Wikipedia

Zamanin fim na Bidiyo a Najeriya

Zamanin fim ɗin Bidiyo, wanda kuma aka sani da zamanin bidiyo na gida, lokaci ne a cikin fina -finan Najeriya, yawanci daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980/farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa tsakiyar 2010, lokacin da aka yi fina -finan Najeriya ta amfani da tsarin bidiyo mai araha. Zamanin bunƙasar bidiyo ya ɓullo bayan faduwar zamanin Zinariya na fina -finan Najeriya a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. [1] Kalmar " Bidiyo ta gida " ta samo asali ne daga manufar zama a gida don kallon fina -finan, sabanin fina -finan Golden Age wanda ake kallo a gidajen sinima.[2][3][4][5][6][3][7][8][9]

Zamanin fim na Bidiyo a Najeriya

Farkon kasuwar fina-finan bidiyo a Najeriya ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye -shiryen talabijin suka bunƙasa. Yawancin shirye -shiryen talabijin sau da yawa suna samun hanyoyin su cikin VHS, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka ƙaramin sikelin bidiyo na yau da kullun. Wannan hanyar ta samo asali da gina ta daga furodusoshi da masu rabawa a kasuwar Alaba don sake farfado da harkar fim wanda a lokacin yana fuskantar babban koma baya. [10] Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shine Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya samar da Ekun (1989) akan bidiyo. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin Kenneth Nnebue's Living in Bondage (1992) ne ya fara harbi, kodayake wasu masana tarihi sun ce ba haka bane. [5]

Wannan zamanin ya kasance mafi kololuwa a cikin yawan shirye-shiryen fina-finan Najeriya. Kamar a shekara ta 2004, aƙalla ana shirya fina -finai huɗu zuwa biyar a kowace rana a Najeriya, kuma fina -finan sun riga sun mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗawa, Karibiyan da mazauna ƙasashen waje, tare da fina -finan suna tasiri sosai ga al'adu. a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, da 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar. [5] Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da koma baya ga finafinan Najeriya a ƙasashe da yawa, waɗanda ake tsammanin suna son hana '' sake dawo da Najeriya '' (ko "Nigerialization of Africa"). An ba da rahoton farmakin da aka kai kan shagunan da ke sayar da fina -finan Najeriya, [11] da Gwamnatocin da suka gabatar da matakan kariya, kamar gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa da/ko 'yan wasan da ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu, [4] kazalika haramcin fina-finan Najeriya kai tsaye. [4]

A wannan zamanin, masana'antar fim ta Najeriya ta girma ta zama babbar ma'aikata a Najeriya, tana samar da ayyuka sama da miliyan kuma tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP. A kololuwar zamanin a kusan 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a cikin fina -finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Sai dai a wannan lokaci, masana'antar shirya finafinai ta Najeriya ta lalace zuwa masana'antar da ba ta da ƙwarewa, tare da mamaye masu aikin da ba su da horo a harkar fim. Haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ma ya kasance mafi ƙima, tare da gidajen samarwa suna gudana cikin asara tare da rufe sutturar su. [6] [3] Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da buƙatar sake fasalin masana'antar fim, tare da haihuwar Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya .

Tarihi

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Ƙaddamarwa a cikin shekarun 1990

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Fitowar kasuwar fina-finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye-shiryen talabijin suka bunƙasa. Mugun Haɗuwa da Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da safe da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye -shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim ɗin ya fara yin tasiri nan take a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka a Najeriya. Tun da Tashin Hankali, ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna.

Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuka. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim ɗin a ƴan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya Ekun (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana tsammanin rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ce ta fara zama a ɗaure (1992). [5] [6] Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake Rayuwa a daure ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin Rayuwa a ɗaure, saboda haka ba zai iya zama fim ɗin kasuwanci na farko ba. Bugu da ƙari, Nnabue, da kansa, ya kasance yana shirya fina-finan bidiyo na yaren Yarabawa kafin Rayuwa a Daure, [12] tare da fim ɗinsa na farko shine Aje Ni Iya Mi (1989), wanda kuma yana da fa'ida sosai.

Sauran fina-finan da aka saki a farkon wannan zamanin suma sun haɗa da: Circle of Doom (1993) da Glamor Girls (1994). Mutanen fina-finan da suka fara wannan lokacin, galibi ana kiranta "ƙarni na biyu", sun haɗa da: Amaka Igwe, Alade Aromire, Zeb Ejiro, Chico Ejiro, 'Yan uwan Amata, Femi Lasode, Liz Benson, Kenneth Nnebue, Richard Mofe Damijo, Zack Orji, Pete Edochie, Sam Loco Efe, Galadima ta Amurka, Yinka Quadri, Jide Kosoko, Omotola Jalade, Genevieve Nnaji, Kenneth Okonkwo, Kanayo O. Kanayo, Bob-Manuel Udokwu, tare da wasu da suka kasance a zamanin Golden, kamar Tunde Kelani, Olu Jacobs, Joke Silva da sauran su.

A shekara ta 1993, an yi bikin Fim ɗin Ƙasa a karon farko a Najeriya, kuma takardar fitar da fim ɗin masana'antar ta yi rikodin matsakaitan fina-finan Yarbawa hamsin, fina-finan Ingilishi ashirin da biyar, fina-finan Hausa biyar, da Ibo ɗaya-fim ɗin harshe. Gwamnatin Fim ta Najeriya, Jos ce gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa shi a watan Nuwamba 1995 don taimakawa ci gaban matasan Najeriya masu hazaka a harkar shirya fim. Kamar yadda a wannan lokacin a cikin 1995, Hukumar Censors ta Najeriya ta yi rikodin fina -finai 177, adadin wanda ya ƙara ƙaruwa zuwa 233 a 1996. Ya ragu a 1997 zuwa 214, amma a 1998 ya sake ƙaruwa zuwa 356. Adadin fina -finan da aka yi wa rajista a 1999 ya kai 389.

Boom na shekarun 2000

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Adadin finafinan bidiyo na Najeriya da aka yi rajista a 2000 kusan ya ninka darajar 1999, tare da fina-finai 712. Ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin 2001 zuwa 2002, tare da 974 da 1,018 bi da bi. Daga nan ya rage sau ɗaya zuwa 761 a 2003. Adadin fina-finan bidiyo daga Najeriya ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 2005, inda adadin fina-finan da aka yi wa rajista ya kai 1,711. Tsawon shekaru, kallon fina -finan Najeriya ya bazu ko'ina cikin Afirka, kuma tare da ɗimbin masu sauraro a Turai, da Asiya.

Kamar a shekara ta 2004, ana shirya aƙalla fina-finai huɗu zuwa biyar a kowace rana a Najeriya. Fina-finan Najeriya sun riga sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, [5] kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su tara turɓaya a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai.

Wannan bunƙasar duk da haka ta haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da yawa; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina-finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a Ghana ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu Gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga ƴan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin Nijar, ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai '' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''. [4]

A cewar ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta Najeriya, kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya kuma kusan 5 miliyan a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina -finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk faɗin duniya; [5] ƙimanta ƙimar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka 250 miliyan, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka shirya an yi su da arha. [13] Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. [13] Kamar yadda a 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, kiyasin kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a jihar Legas kadai an kiyasta ₦ 804 miliyan ($ 5 miliyan) a kowane mako, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦ 33.5 biliyan ($ 209 miliyan) kudaden shiga ga jihar Legas a kowace shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimlar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim a Najeriya ta samar da su ya kai ₦ 522. biliyan ($ 3 biliyan) kowace shekara, tare da abun cikin watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦ 250 biliyan ($ 1.6 biliyan).

Yanayin rashin tsari da ƙwarewa

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Masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikata a Najeriya, tana samar da ayyuka sama da miliyan kuma tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na tattalin arzikin ƙasar. A kololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusan 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a fina-finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Sai dai, bayan wannan batu, masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya ta fara tabarbarewa zuwa masana'antar da ba ta da hangen nesa, tare da mamaye mutane da dama ba tare da sanin harkar fim ba. [6] [3]

A cewar darakta Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, yanzu ana iya yin fim a cikin kwanaki hudu; Chico Ejiro, wanda ya jagoranci fina-finai sama da 80 a cikin shekaru 5, a koyaushe ana ba da rahoton cewa yana alfahari da cewa zai iya kammala shirya fim a cikin kwanaki uku kawai. "kowa na iya zama mai shirya fim a Nollywood na yau", ɗan fim Mahmood Ali-Balogun, ya taɓa yin tsokaci mai ɗaci.

Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun lura da yanayi inda suke nunawa akan saiti kuma ana rubuta rubutun yayin da suke kan saiti, kuma an harbi duk al'amuran su a rana ɗaya. Hakanan, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo sun tabbatar da yanayin al'amuran yau da kullun na dole ne su sanya tufafin kansu kuma su gyara nasu don harbin fim. An ba da rahoton cewa taurarin taurarin, galibi suna aiki akan fina-finai da yawa a lokaci guda, a sakamakon haka ba zai bayyana ba lokacin da yakamata. Sau da yawa, 'yan baranda na cikin gida suna jinkirta harbi, wadanda ke karban kudi don "kariya" kafin su ba da damar yin fim a "yankunansu". An kuma soki masana'antar a wannan zamanin saboda jigogin ta, waɗanda galibi ke hasashen maita da baƙar fata.[14][15]

UNESCO, wacce a baya ta sanya masana'antar a matsayin ta biyu mafi girma a masana'antar shirya fina-finai a cikin rahotonta na 2008 game da Kasuwancin Fina-Finan Duniya, ta ƙi nuna finafinan Najeriya a cikin rahotonta na gaba, saboda ta yi la'akari da fina-finan "ƙwararrun ƙwararru/abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba".

Ragewa

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Bayan kololuwa wajen samar da fina -finai a 2005 zuwa 2008, lambobin suna ta raguwa akai-akai. An danganta raguwar wannan yanayin yin fim saboda manyan ƙeta na haƙƙin mallaka, wanda ya hana saka hannun jari a fina -finan bidiyo. A cewar Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 90 na faifan DVD da ke yawo a Najeriya kwafin doka ne, tare da sabbin fitowar suna jin daɗin kusan sati biyu, wanda aka fi sani da "Lokacin Mating", kafin sigar su mara lasisi ta zama mai yawa a kasuwa .

Mai shirya fina-finai Amaka Igwe ita ma ta taba furta cewa "fashin teku ya kai kashi 82 cikin ɗari na kasuwar Najeriya," matsalar da ta danganta da gazawar masu rarraba fim su fahimci manufar bukatar kasuwa da wadata ta. Leila Djansi ta kuma lura cewa masu rarrabawa a wasu lokutan a zahiri sune manyan sarakunan cin zarafi; yana ambaton yanayi inda masu rarraba ke kulle kwafin DVD na asali a cikin shagunan su kuma a maimakon haka suna sayar da kwafin marasa izini waɗanda masu rabawa suka samar don samun kuɗi da kansu, yayin da suke gaya wa masu shirya fina -finan cewa fina-finan su "ba sa siyarwa" kuma za su iya zuwa su ɗauke su. duk lokacin da suke so.

Koyaya, wannan bai iyakance ga DVD kawai ba, saboda akwai kuma ƙaruwar hanyoyin sadarwa na talabijin, waɗanda suka fara nuna fina -finan Najeriya da kansu ba tare da izini daga masu shirya fim ba. Sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " Alaba cartel ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An kuma dora koma-baya a wannan zamanin a kan kin amincewa da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, da rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina -finai na 'yan asalin, da kuma, ƙarin kuɗin da ake samarwa a Najeriya.

Shirye shirye

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An samar da finafinan bidiyo a wannan zamanin akan mafi ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi kuma basa wucewa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, saboda an harbe su ta amfani da kyamarorin bidiyo masu arha ba tare da ingancin silima da ake buƙata ba, kuma an shirya su tare da injin VCR na asali. Waɗannan fina-finan galibi ana tallafa musu ne da 'Yan kasuwa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu shirya finafinai; waɗannan 'yan kasuwa galibi suna da iko a kan mahimman fannoni na samarwa, kamar simintin gyare -gyare, kuma suna tabbatar da cewa an yi fim ɗin ta hanyar da suka yi imanin zai jawo hankalin masu sauraro masu dacewa don haka su dawo da saka hannun jari. [5]

Cikin fina-finan yawanci samar da harbi a kan wuri a duk faɗin Najeriya da hotels, gidajensu, da kuma ofisoshin sau da yawa takalman fitar da su masu da kuma bayyana a cikin credits. Mafi shahararrun wuraren yin fim shine biranen Lagos, Enugu, Abuja da Asaba. Koyaya, galibin manyan biranen Najeriya ana amfani da su don samar da bidiyo, saboda masana'antun yanki daban -daban da ke cikin ƙasar. a cikin kusan makonni biyu zuwa uku,

Rarrabawa

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Bayan kammalawa, ana fitar da hotunan bidiyo kai tsaye akan bidiyo (wanda aka sani da " Bidiyo na gida "); an kwafi su cikin kwafin kaset na bidiyo kusan 200,000 (kuma daga baya VCDs da DVD), sannan aka rarraba su zuwa kasuwanni, kulob-kulob na bidiyo da ƙarshe gidaje daban-daban. Yawancin masu ba da Tallafi suna zaune ne a cikin babbar kasuwa mai cike da rudani da ake kira Idumota a Legas, yayin da ake rarraba fina -finan sosai a Alaba, wata kasuwa a Ojo . Sauran cibiyoyin rarraba bidiyo na Gida a duk faɗin ƙasar sun haɗa da: Hanyar Iweka a Onitsha, Anambra, da Pound Road a Aba, Abia . Masu shirya bidiyon sun fitar da fina-finai cikin ƙima mai ban mamaki a cikin shekara guda kuma ana ba da sabbin taken zuwa shagunan Najeriya da rumfunan kasuwa kowane mako, inda matsakaicin bidiyon ke sayar da kwafi 50,000. Hari na iya siyar da dubu ɗari da yawa.

Nau'i da jigogi

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Finafinai, a wannan zamanin su ne mafi yawa daga cikin romance, wasan kwaikwayo, comedy da allahntaka nau'o'i, da kuma ma ƴan ayyuka . Jigogin da aka bincika sun haɗa da: fansa, cin amana, soyayya, ƙiyayya, tsafi, siyasa da sauransu. Sau da yawa suna da jigogi waɗanda ke magance matsalolin ɗabi'a da ke fuskantar mutane na zamani. Felix Muchimba ya ce: "Labarun sun kasance a bayyane duk da cewa suna da ban mamaki kuma cike da motsin rai: matan suna kuka kuma masu son kuɗi ne masu son kuɗi; maza ma suna da tausayawa da ramuwar gayya".

Yawancin finafinan bidiyo kuma suna da jigon allahntaka da na addini wanda ya haɗa da sihiri ( Juju ) da rikicin addini na zamani tare da addinin gargajiya . Juju wata ƙungiya ce da ake tuntubar ta don dalilai ɗaya ko wani lokacin da ake buƙata, yawanci ilimin halin ɗabi'a, an lulluɓe ta da ikon allahntaka. Wasu fina -finai suna inganta bangaskiyar Kirista ko ta Islama, wasu fina -finan kuma suna da wa'azin bishara . Wasu, duk da haka, suna magance tambayoyin bambancin addini.

Sauran jigogin da aka saba nunawa a cikin waɗannan fina-finan sun haɗa da: fashi da makami, wasan al'ada, hamayya, rikice -rikice, cin zarafin jima'i, aikata laifuka, karuwanci, kisan kai, haɗama, son rai, rashin haƙuri, kishi, hassada, girman kai, girman kai, kafirci, ha'inci, sihiri, tsakanin wasu. Labarun da ke cikin waɗannan fina-finan an “sake faɗo su daga cikin hanjin al’ummar Najeriya, [a matsayin] adadi mai yawa yana fitowa daga tsarin imaninmu da halinmu na danganta yawancin abubuwa zuwa ga, ba sa’a ko wani laifin namu ba amma mugayen dabarun mugayen mutane. Wasu da yawa suna mai da hankali kan samun wadatattun makirce -makircen mutane a yau da mugayen abokan aikin sa. Duk da haka wasu suna nuna kyakkyawar rayuwar talakawan Najeriya, soyayyarsu da soyayyarsu da abin takaici da raɗaɗinsu ".[ana buƙatar hujja]

Masu suka

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Yayin da wasu ke yaba wa wannan zamani na fina-finan Najeriya don kafa masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar da za ta iya ci gaba, wasu kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin abubuwan da suka taba faruwa a masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya, saboda zamani ne lokacin da gabaɗayan rashin hangen nesa, ƙa'idodi da ƙwarewa tsakanin masu aikin, yawancinsu basu da horo na yau da kullun a harkar fim.

Ofaya daga cikin manyan sukar da masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya ta samu a wannan zamanin shine mummunan hoto na sihirin sihiri da sihiri, ta haka yana ba wa wasu mutane raunin ra'ayi game da Najeriya da ma Afirka. Sau da yawa masu sukar al'adu sun koka game da "al'amuran macabre cike da sihiri" a cikin fina -finan. [4] Jean Rouch, wani ɗan fasaha daga Nijar ya bayyana daraktoci da furodusan Najeriya a matsayin firistocin voodoo waɗanda ke yin mugun aiki a kan masu sauraro a wasu ƙasashe, kuma suna samun ƙarin masu sauraro a sakamakon. [4]

An kuma soki masana’antar don inganta rashin bin doka da kuma riko da alfasha; wasu hotuna na gani da aka nuna a fina-finan da aka ƙiyasta 18 sun haɗa da: ayyukan jima'i, tsiraici, batsa, munanan kalmomi (la'ana), suturar da ba ta dace ba, kisan kai, fyaɗe, tashin hankalin gida (musamman akan mata), shan taba, cin zarafi da cin zarafi. An yi jayayya cewa waɗannan suna cutar da matasa da sauran al'umma.

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated4
  2. ↑ Vourlias, Christopher (14 December 2014). "Hooray for Nollywood: Nigerian film industry raises the artistic bar". Aljazeera. Aljazeera America. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated11
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated5
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated6
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated15
  7. ↑ Thorburn, Jane. "NOLLYWOOD 2 Doing It Right". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  8. ↑ Rice, Andrew (26 February 2012). "A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "New Nollywood Cinema: from home-video productions back to the screen". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated13
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated14
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated2
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated1
  14. ↑ "Nollywood – History". Online Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  15. ↑ "What you need to Know about NEXIM Bank's involvement with film making in Nigeria". all African Cinema. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
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