Ƙaunar ƙasar Igbo

Ƙasashen Igbo ko yankin kasar Igbo wani nau'i ne na kabilanci na kabilun da suka shafi Mutanen Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Duk da yake an bayyana kalmar a matsayin neman 'yancin kai na Igbo ta wasu, wasu suna jayayya cewa tana nufin adanawa da farfado da Al'adun Igbo kuma, ga wasu, ci gaban Igboland wanda ya samo asali daga falsafar, Aku luo uno, wanda ke nufin "dukiya ta gina gida".

Igbo nationalism
political ideology (en)

Fadar Biafra (1967-1970) wani lokacin ana danganta shi da kishin kasa na Igbo na zamani.

Mulkin mallaka

Mutanen Igbo, sun haɗa kai cikin tsarin abin da a halin yanzu ake kira Najeriya a shekara ta 1914. Ta hanyar tsarin hadewa, ikon mallakar Ibo ya iyakance kuma sau da yawa ya yi takaici da ikon mallakar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Koyaya, yayin da aikin mulkin mallaka ya ɓace cikin shahara, masu ilimi na Igbo sun jagoranci cajin a cikin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Jam'iyyar kasa ta farko, wacce ita ce Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) , an kafa ta ne a 1944 kuma ta jagoranci dan jarida kuma shugaban kasar Nnamdi Azikiwe na gaba. Mutumin asalin Igbo, an karɓi Azikiwe a matsayin mutum na musamman na Igbo ba kamar yadda ya saba da ɗan Afirka ko ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ba. Don haka, ayyukan NCNC sun wakilci fitowar tsarin kishin kasa na Igbo wata hanya ce ta hanyar da za a iya cimma burin siyasa na Igbo.

Dangane da haka, Tarayyar Tarayyar Igbo (IFU), wacce aka kafa a 1936, ta haɗa kai da NCNC don ci gaba da fadada isar da sashin 'yancin NCNC da kuma tsara ajanda a cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban na Igbo. Kungiyar Tarayyar Igbo ta zama Kungiyar Jihar Igbo (ISU) ta hanyar wannan haɗuwa. Kodayake ba a ambaci kafa wata jiha mai zaman kanta a cikin wannan yarjejeniyar ba, 'yan siyasa na Igbo sun yi amfani da wannan tsari don tabbatar da bukatun su a cikin gwagwarmayar yanki don samun' yancin Najeriya.

Bayan mulkin mallaka

Bayan nasarar yunkurin 'yancin kai a Najeriya a shekarar 1960, kasar ta kasance ta rabu sosai a fadin kabilanci da yankuna. Bayan kisan kiyashi na 1966 da ya faru a yankunan arewa da yammacin kasar, yawancin mutanen Igbo sun tsere daga gidajen kakanninsu a wasu yankuna don mafaka a gabashin, galibi yankin Igbo na kasar. A cikin wannan mahallin rashin tsaro, yankin gabas ya bukaci karin ikon cin gashin kansa a cikin tsarin tarayya. Yankin gabashin karkashin gwamnan soja Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya shiga tattaunawa tare da gwamnatin soja ta kasar karkashin Manjo Janar Yakubu Gowon . Ta hanyar waɗannan tattaunawar, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Aburi, bangarorin biyu sun sha wahala daga bambanci a fassarar game da ko gwamnatin soja ta tarayya ta sauya zuwa gwamnatin soja ta tarayyar. Bayan ba a kafa waɗannan manufofi ba, Ojukwu ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya da kuma kafa Jamhuriyar Biafra a shekarar 1967. Ta haka ne ya fara Yaƙin basasar Najeriya wanda ya kasance daga 1967 har zuwa 1970 kuma ya ƙare a cikin rushewar jamhuriya da aka yi. (Dubi: Yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra)

Zamani na zamani

Mutanen Igbo a yau sun lura kuma sun koka game da warewa da warewa ga 'yan siyasa na Igbo daga babban mukamin siyasa bayan yakin basasa. A zahiri, shugaban kasar Igbo na karshe shi ne Manjo Janar Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi Ironsi, shugaban soja da aka nada bayan juyin mulkin 1966. Bugu da ƙari, nadin soja da siyasa da ke faruwa daga 1979 zuwa 2013 sun yi watsi da 'yan takarar Igbo.

Dangane da wannan fitowar da sauransu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Igbo da yawa na zamani sun fito, suna ba da wahayi daban-daban na ikon cin gashin kai na siyasa na Igbo. Kungiyoyi irin su Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) suna jayayya don sake farfado da aikin Biafra, ko kuma jihar Igbo mai zaman kanta. Sabanin dabarun soja na zamanin da ya gabata na kishin kasa na Igbo, kungiyar ta dogara da dabarun da ba na tashin hankali ba a cikin dabarun siyasa.

Wani zanga-zangar 'yan kasa na Igbo a shekarar 2015 a Sweden

Adanawa da farfado da al'adun Igbo

Mulkin mallaka

Ta hanyar manufofin rarrabuwa da mulki da Burtaniya ta fara a cikin mulkin mallaka na abin da yanzu ake kira Najeriya, kabilun da suka mamaye yankin an raba su da gangan kuma sun bambanta. Saboda wannan dalili, halaye na al'adu, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki waɗanda suka bambanta kowane ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wuraren jama'a. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Igbo (tsohuwar Tarayyar Tarayyar Igbo) ta kafa ƙungiyar zamantakewar siyasa wacce ta taimaka wajen karfafa Sanin kasa Ibo a cikin asalin siyasa na mulkin mallaka da kishin ƙasa. A ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka wanda ya biyo bayan WWII, tsarin Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya sauya daga gudanarwa zuwa ci gaba; saboda haka, ƙungiyoyin jama'a kamar su Ƙungiyar Jihar Igbo sun zama masu mahimmanci don samar da fa'idodin zamantakewa da siyasa da tattalin arziki. Wato, ya ba wa mutanen Igbo damar aika da yawancin yaransu zuwa makaranta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar al'umma ba tare da nasarorin mutum ko iyaye ba.

Bayan mulkin mallaka

Rikicin adawa da Igbo na 1966 da yakin basasa da ya biyo baya sun zama babbar barazana ga adana al'adun Igbo. Tsayawa na siyasa a cikin sabuwar Najeriya mai zaman kanta - wato, tsawon lokacin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko - ba ta da tsawo. Rikicin irin su Rikicin Yammacin Yammacin 1962, rikicin ƙidayar jama'a na 1963, da Rikicin zaben 1964-1965 sun nuna rashin hadin kan kasa saboda rikici tsakanin kabilun. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1964, wani karamin rukuni na manyan sojoji - galibi mutanen Igbo - sun fara shirya juyin mulkin soja a shekara ta 1964 saboda rashin gamsuwarsu da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnatin tarayya. Wannan taron ya zo ne a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966, lokacin da Manjo Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna, Manjo Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Manjo Christian Anuforo, Manjo Donatus Okafor, da Manjo Humphrey Chukwuka suka hambarar da gwamnati a karkashin Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa kuma suka ayyana dokar soja a kasar. Wannan juyin mulkin ya haifar da mutuwar jami'an tarayya da 'yan siyasa kamar Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da Firayim Ministan Ahmadu Bello . Manjo Janar Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi Ironsi ya fito ne a matsayin shugaban kasa a karkashin gwamnatin soja. Saboda yawancin manufofi a cikin juyin mulkin Yoruba ne ko Hausa-Fulani kuma jagoran da aka shigar sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan shi ma Igbo ne, juyin mulkin ya kasance ƙoƙari ne na Igbo don karɓar iko da gwamnati. Rikicin da aka yi wa Igbos ya fara faruwa a arewa kuma ya bazu zuwa yamma. Watanni biyar kawai bayan juyin mulki na farko, juyin mulki ya biyo baya wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Ironsi da shigar da Manjo Janar Yakabu Gowon . Ba a hana tashin hankali na Anti-Igbo ba bayan wannan canjin mulki, kuma mutanen Igbo sun fara guduwa zuwa yankin Gabas da yawa. Bayan gazawar Yarjejeniyar Aburi, Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ayyana Yankin Gabas mai zaman kansa don kare rayuka da bukatun mutanen Igbo. Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na gaba ya fara ne a matsayin aikin 'yan sanda da gwamnatin Gowon ta yi don dawo da yankin kuma da sauri ya zama mummunan yaki.

Zamani na zamani

Saboda rikicin yakin basasa wanda ya haifar da lalacewar yankin gabashin da mutuwar miliyoyin Biafra ta hanyar ayyukan soja, ayyukan Tsabtace kabilanci, da yunwa, yunkurin kishin kasa don kirkirar jihar Biafra bai sake fitowa cikin cikakken karfi ba har zuwa 1999. Manyan 'yan siyasa na Igbo kamar Cif Ralph Uwazuruike sun kafa MASSOB don sake farfado da ra'ayoyin' yan kasa na Igbo bisa ga ra'ayoyi na ci gaba da rashin adalci ga mutanen Igbo. Har ila yau, farfadowar kishin kasa na Ibo ya kuma yi nuni da kisan mutanen Ibo da Boko Haram ta yi a arewacin Najeriya a matsayin dalilin sake kafa motsi na zamantakewa.

MASSOB (wanda ke da hedikwatar a fadin gabas da ofisoshin jakadanci a duniya) ya sami damar haɓaka ci gaban ƙwarewar ƙasar Igbo don gabatar da manufofin Biafran. MASSOB ta tara magoya baya a kudu maso gabas da kasashen waje don kiyaye Ranar Biafran don tunawa da kafa Jamhuriyar Biafra a shekarar 1967. Wannan aikin, wanda ya faru a cikin 2004 da 2013, ya ba da gudummawa ga rufe manyan shaguna, bankunan, da sauran kasuwanni a jihohin gabas. Sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga ɗaga tutar Biafra a Jihar Imo, Jihar Abia, Jihar Enugu, Jihar Ebonyi, da Jihar Anambra.

Ci gaban Igboland

Mulkin mallaka

Kamar yadda siffofi na musamman na tsarin zamantakewar Igbo, kwaminisanci da Kasuwanci sun mamaye tsarin al'ummar Igbo a cikin zamanin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawancin ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta tilasta manufofin gudanarwa na rarrabuwar kabilanci. A cikin mahallin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya nuna iyakancewar yawan 'yan asalin zuwa fa'idodin tattalin arziki, akwai gasa mai tsanani tsakanin kabilun don damar aiki. Musamman a cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin tekun kasar, an tilasta kasuwancin 'yan kasuwa na mutanen Igbo zuwa gasa tare da Kasuwancin masana'antu da aka shigo da su da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci na wasu kungiyoyi. A cikin mahallin yunkurin kishin kasa na Najeriya, waɗannan halaye sun samo asali ne a cikin gasa ta kabilanci don dukiyar ƙasa da albarkatun tattalin arziki. Bayan Dokokin Ci Gaban mulkin mallaka da Jiha da Kiwon Lafiya sun gabatar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya a 1945, an sauya ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa a hankali ga 'yan asalin ƙasar - ta haka ne, yana haɓaka ikirarin kowane rukuni game da kadarori masu fa'ida. Ƙungiyar Jihar Igbo, wacce ta kasance Tarayyar Tarayyar Igbo, ta yi aiki tare da NCNC don tabbatar da ci gaba da jin daɗin mutanen Igbo wajen ci gaba da manufofin tattalin arzikin Igbo.

Bayan mulkin mallaka

Binciken Igbo na wadata a cikin yanayin bayan mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba a cikin al'adun mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na neman wadatar al'umma. Babban bangare na tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka ya dogara da fitar da kayayyakin noma. Saboda rashin ingancin ƙasa a yankin kudu maso gabashin Igbo, yawancin mutanen Igbo sun fara ƙaura zuwa cikin birane na wasu yankuna. Saboda yawan ilimi na mutanen Igbo, sun sami damar yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa, da masu shaguna kuma daga ƙarshe sun hau zuwa matsayi na masu sana'a,' yan jarida, da ma'aikatan gwamnati. Hawan jama'ar Igbo masu ƙaura ta hanyar aikinsu a biranen arewacin ta hanyar fushi a cikin mazauna bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Juyin mulkin soja na 1966. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen Igbo an yi niyya ne a lokacin kisan kiyashi na 1966 wanda daga ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa ga farawar yaƙin.

Wani muhimmin abu a cikin karuwar Yaƙin basasar Najeriya shine gaskiyar cewa kashi 70 cikin 100 na tanadin mai na kasar suna cikin yankin gabas. A cikin ƙoƙari na iyakance goyon baya ga ƙungiyar masu rabuwa, Janar Gowon ya yi shelar cewa jihohi huɗu da suka hada Najeriya za a raba su zuwa Jihohi 12, suna ba da kabilun kabilanci gwamnatocin su. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sabbin jihohin da aka kafa shi ne Jihar Rivers, wanda ke da ma'adanai masu daraja da kuma babban birni Port Harcourt . Kodayake Jihar Rivers ba ta shiga cikin yunkurin rabuwa ba, asarar sauran jihohin Biafran ya haifar da irin wannan haɗarin tattalin arziki ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya da riba ga tattalin arzikashin Biafran.

A lokacin yakin basasa, an kashe dukiyar mutanen Igbo kuma an lalata su. Bayan mika wuya ta Biafra, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da izini ga duk kuɗin Biafra kuma ta ba da dukkan tsoffin 'yan ƙasa 20 don musayar kowane adadin Biafra.

Zamani na zamani

Kira don ci gaban Igboland yana da mahimmanci musamman idan aka yi la'akari da tasirin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya. A matsayin gado na rikici, mutanen Igbo suna ci gaba da mallakar ƙananan albarkatun ƙasa, musamman ma gami da mai. Yawancin albarkatun Najeriya mallakar mutanen Yoruba ne da Hausa. Bugu da ƙari, maza da mata na Igbo suna ci gaba da fuskantar halin nuna bambanci na Igbo daga membobin wasu kabilun da ke shafar nasarar kasuwancin su. Kungiyoyi irin su Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) suna ganin manufofin gwamnatin Najeriya bayan yakin a matsayin wani nau'i na matsin tattalin arziki wanda ya ci gaba da iyakance hukumar tattalin arziki ta mutanen Igbo.

Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2002, kungiyoyin farar hula kamar Ohanaeze Ndigbo sun kafa don aiki a matsayin hanyar tsakanin gwamnati da mutane don tattaunawa don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ƙasar Igbo.

Dubi kuma

• Biafra
• Fadar Biafra
• Yunkurin sabuntawa na Jihar Biafra
• Al'adun Igbo
• Mutanen Igbo
• Kungiyar don Inganta Harshe da Al'adu na Igbo