Hugh Scott
Hugh Doggett Scott Jr. (Nuwamba 11, 1900 – Yuli 21, 1994) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. Memba na Jam'iyyar Republican, ya wakilci Pennsylvania a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga 1941 zuwa 1945 da daga 1947 zuwa 1959 da kuma a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, daga 1959 zuwa 1977. Ya yi Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa daga 1969 zuwa 1977.
An haife shi kuma ya yi karatu a Virginia, Scott ya koma Philadelphia don shiga kamfanin lauyoyin kawunsa. An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin lauyan gundumar Philadelphia a 1926 kuma ya kasance a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1941. Scott ya lashe zabe don wakiltar Arewa maso yammacin Philadelphia a majalisar wakilai a 1940. Ya sake lashe zabe a 1944 amma ya ci kujerarsa a 1946 kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar har zuwa 1959. Scott ya kafa suna a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai na kasa da kasa kuma mai matsakaicin ra'ayi na Republican. Bayan taimaka wa Thomas E. Dewey ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na Republican na 1948, Scott ya rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin kasa na Republican daga 1948 zuwa 1949. Ya kuma zama shugaban yakin neman zaben Dwight Eisenhower a zaben shugaban kasa na 1952.
Scott ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dattawa a 1958, ya yi rinjaye a kan Gwamnan Demokradiyya George M. Jagora . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara mai karfi ga dokokin kare hakkin jama'a kuma ya zabe shi don goyon bayan Ayyukan 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1957, [1] [2] 1960, [3] 1964, [4] da 1968, [5] da kuma 24th Kwaskwarima zuwa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka da Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe na 1965, [6] [7] [8] da tabbatar da Thurgood Marshall zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka . [9] Ya ci zabe a matsayin dan majalisar dattijai na marasa rinjaye a watan Janairun 1969 kuma an daukaka shi zuwa shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa bayan mutuwar Everett Dirksen daga baya a waccan shekarar. A matsayinsa na shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a majalisar dattijai, Scott ya bukaci shugaba Richard Nixon da ya yi murabus sakamakon abin kunya na Watergate . Scott ya ƙi neman wani lokaci a 1976 kuma ya yi ritaya a 1977.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
gyara sasheAn haifi ɗan Hugh Doggett da Jane Lee (ɗane Lewis) Scott, Hugh Doggett Scott an haife shi a wani gida a Fredericksburg, Virginia, wanda George Washington ya taɓa mallaka. Kakansa ya yi aiki a Rundunar Soja a lokacin yakin basasa a karkashin Janar John Hunt Morgan, kuma kakarsa ita ce 'yar'uwar Shugaba Zachary Taylor . Bayan ya halarci makarantun gwamnati a Fredericksburg, ya yi karatu a Randolph-Macon College a Ashland, Virginia, daga nan ya sauke karatu a 1919. Ya shiga cikin Rundunar Horar da Jami’an Reserve na Student Reserve da kuma Rundunar horar da Sojojin Dalibai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya . [10]
A cikin 1922, Scott ya sami digirinsa na shari'a daga Jami'ar Virginia School of Law a Charlottesville, inda ya kasance memba na Jefferson Literary and Debating Society da Alpha Chi Rho fraternity. An kafa sha'awarsa a siyasa bayan ya yawaita halartar taron kwamitin a majalisar wakilai ta Virginia .
Farkon sana'ar siyasa
gyara sasheAn shigar da Scott a mashaya a cikin 1922 sannan ya koma Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, inda ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyin kawunsa. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya auri Marian Huntington Chase wanda ya kasance da aure har zuwa mutuwarta a 1987. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya daya, Marian.
Scott, wanda ya zama ma'aikaci na yau da kullun na Jam'iyyar Republican, an nada shi mataimakin lauyan gundumar Philadelphia a cikin 1926 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1941. Ya yi ikirarin gurfanar da kararraki sama da 20,000 a lokacin da yake kan mulki. Daga 1938 zuwa 1940, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gwamna kan Gyara Tsarin Majalissar.
Majalisar Wakilan Amurka
gyara sasheA cikin 1940, bayan ɗan jam'iyyar Republican George P. Darrow da ya daɗe ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya, an zaɓi Scott a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga gunduma ta 7 ta Pennsylvania . Gundumar daga nan ta kasance a Arewa maso yamma Philadelphia . Ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Gilbert Cassidy da tazarar kuri'u 3,362. A cikin 1942, an sake zaɓe shi zuwa wa'adi na biyu bayan ya kayar da Democrat Thomas Minehart, tsohon memba na Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia da kuma Ma'aji na Pennsylvania na gaba; Scott ya samu kusan kashi 56% na kuri'un.
A cikin 1943, ya zama memba na Societyungiyar Virginia ta Cincinnati . A cikin 1944 Scott ya yi magana ba tare da tsoro ba a cikin Majalisar Wakilai yana zargin Shugaba Roosevelt da rashin gaskiya ya yi amfani da kasar cikin yaki ta hanyar: a) motsa jirgin ruwan Amurka daga San Diego zuwa Pearl Harbor kan adawar Admiral Richardson (wanda Roosevelt ya kori) domin baiwa Japan manufa da zata iya kaiwa; b) ƙin ba Admiral Kimmel a Pearl Harbor (majin Richardson) isassun jiragen leken asirin PBY Catalina don leƙo asirin yankin da ke kusa da tsibiran Hawaii; da c) ta hana Admiral Kimmel saƙon da gwamnatin Amurka ta samu daga gwamnatin Ostiraliya a ranar da aka kai harin Pearl Harbor da jiragen ruwan Japan ke tuƙi zuwa Pearl Harbor. A cikin 1944, dan Democrat Herb McGlinchey ya yi nasara a kan Scott don sake zaɓensa, ya yi rashin nasara da kuri'u 2,329 kawai.
Scott ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka a 1940. Ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an buga shi zuwa duka Iceland tare da Tekun Atlantika da USS New Mexico tare da Jirgin Ruwa na Fasifik na Amurka . Yana cikin sojojin Amurka da suka shiga Japan a ranar farko ta mamayar bayan yakin, kuma an sallame shi da mukamin kwamanda .
A lokacin da yake aiki a majalisar, Scott ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai karfi na kasa da kasa ta hanyar jefa kuri'a don goyon bayan taimakon kasashen waje ga Girka da Turkiyya da kuma Shirin Marshall . Ya kuma samu suna a matsayin dan Republican mai matsakaicin ra'ayi ta hanyar tallafawa gidajen jama'a, kula da haya, da soke harajin zabe da kuma wasu dokokin da kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ke nema . [11] Daga 1948 zuwa 1949, ya zama shugaban kwamitin jam'iyyar Republican ; ya samu wannan matsayi ne bayan ya taimaki gwamnan New York Thomas E. Dewey ya samu takarar Republican a zaben shugaban kasa na 1948 . Da yake fuskantar adawa mai tsanani daga Sanatan Ohio Robert A. Taft, Scott da kyar ya tsira daga kada kuri'ar rashin amincewa amma har yanzu ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban RNC. Daga baya ya zama shugaban yakin neman zaben Dwight Eisenhower a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 1952 . [12]
Majalisar Dattawan Amurka
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A cikin 1958, bayan ɗan jam'iyyar Republican Edward Martin ya ƙi sake tsayawa takara, an zaɓi Scott a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka . Da kyar ya doke abokin hamayyarsa na jam’iyyar Democrat, Gwamna George M. Leader, da tazarar kashi 51 zuwa 48. Scott ya ci gaba da rikodin kada kuri'a na ci gaba a majalisar dattijai ta hanyar adawa da veto na Shugaba Eisenhower na dokar gidaje a 1959 da lissafin sake haɓakawa a 1960. Ya kada kuri'ar kawo karshen wariyar launin fata na Sanatocin Dimokuradiyya na Dokar ' Yancin Bil'adama ta 1960, kuma daga baya ya dauki nauyin kudiri 12 don aiwatar da shawarwarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama . [13] Wani abin tunawa daga Scott ya zo a lokacin U-2 Incident a 1960, lokacin da ya ce, "Mun keta doka ta goma sha ɗaya - Ba za a kama ku ba." A cikin Afrilu 1962, ya shiga cikin Sanata Kenneth Keating na New York don yin Allah wadai da wani kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ramuwar gayya da Isra'ila ta yi kan makaman Syria da ke harbin masunta na Isra'ila a tafkin Tiberias. Sun soki matakin a matsayin wani nau'i na ko-in-kula da "kamar tafin hannu ga Larabawa da kuma bayan hannu ga Isra'ilawa." [14]
A cikin 1962, Scott ya yi barazanar tsayawa takarar gwamnan Pennsylvania idan jam'iyyar Republican ba ta nada mai matsakaicin wakilci William W. Scranton a kan alkalin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Robert E. Woodside, tsohon Atoni Janar na Pennsylvania . Har ma ya goyi bayan Scranton a matsayin madadin sassaucin ra'ayi ga Sanata Barry Goldwater mai ra'ayin mazan jiya don takarar Republican a zaben shugaban kasa na 1964 . Scott kuma ya fuskanci sake zaɓe a 1964 kuma ya shawo kan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Democrat Lyndon Johnson don kayar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta jihar, Democrat Genevieve Blatt, da kusan 70,000 kuri'u.
Scott ya zabi Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965, da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 . A cikin 1966, tare da wasu Sanatocin Republican guda biyu da Wakilan Republican guda biyar, Scott ya sanya hannu kan wata wayar tarho da aka aika zuwa ga Gwamnan Jojiya Carl Sanders kan kin amincewar majalisar Jojiya na zama dan majalisar wakilai na jihar ta Julian Bond . Kin amincewa, in ji telegram, "Hari ne mai hatsarin gaske ga gwamnatin wakilai. Babu daya daga cikinmu da ya yarda da ra'ayin Mr. Bond game da yakin Vietnam; a gaskiya mun yi watsi da wadannan ra'ayoyin. Amma sai dai idan kotu ta yanke hukunci, wanda kotun Majalisar dokokin Georgia ba ita ce, yana da damar bayyana su. [15]
Scott ya goyi bayan Gwamnan New York Nelson Rockefeller don takarar Republican a zaben shugaban kasa na 1968 . An sake zaben Scott a shekara ta 1970, inda ya kayar da Sanatan Demokaradiyya William Sesler da tazarar kashi 51 zuwa 45. Scott ya yi aiki har zuwa 3 ga Janairu, 1977, kuma an zaɓe shi ɗan tsiraru na Majalisar Dattawa a cikin Janairu 1969. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, na wannan shekarar, an nada Scott a matsayin shugaban 'yan tsiraru na riko don cike gurbin mara lafiya mai ci, Everett Dirksen, wanda ya mutu bayan kwana biyu. A ranar 24 ga Satumba, an zabi Scott kunkuntar Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa akan Sanata Howard Baker (Surukin Dirksen), yana aiki har zuwa 1977.
A cikin 1967, Scott ya gudanar da Fellowship a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, inda ya ba da gudummawa akai-akai zuwa taron karawa juna sani na siyasa na Alan Montefiore na masu karatun digiri. Da zarar, lokacin da shi da Montefiore suka fara magana a lokaci guda, Scott ya ci gaba da magana tare da uzuri mai kyau: "Za ku iya tunawa da abin da kuke son faɗi fiye da yadda zan iya."
Scott ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen kan Takardun Sirri da Sirri ( Majalisar ta 92nd ). Ya yi tasiri mai girma. abubuwan da ake bukata
Scott bai ji daɗin gwamnatin Nixon ba kuma ya yi imanin cewa ba shi da kyau, ba za a iya kusantarsa ba, da kuma raina shi. Scott ya yi imanin cewa za a ba shi muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa manufofin gudanarwa amma ya ji takaici lokacin da hakan bai faru ba. [16] Taimakawa sosai a cikin bayan fage daga gwamnatin Nixon zuwa gwamnatin Ford a cikin watannin da suka kai ga murabus na Shugaba Richard Nixon, Scott ya nemi tabbaci daga Gerald Ford cewa Scott zai iya yin magana da Ford a matsayin "Jerry" ko da bayan Ford ya zama shugaban kasa. [16]
Scott na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Republican uku a Majalisa don ganawa da Nixon a Ofishin Oval na Fadar White House don gaya wa Nixon cewa ya rasa goyon bayan jam'iyyar a Majalisa, ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1974. Taron ya zo washegarin da Nixon zai sanar da yin murabus daga shugabancin kasar. Tawagar dai ta samu jagorancin babban jigo a jam'iyyar kuma Sanata mai wakiltar Arizona Goldwater da kuma shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar John Jacob Rhodes (R-Arizona). Rushewar tallafin Nixon ya ci gaba bayan fashewar Watergate na Yuni 1972. A wannan taron, Scott da Goldwater sun gaya wa Nixon cewa, aƙalla, Sanatoci 15 suna shirye su yi la'akari da jefa kuri'a don wanke shi - ba ma rabin kuri'u 34 da Nixon ke bukata don kauce wa yanke hukunci da kuma cire shi daga ofishin ba.
A cikin 1976, Majalisar Dattawa ta gudanar da binciken da'a game da zargin da ake masa na karbar kudade daga masu fafutuka na Kamfanin Mai na Gulf. Scott ya yarda cewa ya karɓi $45,000 amma ya yi iƙirarin cewa gudummawar yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na doka.
Bai sake tsayawa takara ba a 1976 kuma dan Republican John Heinz ya gaje shi. A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci tawagar Pennsylvania zuwa Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican .
Daga baya rayuwa
gyara sasheScott ya kasance mazaunin Washington, DC, sannan Falls Church, Virginia, har mutuwarsa a can a 1994. An binne shi a makabartar kasa ta Arlington . Ana gudanar da takardunsa a ɗakin karatu na musamman na Albert da Shirley a Jami'ar Virginia .
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "House – June 18, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 103 (7): 9518. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ↑ "House – August 27, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 103 (12): 16112–16113. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – April 8, 1960" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 106 (6): 7810–7811. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – June 19, 1964" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 110 (11): 14511. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – March 11, 1968" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 114 (5): 5992. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – March 27, 1962" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 108 (4): 5105. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – May 26, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 111 (2): 11752. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – August 4, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 111 (14): 19378. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Senate – August 30, 1967" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 113 (18): 24656. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsiracusa - ↑ "U.N. Security Council Adopts Resolutions Censuring Israel; France Abstains" (PDF). JTA.org. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 10 April 1962. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ↑ "Georgia House Dispute". Congressional Quarterly. 24 (3): 255. January 21, 1966.Cited in African American Involvement in the Vietnam War
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBernstein 1976