarautar Tado; Notsie daga baya (kimanin 1500) zai zama gidan wani rukuni na baƙi daga Tado, Mutanen Ewe. A kusa da 1550, masu ƙaura daga Tado sun kafa mulkin Allada (ko Alada), wanda ya zama cibiyar Mutanen Fon. Tado kuma shine asalin Mutanen Aja; a zahiri, ana amfani da sunan Aja-Tado (Adja-Tado) akai-akai don komawa ga yarensu.Aja an dauke ta uwa ce ta sauran mutanen da ke magana da harshen Gbe kamar yadda yawancin kabilun ke bin hanyoyin ƙaura ta hanyar Aja Tado (wanda aka fi sani da Azame).  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Sauran mutanen da ke magana da yarukan Gbe a yau sune Fanta-linkid="270" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gen people"]}}' href="./Gen_people" id="mwwg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gen people" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Mutanen Gen (Mina, Ge) a kusa da Anexo, waɗanda mai yiwuwa asalin Ga ne da Fante, da mutanen Phla da Pherá, wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi mazaunan gargajiya na yankin da suka haɗu da baƙi na farko daga Tado. [5]

'Yan kasuwa na Turai da cinikin bayi na Atlantic

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Shafin farko na Mutanen Espanya / Gen version na 1658 Doctrina ChristianaKoyarwar Christiana

Ba a san komai game da tarihin yarukan Gbe ba a lokacin da 'yan kasuwa na Portuguese, Dutch da Danish ne kawai suka sauka a Gold Coast (kimanin 1500 zuwa 1650). Cinikin mafi yawan zinariya da kayan aikin gona ba su da tasiri sosai a kan tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu na lokacin. Ba a ji bukatar bincika harsuna da al'adu na asali ba; harsunan da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwanci a wannan lokacin sune Portuguese da Dutch. Wasu haƙa-linkid="283" href="./Loanword" id="mw0g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Loanword">kalmomin aro sun kasance daga wannan lokacin, misali atrapoe 'matakala' daga tarko Dutch da 'dekki' ' (wani yanki na) zane' daga Dutch doek ko Danish dug. Ƙananan bayanan da aka rubuta daga wannan lokacin suna mai da hankali kan kasuwanci. Yayin da yawancin ƙasashen Turai suka kafa wuraren kasuwanci a yankin, an aika da mishaneri. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1658, masu wa'azi na Mutanen Espanya sun fassara Doctrina Christiana cikin harshen Allada, suna mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin matani na farko a kowane yaren Yammacin Afirka. Harshen Gbe [6] aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan takarda ana zaton wani nau'i ne na Gen.

Yanayin zaman lafiya ya canza sosai tare da hauhawar Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, wanda ya kai kololuwa a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas lokacin da aka fitar da bayi 15,000 a kowace shekara daga yankin da ke kusa da Benin a matsayin wani ɓangare na cinikayya ta triangular tsakanin ƙasar Turai, yammacin gabar Afirka da yankunan Sabon Duniya (musamman Caribbean). Manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wannan tsari sun kasance 'yan kasuwa na Dutch (kuma zuwa ƙaramin Ingilishi); an ba da fursunoni galibi ta hanyar hadin gwiwar jihohin Afirka na bakin teku.

Bight na Benin, daidai yankin da ake magana da yarukan Gbe, yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin cinikin bayi a farkon karni na sha takwas. Fitar da 5% na yawan jama'a a kowace shekara ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'ar gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, tunda yawancin fursunonin da aka fitar da su maza ne, cinikin bayi ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin mace / namiji. A wasu sassan Slave Coast rabo ya kai mata biyu ga kowane namiji. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa (wani lokacin da aka tayar da su da gangan daga ikon Turai don raba da mulki) sun kara karkatar da dangantakar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a yankin. Rashin bayanan harshe na baya ya sa ya zama da wahala a gano canje-canjen harshe da ba za a iya gujewa ba waɗanda suka haifar da wannan lokacin tashin hankali.

Mulkin mallaka da ci gaba

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A kusa da 1850, cinikin bayi na Atlantic ya kusan daina. Yayin da ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai ya karfafa, an haramta cin zarafin bayi, cinikayya ta mayar da hankali kan kayayyaki kuma Turawa sun dauki shi a matsayin kiransu na kiristanci a yankunan da aka mallaka na Afirka. A cikin 1847 Norddeutsche Missions-Gesellschaft (Bremen) ya fara aikinsa a Keta.

A shekara ta 1857, mai wa'azi na ƙasashen waje J. B. Schlegel na aikin Bremen ne ya buga rubutun farko na Ewe, Schlüssel der Ewesprache, dargeboten in den Grammatischen Grundzügen des Anlodialekts. Harshen yare daban-daban guda biyar na Gbe (a wannan lokacin ana kiransa Yaren Ewé) Schlegel ya riga ya rarrabe su, ya lura Robert Needham Cust a cikin Harsunan zamani na Afirka (1883). [7] Yaren da Cust ya lissafa ba su da taswirar daidai a kan ƙananan rukuni biyar da Capo ya rarrabe yanzu, wanda ba abin mamaki ba ne tunda Cust da kansa ya yarda cewa ya dogara da tarin tushen rikice-rikice. Fon a zahiri an jera shi sau biyu (sau ɗaya a matsayin 'harshe na lardin Dahomé' kuma sau ɗaya a matsayin'Fogbe').

Inda wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata sun kunshi mafi yawan mujallu na tafiye-tafiye wani lokacin tare da gajerun jerin kalmomi, aikin Schlegel ya nuna farkon lokacin bincike na lexicographic da harshe a cikin harsunan Gbe daban-daban. Muhimman marubutan wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Johann Gottlieb Christaller (Die Volta-Sprachen-Gruppe, 1888), Ernst Henrici (Lehrbuch der Ephe-Sprache, 1891, a zahiri kwatankwacin farko na harshen Gbe), J. Knüsli (Ewe-German-English Vocabulary, 1892) da Maurice Delafosse (Manuel Dahoméen (Fon), 1894).

A cikin 1902 mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje Diedrich Hermann Westermann ya ba da gudummawa ga wani labarin mai taken "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Yewe-Sprachen a Togo" ga Zeitschrift für Afrikanische und Oceanische Sprachen . Westermann ya zama ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da suka fi dacewa da tasiri a kan yarukan Gbe, kuma fitarwarsa ta mamaye wallafe-wallafen Gbe da bincike na farkon rabin karni na ashirin. Ya rubuta galibi a kan yarukan Gbe na Yamma, musamman a kan Ewe (ko da yake sau da yawa yana amfani da kalmar 'Ewe' don nuna ci gaba da yaren Gbe gaba ɗaya). Daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa game da Ewe sune A Study of the Ewe language (1930) da Wörterbuch der Ewe-Sprache (1954).

Renaissance na Gbe

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Daga 1930 zuwa gaba, wallafe-wallafe a kan harsuna daban-daban na Gbe sun bayyana da sauri, yawancin su suna hulɗa da harsunan Gbe. Wani muhimmin banbanci ya samo asali ne daga bincike mai zurfi na harshe na Hounkpati B Christophe Capo, wanda ya haifar da rarrabawar ciki na harsunan Gbe da sake gina ilimin sauti na proto-Gbe. Yawancin bincike na kwatankwacin Capo na rarraba harsunan Gbe an gudanar da shi a cikin shekarun 1970s, kuma an buga wasu sakamako a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s a cikin nau'ikan labarai game da takamaiman ci gaban phonological a cikin rassa daban-daban na Gbe kuma, musamman, a cikin nau-nau'in daidaitattun orthography na Gbe. A cikin Renaissance na Gbe (1988), an buga rarrabuwa ta ciki ta Gbe a karo na farko. A cikin 1991, Capo ya buga kwatankwacin phonology na Gbe. A wannan lokacin, Capo ya kuma fara Labo Gbe (Int.) , 'Laboratory for research on Gbe languages', wanda ke zaune a Benin, wanda tun daga lokacin ya inganta bincike kuma ya buga tarin takardu da yawa akan Gbe harsuna.

A farkon shekarun 1990s, SIL International ta fara binciken don tantance waɗanne al'ummomin Gbe zasu iya amfana daga kokarin karatu da rubutu da kuma ko za a buƙaci ƙarin kamfen na karatu da rubutu a wasu sauran al'ummomi. Binciken harshe [8] lokaci-lokaci da aka gudanar a yayin wannan binciken ya ba da haske game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan Gbe daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, binciken SIL ya tabbatar da yawancin binciken Capo kuma ya haifar da daidaita wasu ƙungiyoyinsa na gwaji.

Fasahar sauti

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Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

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An tabbatar da sassan sauti masu zuwa a cikin yarukan Gbe:

Harshen Gbe consonants phonetic inventory (Capo 1991:39)
Labari Hanci da hakora<br id="mwASA"> Lamino-interdental
tsakanin hakora 		Lamino-alveolar
 Apico-post-alveolar
bayan alveolar 		Alveolo-palatal<br id="mwAS4"> Palatal Velar Rashin ƙarfi
fili Lab. fili Lab. fili Lab.
Hanci m n ɲ ŋ ŋw
Plosive /Affricate
Rashin lafiya 		ba tare da murya ba p t ts tʃ k k͡p
murya b d dz Abin da ya faru dʒ ɡ ɡ͡b
Fricative ba tare da murya ba Sanya f s ʃ χ χw
murya β v z ʒ ʁ ʁw
Trill fili r
nasalized r̃
Kusanci fili l j Ƙarshen Sanya w
nasalized l̃ j̃ Rayuwa w̃

Bayani

  • Ana rubuta ma'anar apico-postalveolar gabaɗaya kuma ana rubuta su tare da alamomi don ma'anar ma'anar alveolar, ban da tsayawar murya, wanda ke amfani da alamar don tsayawar muryar murya [ɖ]. Wannan kawai don rarrabe shi daga muryar murya ta lamino-dental, kuma ba za a fassara shi a matsayin mai amfani da shi ba.
  • Teburin da ke sama ya lissafa sassan phonetic da aka tabbatar. Wasu daga cikin sautunan da aka jer a nan suna cikin l="cx-link" data-linkid="447" href="./Free_variation" id="mwAgY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Free variation">bambancin kyauta tare da wasu sautuna (misali r da r̃ tare da l da l̃). Ana kiran mai karatu zuwa harsuna daban-daban don bayyani game da kayan aikin su.

Babu wani yaren Gbe da ke nuna dukkan sassan sauti arba'in da biyu da ke sama. A cewar Capo (1991), dukansu suna da waɗannan ƙididdiga ashirin da uku: b, m, t, d, ɖ, n, k, g, kp, gb, ɲ, f, v, s, z, χ, ʁ, r, r̃, l, l̃, y, w.

Sautin sautin

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Ana samun sautunan da ke ƙasa a cikin yarukan Gbe:

Lissafin sauti na wasula a cikin harsunan Gbe
Capo 1991:24 A gaba Tsakiya Komawa
Kusa i • ĩ u • ũ
Tsakanin Tsakiya e • ẽ o • õ
ə • ə̃
Bude-tsakiya ɛ • ɛ̃ ɔ • ɔ̃
Bude a • ã

Gabaɗaya, kowane nau'in Gbe yana amfani da ƙananan wasula goma sha biyu, bakwai na baki da biyar. Ana tabbatar da wasula /i ĩ u ũ e o ɛ̃ ɔ̃ a ã/ a duk yarukan Gbe.

Nasalization yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lissafin wasula: kowane wasula a cikin harsunan Gbe yana faruwa a cikin nau'in da ba na nasalized ba. Capo (1991) ya lura cewa matakin nasality na wasula na hanci ba shi da yawa lokacin da suka faru bayan sassan hanci fiye da bayan wadanda ba na hanci.

Nasalization a cikin Gbe

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[9] (1981) ya yi jayayya cewa nasalization a cikin harsunan Gbe ya kamata a bincika su a matsayin fasalin da ya dace da wasula kuma ba ga consonants ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa wasulan hanci sun bambanta da wasulan baki, yayin da ake bi da nasal da murya a matsayin bambance-bambance masu tsinkaye. Misali, sassan hanci marasa sauti koyaushe suna bin sautin hanci, kuma ana nazarin sassan hansi na syllabic a matsayin rage nau'ikan sassan sautin. Wannan bincike yana cikin layi tare [10] sake fasalin harshen proto-Volta-Congo, wanda aka yi irin wannan shawarwari.

Sauti

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Harsunan Gbe harsuna ne na sauti. Gabaɗaya, suna da matakai uku na sautin, High (H), Mid (M), da Low (L), waɗanda ƙananan biyun ba su da bambanci. Don haka, mahimman tonemes na Gbe sune 'High' da 'Non-High', inda za'a iya fahimtar High toneme a matsayin High ko Rising kuma Non-High toneme za'a mën a fahimta a matsayin Low ko Mid. Sautunan sunaye Gbe sau da yawa suna shafar ma'anar ma'anar suna. murya wannan ma'anar tana shafar fahimtar Non-High toneme kamar haka: Idan ma'anar ita ce mai hana murya, ana gane ma'anar ma'anar a matsayin Low (è-ḏà 'macijin') kuma idan ma'anar ba ta da murya ko sonorant, ana gane ba ta da ma'anar "mutum", à-f̱ī 'maci'. Harshen da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen sauti ta wannan hanyar ana kiransu haruffa masu bakin ciki.

Yanayin Yanayi

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Ana fassara nau'in syllable na asali na harsunan Gbe (C1) (C2) V (C3), ma'ana cewa aƙalla dole ne a sami ƙirar V, kuma akwai nau'ikan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran (C1-3). Matsayi na V na iya cikawa da kowane wasali ko ta hanyar hanci. Har ila yau, wurin sautin ne. Duk da yake kusan kowane ma'anar na iya faruwa a matsayin C1, akwai ƙuntatawa da yawa akan irin ma'anar da za ta iya faruwa a cikin matsayi na C2 da C3. Gabaɗaya, kawai 3" href="./Liquid_consonants" id="mwAmo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Liquid consonants">sassan ruwa zasu iya faruwa a matsayin C2 , yayin da hanci kawai ke faruwa a matsayin F3.

Yawancin kalmomi a cikin harsunan Gbe suna da ɗaya daga cikin siffofin syllable na asali. Ana gabatar da sunayen Gbe gabaɗaya ta hanyar prefix aɖú suna wanda ya ƙunshi wasali (cf. kalmar Ewe__hau____hau____hau__, 'ƙuƙwalwa'). Ingancin wannan wasula an ƙuntata shi ga ƙananan wasula marasa hanci. A wasu lokuta ana rage sunan zuwa Izu="510" href="./Schwa" id="mwAnM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Schwa">schwa ko ya ɓace: kalmar don 'wuta' ita ce izo a cikin Phelá, শ্বেই-Ewe da dʒo a cikin Pecí-Ewe. Ana iya ganin prefix din a matsayin abin tunawa na tsarin aji na Nijar-Congo.

Harsunan Gbe suna ware harsuna, kuma saboda haka suna bayyana siffofi da yawa ta hanyar abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Daga cikin yanayin haɗuwa da yawa sune gine-ginen periphrastic da aka saba amfani da su. Ya bambanta da yarukan Bantu, babban reshe na dangin yaren Neja-Congo, yarukan Gbe suna da ƙarancin yanayin juyawa. Misali babu wata yarjejeniya ta batun-kalma a cikin Gbe, babu yarjejeniyar jinsi, kuma babu jujjuyawar sunaye don lamba. Harsunan Gbe suna amfani da tsarin wadataccen alamun lokaci / fasalin.

Reduplication tsari ne na morphological wanda tushen ko tushe na kalma, ko wani ɓangare na shi, ana Maimaitawa shi. Harsunan Gbe, kamar yawancin sauran yarukan Kwa, suna amfani da reduplication sosai wajen samar da sababbin kalmomi, musamman a cikin samun sunaye, adjectives da adverbs daga aikatau. Don haka a cikin Ewe, aikatau lã́, 'don yanke', an zaba shi ta 'Lanan' sakewa, yana samar da lãlã́, 'aikin yanka'. Ana amfani da triplication don ƙarfafa ma'anar adjectives da adverbs, misali Ewe ko 'kawai' → kokooko 'kawai, kawai, kawai'.

Harshen harshe

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Tsarin kalma na asali na sassan Gbe gabaɗaya batun-kalma-abu ne, sai dai a cikin yanayin ajizanci da wasu gine-gine masu alaƙa. [11] Gbe, musamman Ewe, Fon da Anlo, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin harsunan Caribbean da yawa - Haitian Creole misali ana iya rarraba shi azaman samun ƙamus na Faransanci tare da haɗin harshen Gbe.

Harsunan Gbe ba su da bambanci tsakanin lokaci da al'amari. Abinda kawai ake nunawa ta hanyar alamar morphological mai sauƙi a cikin harsunan Gbe shine yanayin gaba. a nan gaba ita ce ná ko a, kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga misalai da ke ƙasa.

Sauran lokutan suna zuwa ta hanyar maganganun lokaci na musamman ko ta hanyar ƙaddara daga mahallin, kuma wannan shine inda bambancin lokaci / fasalin ya zama mai duhu. Misali, abin da wani lokacin ake kira cikakkiyar al'amari a cikin Gbe ya haɗu da ra'ayin lokacin da ya gabata tunda yana nuna wani taron tare da takamaiman ƙarshen, wanda yake a baya (duba misali kalmomi a ƙasa).    Maida hankali, wanda ake amfani da shi don jawo hankali ga wani ɓangare na furcin, don nuna bambanci ko don jaddada wani abu, ana bayyana shi ne cikin harsunan Gbe ta hanyar motsi na hagu na ɓangaren da aka mayar da hankali kuma ta hanyar alamar Mai da hankali wɛ́ (Gungbe, Fongbe), yé (Gengbe) ko é (Ewegbe), wanda aka haɗa da ɓangaren da ake mayar da hankali.   Ana iya gina <a href="./Tambaya" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="633" data-cx="{&quot;adapted&quot;:false,&quot;sourceTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Question&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:{&quot;source&quot;:&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Question_in_a_question_in_a_question_in_a_question.gif/80px-Question_in_a_question_in_a_question_in_a_question.gif&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:80,&quot;height&quot;:117},&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Request for information&quot;,&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q189756&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;targetFrom&quot;:&quot;mt&quot;}">Tambayoyi</a> ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yarukan Gbe. Za'a iya juya jumla mai sauƙi <i>zuwa</i> magana mai tambaya ta hanyar amfani da alamar tambaya a ƙarshen jumla. Wata hanyar da za a iya yin tambayoyi ita ce ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin tambaya. Wadannan tambayoyin da ake kira <i>Tambayoyin kalma</i> suna da alaƙa da mayar da hankali ga gine-gine a Gbe. Ana samun kalmar tambaya a farkon jumla, kamar yadda alamar mayar da hankali take. Dangantaka ta kusa da mayar da hankali ta bayyana daga gaskiyar cewa a cikin Gbe, jumla ba za ta iya ƙunsar kalmar tambaya da maida hankali a lokaci guda ba.    Topicalization, siginar batun da ake magana game da shi, ana samun sa a cikin harsunan Gbe ta hanyar motsawar ɓangaren da aka tsara zuwa farkon jumla. A wasu harsunan Gbe, ana sanya alamar taken zuwa kashi mai mahimmanci. A wasu harsunan Gbe dole ne batun ya zama tabbatacce. Wani abu mai mahimmanci yana gaba da abin da aka mayar da hankali a cikin jumla da ke dauke da duka biyun.  

Ana nuna musantawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yarukan Gbe. Ni, ana iya rarrabe hanyo uku na musantawa: Harsuna kamar Gungbe suna nuna musantawa ta hanyar alamar preverbal má; Harsunan Fongbe-type suna nuna musayar ko dai kamar Gungpe, ko tare da alamar jumla ta ƙarshe ã; kuma harsuna kamar Ewegbe suna buƙatar alamar preverbal mé da alamar jumla-ƙarshen o

Ƙaryatãwa (misali da aka daidaita daga Aboh 2003 ba a buga ba)   (misali da aka daidaita daga Aboh 2003 ba a buga shi ba)
Kɔ̀jó má xɔ̀ kátikáti lɔ́ Kojo NEG sayi kite DET Kojo bai sayi kite ba (Gungbe)
Kɔ̀kú má ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ Koku NEG FUT sayen crab DET Koku ba zai sayi crab ba (Fongbe)
Kɔ̀kú ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ ã Koku FUT sayi crab DET NEG Koku ba zai sayi crab ba (Fongbe)
Kòfi mé ɖù nú ò Kofi NEG cin abu NEG Kofi bai ci ba (Yana da shi)

Harsunan Gbe suna da fasalin yankin wanda aka samo a cikin harsuna da yawa na tafkin Volta, tsarin aikatau na serial. Wannan yana nufin cewa za'a iya haɗa kalmomi biyu ko fiye a cikin sashe ɗaya, suna raba batun ɗaya, ba tare da alamomi masu haɗuwa ba, wanda ke haifar da ma'anar da ke nuna bangare na gaba ko lokaci guda na ayyukan kalmomin.

 

Dubi kuma

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Bayani da nassoshi

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Bayani

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gbee1241 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Greenberg (1966), The Languages of Africa.
  3. ↑ Sources: for the classification, Capo (1991) & Aboh (2004); for speaker numbers, Ethnologue, 15th edition.
  4. ↑ In daily use, individual Gbe languages are referred to by their speakers as X-gbe, e.g. Ewegbe for Ewe, Fongbe for Fon, etc.
  5. ↑ Capo 1991:10; see also the section on linguistic diversity in Phla–Pherá languages.
  6. ↑ This catechism was reprinted in Labouret & Rivet 1929, who also document the history of the Spanish mission in Allada or Arda.
  7. ↑ Cust, The Modern Languages of Africa, p. 204.
  8. ↑ Some of the results of this study were presented in Kluge (2000, 2005, 2006).
  9. ↑ Cf. Capo (1981).
  10. ↑ Cf. Stewart, John (1985) 'Nasality patterns in the Volta–Congo foot.' Paper presented at the Colloquium on African Linguistics, Leiden, Sept. 1985.
  11. ↑ Lefebvre (1985). A recent research project of the Leiden-based Research School CNWS on this topic concerns the relation between Gbe and Surinamese creole languages. The project is titled A trans-Atlantic Sprachbund? The structural relationship between the Gbe-languages of West Africa and the Surinamese creole languages.

Manazarta

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  • Aboh, O. Enoch (2004) The Morphosyntax of Complement-Head Sequences (Clause Structure and Word Order Patterns in Kwa) New York da dai sauransu: Oxford University Press.
  • Amenumey, D.E.K. (2002) Tarihin Ewe. An samo shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2005.
  • Ansre, Gilbert (1961) Tsarin Tonal na Ewe . MA Thesis, Makarantar Ayyuka ta Kennedy ta Gidauniyar Hartford.
  • Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001) 'Ewe'. A cikin Garry da Rubino (eds.), Gaskiya Game da Harsunan Duniya: Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present, 207-213. New York/Dublin: Kamfanin H.W. Wilson .
  • Blench, Roger (2006) Archaeology, Language, da Afirka ta Gabatarwa. AltaMira Press.
  • Capo, Hounkpati BC (1981) 'Nasality in Gbe: A Synchronic Interpretation' Nazarin a cikin ilimin harshe na Afirka, 12, 1, 1-43.
  • Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1988) Renaissance du Gbe: Tunanin da ya dace da kuma ginawa game da EVE, FON, GEN, AJA, GUN, da dai sauransu Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
  • Capo, Hounkpati BC (1991) A Comparative Phonology of Gbe, Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Afirka da Harshe, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Benin: Labo Gbe (Int).
  • Cust, Robert Needham (1883) Harsunan zamani na Afirka.
  • Duthie, A.S. & Vlaardingerbroek, R.K. (1981) Bibliography of Gbe - wallafe-wallafe a kan kuma a cikin harshen Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) Harsunan Afirka (2nd ed. tare da ƙari da gyare-gyare). Bloomington: Jami'ar Indiana.
  • Greene, Sandra E. (2002) Wuraren tsarki: Gamuwa da mulkin mallaka. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.   ISBN 0-253-21517-X (a kan layi)  
  • Henrici, Ernst (1891) Lehrbuch der Ephe-Sprache (Ewe) Anlo-, Anecho- und Dahome-Mundart (mit Glossar und einer Karte der Sklavenküste) . Stuttgart/Berlin: W. Spemann. (shafi na 270)
  • Labouret, Henir and Paul Rivet (1929) Mulkin Arda da Bishara a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Paris: Cibiyar Nazarin Ethnology.
  • Lefebvre, Claire (1985) 'Relexification in creole genesis revisited: the case of Haitian Creole'. A cikin Muysken & Smith (eds.) Substrate da Universals a cikin Creole Farawa . Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Kluge, Angela (2000) 'Harshe iri-iri na Yammacin Afirka - bincike mai yawa na siffofin ƙamus da ƙamus'. [ba a buga rubutun MA ba, Jami'ar Wales, Kwalejin Cardiff].
  • Kluge, Angela (2005) 'Binciken ƙamus na lokaci-lokaci na nau'ikan yaren Gbe: Tasirin ka'idojin hukunci daban-daban' Binciken Harshe 3, 1, 22-53.
  • Kluge, Angela (2006) 'Binciken inganci da yawa na siffofin ilimin lissafi da aka samo daga cikin nau'ikan yaren Gbe na Yammacin Afirka' Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 27, 1, 53-86.
  • Pasch, Helma (1995) Kurzgrammatik na Ewe Köln: Köppe.
  • Stewart, John M. (1989) 'Kwa'. A cikin: Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar-Congo. Lanham, MD: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka.
  • Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1930) Nazarin Harshe na Ewe London: Oxford University Press.
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