Wikipedia

Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona

A yayin cutar ta COVID-19, wace ta faru a shekarar 2019 zuwa shekarar 2020 an yi amfani da abin rufe fuska, kamar abin tiyata da abin rufe fuska, a matsayin matakin kula da kuma lafiyar jama'a da na mutum kan yaduwar SARS-CoV-2 . A cikin saitunan al'umma da na kiwon lafiya, ana nufin amfani da su azaman ikon sarrafawa don iyakance watsa cutar da kariya ta mutum don hana kuma kamuwa da cuta. [1] An jaddada aikin su don sarrafa tushen a cikin saitunan al'umma.

abin rufe fuska
Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Abin rufe fuska
Facet of (en) Fassara Murar Mashaƙo 2019
Jakadan Amurka a Indonesia Sung Kim tare da rakiyar jami’an yankin a Fadar Shugaban kasa sanye da fuskokin rufe fuska yayin barkewar cutar ta Covid-19

Likitan rigakafin Amurka da daraktan NIAID Anthony Fauci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska (ko sutura a wasu lokuta) don rage hadarin yaduwa.[2]

Nau'in Takun Kumi (Masks)

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  A cikin cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska tare da babban makasudi ga yawan jama'a: don gujewa kamuwa daga masu kamuwa da cutar zuwa wasu. Ba a ba da shawarar rufe fuska da bawuloli masu fitar da iska, saboda suna fitar da kuma numfashin mai sanyawa waje, kuma mai dauke da cutar zai watsa de wayoyin cuta ta cikin bawul din. Manufa ta biyu ta rufe fuska shine kare kowane mai sakawa daga muhallin da za a iya kamuwa da shi, wanda samfura da yawa na masks za a iya cimma su.[3]

Tsakanin nau'ikan fuskokin fuskoki daban-daban wadanda nda aka ba da shawarar a duk lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da habaka ko karancin tasiri, yana yiwuwa a hada da:[ana buƙatar hujja]

  • abin rufe fuska
  • masks na tiyata (masks na likita)
  • abin rufe fuska wanda bai rufe fuska ba
  • boyayyun abin rufe fuska, waɗanda ake ɗauka masu hura iska, tare da takaddun shaida kamar N95 da N99, da FFP
  • tace masu numfashi tare da takaddun shaida kamar N95 da N99, da FFP
  • sauran masu hura iska, ciki har da masu lankwasa na elastomeric, wasu daga cikinsu ma ana iya daukar abin rufe fuska

Akwai wasu sauran iri sirri m kayan aiki (PPE), kamar yadda fuska garkuwoyi da kuma kiwon lafiya fitattun idanu, cewa a wani lokaci ana amfani a tare da fuska masks amma suna ba da shawarar a matsayin mai sauyawa.[4] Sauran nau'ikan PPE sun haɗa da safofin hannu, atamfa, riguna, murfin takalma da murfin gashi.[5]

An sami karancin abin rufe fuska, wanda ya haifar da amfani da abin rufe fuska mara inganci, tare da mummunan aiki.[6]

Masks na zane

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Abubuwan rufe fuska

Ana sanya abin rufe fuska a baki da hanci kuma an yi shi da yadudduka da ake samu. Masks sun bambanta sosai a cikin tasiri, gwargwadon abu, dacewa da hatimi, adadin yadudduka, da sauran abubuwan. Kodayake galibi ba su da tasiri fiye da abin rufe fuska na likita,[ana buƙatar hujja] wasu hukumomin kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar amfani da su ga jama'a gabaɗaya lokacin da abin rufe fuska na likitanci ya yi karanci, azaman zaɓi mai arha da sake amfani. [7][8] Ba kamar abin rufe fuska ba, babu ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don abin rufe fuska.[9]

Daya binciken ya bada tabbacin cewa an improvised mask ya fi kome, amma ba a matsayin mai kyau a matsayin taushi electret -filter m mask, domin kare kiwon lafiya ma'aikata yayin da simulating lura da wani tsari na wucin gadi kamuwa da hakuri.[9] Bincike kan yadudduka da aka saba amfani da su a cikin abin rufe fuska ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska na iya ba da kariya mai mahimmanci daga watsa barbashi a cikin girman aerosol, tare da ingantaccen aiki a duk fadin in nano- da micronscale lokacin da masks ke amfani da matattara ta injiniya da lantarki. yayyo saboda rashin dacewa na iya kaskantar da aikin.[10] Binciken binciken da aka samu wanda aka buga a cikin Janairu 2021 ya kammala da cewa ba a ɗaukar abin rufe fuska da isasshen kariya ga masu aikin kiwon lafiya a cikin yanayin asibiti.[11]

Wani binciken yana da masu sa kai sanye da abin rufe fuska da suka yi da kansu, daga T-shirts na auduga da bin tsarin madaidaiciyar kyalli a bayan abin rufe fuska,[12] kuma ya sami adadin kwayoyin cuta wadanda suka shiga cikin abin rufe fuska na gida sau biyu abin rufe fuska na kasuwanci. Sanya abin rufe fuska na gida kuma ya ba da matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin kwayoyin cuta har sau uku kamar na mashin kasuwanci. Amma wani binciken ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska da aka yi da aƙalla rigar T-shirt biyu na iya zama mai kariya daga ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta kamar abin rufe fuska na likita, kuma mai numfashi.[13]

 
Mutane da yawa sun sanya abin rufe fuska a gida yayin bala'in.
 
Bayanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kan yadda ake sanya abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba lafiya.[14]

Taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen da aka yi akan abubuwan tacewa na mayafi da mayafin mayafi sun ba da shawarar yadudduka biyu zuwa huɗu na auduga ko flannel, na aƙalla zaren 100 a kowace inch.[15]

Akwai cinikin dole: ƙara adadin yadudduka yana ƙara tace abu amma yana rage yawan numfashi. Raguwar numfashi yana sa ya zama da wahala a sanya abin rufe fuska kuma yana kara yawan zubewar gefen abin rufe fuska. Taƙaitaccen harshe na wannan aikin,[16] tare da zane-zane na hannu,[17] shawarwari kan kayan aiki da shimfiɗa,[18] da yadda ake sakawa,[19] cirewa,[20] da tsumma mai tsabta akwai masks.[21]

Tun daga watan Mayu 2020, babu wani bincike kan gurɓatawa da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska.[9] CDC ta ba da shawarar cire abin rufe fuska ta hanyar sarrafa madaurin kunne ko haɗin gwiwa kawai, sanya shi kai tsaye a cikin injin wanki, kuma nan da nan a wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa na aƙalla daƙiƙa ashirin. Ana ganin ruwan sanyi yana da tasiri kamar ruwan ɗumi don ƙazantar.[22] CDC ta kuma ba da shawarar wanke hannu kafin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma nan da nan bayan taɓa shi.[23]

Babu wani bayani game da sake amfani da matattarar interlayer. Zubar da matattara bayan amfani guda ɗaya na iya zama abin so.[9] Binciken labari na adabi kan kaddarorin tacewa na yadi da sauran kayan gidan bai sami tallafi ga ra'ayin yin amfani da matattara ba. Layer na yadi, idan an yi haƙuri, an ba da shawarar a maimakon haka,[15] ko tace PM2.5, azaman Layer na uku.[24]

Masks na tiyata

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Bayanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kan yadda ake sanya abin rufe fuska na lafiya cikin aminci [14]

Mask ɗin tiyata wani abin rufe fuska ne, mai yaɗuwa wanda ke haifar da shinge na jiki wanda ke raba bakin da hanci na mai sutura daga gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin muhallin nan da nan. Idan an saka shi yadda yakamata, abin rufe fuska yana nufin taimakawa toshe manyan ɗigon ruwa, fesawa, fesawa, ko fesawa wanda zai iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, yana hana su isa ga bakin mai sawa da hanci. Mask ɗin tiyata kuma na iya taimakawa rage bayyanar wasu ga ruwan mai sakawa da rufin numfashi.[25]

An tabbatar da abin rufe fuska na likitanci daga kayan da ba a saka su ba kuma galibi suna da yawa. Za a iya yin matattara ta microfibers tare da cajin electrostatic; wato zaren zarge -zargen electrets ne . Filin tacewa yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su zage su kuma buga fiber, maimakon wucewa kai tsaye (kamawa na lantarki).[26][27][28] Yayin da akwai wasu ayyukan ci gaba kan yin kayan tacewa na lantarki waɗanda za a iya wanke su kuma a sake amfani da su,[29] matattara na lantarki da ake samarwa a yanzu ana lalata su ta hanyoyi da yawa na lalata, gami da wanka da sabulu da ruwa ko barasa, wanda ke lalata cajin wutar lantarki. [30] A yayin barkewar COVID-19, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska ba tare da lalata ingancin tacewa ba.[31][32] Ba a ƙera masakun tiyata na yau da kullun da za a wanke ba. Ana iya yiwa mashin tiyata tiyata a matsayin tiyata, warewa, haƙora, ko abin rufe fuska.[25] Fuskokin kayan aikin tiyata an yi su da talauci sosai a tace ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa (a cikin kewayon kashi goma na micrometre zuwa micrometre a ƙetare) fiye da na tace masu hura iska (misali N95, FFP2) kuma dacewa ta fi talauci.[25] Mask ɗin tiyata an yi shi da masana'anta mara saƙa wanda aka kirkira ta amfani da hanyar busa narkewa. [33][34]Nazarin sarrafa kai -da -kai game da cututtukan numfashi kamar mura ya sami ɗan bambanci a cikin kariya tsakanin mashin tiyata da masu hura iska (kamar mashin N95 ko FFP).[35] Koyaya, aikin tace madaidaicin nau'in N95/FFP2 na matattarar matattarar matattarar iska ya fi ƙarfin aikin tiyata da abin rufe fuska[36] kuma don mura, aikin da Babban Jami'in Lafiya da Tsaro na Burtaniya[37] gano cewa kwayar cutar ta ratsa duk mashin tiyata da aka gwada amma masu isasshen masu numfashi da kyau sun rage yawan kwayar cutar ta hanyar aƙalla ɗari.

 
Tsai Ing-wen, shugabar Taiwan, sanye da abin rufe fuska

Mask ɗin tiyata da aka yi wa ƙa'idoji daban -daban a sassa daban -daban na duniya suna da nau'o'i daban -daban na barbashi waɗanda suke tacewa. Misali, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tana tsara iri biyu na irin wannan abin rufe fuska: abin rufe fuska na likitanci mai amfani (daidaitaccen Sinanci YY/T 0969) da abin rufe fuska (YY 0469). Ana buƙatar na ƙarshen don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ( BFE ≥ 95%) da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PFE ≥ 30%), yayin da ake buƙatar tsoffin don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kawai.[38] [39] [40]

Gyarawa

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Tasirin masks na tiyata a iyakance watsa barbashi aiki ne na kayan aiki da dacewa.[41] Tun farkon barkewar cutar, masana kimiyya sun kimanta sauye -sauye daban -daban ga abin rufe fuska na kunne da nufin inganta ingancin abin rufe fuska ta hanyar rage ko kawar da gibi tsakanin abin rufe fuska da fuska.[42] CDC ta kimanta kuma ta ba da shawarar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye guda biyu ga abin rufe fuska don rage watsa SARS-CoV-2. A karkashin amfani na yau da kullun, CDC ta gano cewa abin rufe fuska wanda wani mai tari ya toshe ya toshe 41.3% na iska mai iska (0.1 - 7.0 μm). Koyaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli, an toshe 62.9% na barbashi. Lokacin da aka rufe abin rufe fuska da babban abin rufe fuska, an toshe 82% na barbashi. Lokacin da tushen da mai karɓa duka suka sanya abin rufe fuska, an toshe 84% na barbashi. Adadin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 95% lokacin da ɓangarorin biyu ko dai suka sanya abin rufe fuska biyu (abin rufe fuska tare da babban abin rufe fuska) ko amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli[43].

Wani nau'in gyare -gyare an yi niyya ne don inganta ta'aziyyar masu sawa. Tun farkon barkewar cutar, an buƙaci ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su ci gaba da sanya abin rufe fuska na tsawon awanni 12 ko fiye a rana. Wannan ya sa madaurin kunne na abin rufe fuska ya rutsa da bayan kunnuwansu. Masu tanadin kunne, madaurin filastik da ƙugiyoyi da ke yawo a kan kawunan masu ɗaukar kaya, an ƙirƙira su ne don kawar da madaurin kunnen daga kunnen mai sanyawa. Ana iya yin su akan buƙata ta amfani da tsarin buga 3D.[44]

Tace masu numfashi

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Abin rufe fuska na n95

Maskurin N95 shine keɓaɓɓen murfin murfin fuska wanda ya dace da ƙimar tace iska na N95 na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka, ma'ana yana tace aƙalla kashi 95 na barbashi na iska, yayin da ba ya jurewa mai kamar P95. Shi ne mafi yawan abubuwan da ke tace fuskar fuskar fuska.[45] Misali ne na injin tsabtace injin, wanda ke ba da kariya daga keɓaɓɓun abubuwa, amma ba gas ko tururi ba.[46] Kamar tsakiyar mayafin[47] mashin tiyata, abin rufe fuska na N95 an yi shi da yadudduka huɗu[9] na narkewar polypropylene masana'anta mai narkewa.[48][49] ] Fuskar da ta dace da amfani da ita a Tarayyar Turai ita ce FFP2 mai hura numfashi[50][51]

Masakun matattara masu tacewa kamar N95 da FFP dole ne su dace da fuska don samar da cikakkiyar kariya. Masu amfani da ba su da ƙwarewa galibi suna samun dacewa, amma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin huɗu yana samun cikakkiyar dacewa. Don haka gwajin dacewa shine daidaitacce. An nuna layin jelly mai a gefen abin rufe fuska[52] don rage ɓarna gefen[9] a cikin gwajin lab ta amfani da mannequins t hat simulate numfashi.[51]

Wasu masu ba da sabis na jerin N95, musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani da masana'antu, suna da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don haɓaka ta'aziyya, da sauƙaƙe fitar da numfashi da rage zubewa a kan fitar da tabarma da tabarau. Amma waɗancan masu ba da isasshen kayan aikin ba abin dogaro ba ne don kula da masu kamuwa da cuta ( sarrafa tushe ) a cikin cututtukan numfashi kamar COVID-19, saboda masu amfani da cutar (asymptomatic ko a'a) za su watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin bawul.[52]

A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, an sami karancin matattarar masu ba da kariya ga fuska, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su na tsawan lokaci, da/ko gurɓatawa da sake amfani da su. A lokacin, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska, saboda wasu hanyoyin lalata sun lalata ingancin tace su. [31] Wasu asibitoci sun tara abin rufe fuska da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin riga -kafi,[53] wasu kuma dole ne su tsabtace su kuma sake amfani da abin rufe fuska.

Garkuwar fuska da kariyar ido

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Wani ma'aikacin lafiya sanye da garkuwar fuska yana haɗe da sauran kayan kariya na sirri a wurin gwajin COVID-19

Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ba ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da garkuwar fuska a matsayin abin rufe fuska don taimakawa rage yaduwar COVID-19.[54] A cikin binciken da Lindsley et al. (7 ga Janairu 2021) wanda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Kiwan Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta tallafa masa, wani ɓangare na CDC, an gano garkuwar fuska don toshe ƙarancin iska mai iska sabanin abin rufe fuska – kamar abin rufe fuska, abin rufe fuska, da masu isar da numfashi na N95 – yana nuna cewa garkuwar fuska ba ta da tasiri a matsayin na’urorin sarrafa tushe don ƙananan iska masu ƙarfi kuma abin rufe fuska yana da inganci fiye da garkuwar fuska azaman na’urorin sarrafa tushen don rage watsawar SARS-CoV-2.[55]

A cikin bita mai zurfi, Godoy et al. (5 ga Mayu 2020) ya ce ana amfani da garkuwar fuska don kare shinge daga fesawa da gurɓataccen iska, amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman kariya ta farko daga kamuwa da cutar numfashi ba saboda ƙarancin hatimin gefe maimakon a matsayin kari ga sauran kariyar fuska.[9] Sun lura cewa an yi amfani da garkuwar fuska kamar wannan tare da abin rufe fuska na likita yayin bala'in COVID-19.[9] Sun ambaci binciken kwaikwaiyo na tari daga Lindsley et al. (2014) wanda aka nuna garkuwar fuska don rage haɗarin fallasa inhalation har zuwa 95% nan da nan bayan samar da iska, amma an rage kariya tare da ƙaramin barbashi aerosol da ɗimbin barbashin iska a kusa da bangarorin.[56]

Binciken na yau da kullun na nazarin lura akan watsa coronaviruses, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da tallafi ya gano cewa kariya ta ido gami da garkuwar fuska yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta (daidaitaccen daidaiton daidaiton 0.22; 95% tazarar amincewa 0 · 12 zuwa 0 · 39), amma an kimanta shaidar a matsayin ƙarancin tabbaci.[57]

Elastomeric respirators

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Likitocin da ke sanye da cikakkun fuskokin elastomeric respirators (mashin gas) yayin yin tracheostomy ga mara lafiyar COVID-19 a Rasha

Elastomeric respirators kayan aiki ne na kariya na sirri wanda ya ƙunshi kunkuntar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya ko cikakken abin hura fuska tare da matattara masu musanyawa kamar filtata harsashi. [58] Suna ba da wani zaɓi na kariya na numfashi don tace masu ba da kariya ga fuskoki kamar mashin N95 ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin ƙarancin wadatar da cutar ta haifar, saboda ana iya sake amfani da su na tsawan lokaci a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya.[58][59] Koyaya, masu ba da iska na elastomeric suna da iska don fitar da iskar waje kuma ba a tacewa, don haka dole mai ɗaukar kaya ya kula cewa ba shi da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2, don hana yiwuwar watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin iska.[59]

Don martanin COVID-19 lokacin da kayan ke takaice, CDC ta Amurka ta ce yakamata a bi ƙa'idodi da dabarun rikicin: Kowane isasshen numfashi ana bayar da shi don amfanin keɓaɓɓen mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya, amma dole ne a tsaftace shi kuma a lalata shi sau da yawa kamar yadda ya kamata. unsoiled da sanitary. Idan babu wani zaɓi fiye da raba injin numfashi tsakanin masu ba da lafiya, dole ne a tsabtace numfashin sannan a lalata shi kafin wani daban ya sa shi. Za a iya amfani da matattara (ban da nau'ikan faifai marasa kariya) na tsawan lokaci, amma dole ne a gurɓatar da matattara na nau'ikan nau'ikan harsashi bayan kowane ma'amala na haƙuri.

Ƙarfafawa masu tsabtace iska

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Ƙarfin numfashi mai tsarkake iska (PAPR) kayan kariya ne na sirri wanda na'urar da ke da matattara da fan ke haifar da matattarar iska mai kyau zuwa kan kai da ingantaccen iskar iska daga kan kai.[60]

Akwai ƙarin haɗarin ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su fallasa ga SARS-CoV-2 lokacin da suke gudanar da hanyoyin samar da iska a kan marasa lafiya na COVID-19, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake jayayya cewa irin waɗannan yanayi na iya buƙatar ingantattun kayan kariya na mutum (watau, sama da N95) kamar PAPRs ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[61][62]

A cikin bita na yau da kullun, Licina, Silvers, da Stuart (8 ga Agusta 2020) ya ce binciken filin ya nuna cewa akwai daidaitattun adadin kamuwa da cuta tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, waɗanda suka yi hanyoyin jirgin sama akan mahimman marasa lafiya na COVID-19, ta amfani da PAPRs ko wasu kayan aikin numfashi da suka dace ( kamar N95 ko FFP2), amma ya lura cewa akwai buƙatar ƙara tattara bayanan filin game da mafi kyawun kariya ta numfashi yayin bala'in cutar.[63]

Fuskokin fuska tare da bawuloli

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</img>
Hanyoyin hangen nesa suna kwatanta ingancin abin rufe fuska tare da ba tare da bawul ɗin fitar da iska ba, yana nuna damuwar cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska suna ba da damar ɗigon digo na huhu don isa ga wasu a kusanci don haka ba zai dace da dabarun sarrafa tushen ba. [64]

Wasu fuskokin sun haɗa da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don fitar da numfashi waje, amma ba a tace wannan iskar ta yanzu. Takaddun shaida (kamar N95 ko FFP2) yana game da abin rufe fuska da kansa kuma baya bada garantin kowane aminci game da iskar da ake fitarwa. Saka tef a kan bawul ɗin fitar da iska zai iya sanya abin rufe fuska ko numfashi mai tasiri kamar wanda ba shi da bawul.[65]

Masana kimiyya sun hango tarwatsewar ɗigon ruwa don rufe fuska tare da bawuloli masu fitar da iska da garkuwar fuska, kuma sun kammala da cewa ba za su iya yin tasiri ba kan yaɗuwar COVID-19 (misali, bayan tari) da shawarar madadin.[66][67]

Shawarwari

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Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska ko abin rufe fuska daga jami'an kiwon lafiya don rage haɗarin watsawa, tare da hukumomi ko dai suna buƙatar amfani da su a wasu wurare, kamar akan jigilar jama'a da shaguna, ko kuma a cikin jama'a.

Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da fifikon abin rufe fuska na matakin likita, kamar masu hura iska, don amfani da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya dangane da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, don haka galibi da farko suna ba da shawarar rufe abin rufe fuska ga jama'a.[68][67] Shawarwarin sun canza yayin da ƙungiyar ilimin kimiyya ta haɓaka.

Dangane da #Masks4All, kusan kashi 95% na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe inda gwamnati da manyan masana cutar ke ba da shawara ko buƙatar amfani da abin rufe fuska a wuraren taruwar jama'a don takaita yaduwar COVID-19.[69]

Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya

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Bidiyo daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da nau'ikan fuskokin fuskoki daban -daban da yadda ake amfani da su

A farkon 2020, WHO ta ba da shawarar masks na likita kawai ga mutanen da ake zargi da kamuwa da cuta da alamun numfashi, masu kula da su da waɗanda ke raba sararin zama, da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[70][71][72] A cikin Afrilu 2020, WHO ta yarda cewa sanya abin rufe fuska na likita na iya iyakance yaduwar wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi ciki har da COVID-19, amma ta yi iƙirarin cewa abin rufe fuska na likita zai haifar da ƙarya na tsaro da yin watsi da wasu matakan da suka dace, kamar tsabtace hannu. [73]

An bincika shawarar WHO ta farko akan iyakance amfani da abin rufe fuska saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, masana da masu bincike sun yi nuni da yadda kwayar cutar ke yaduwa.[74][75][76][77][78] Na biyu, a cewar Marteau et al. (27 ga Yuli 2020), shaidar da ke akwai ba ta goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa rufe fuska yana da illa ga tsabtace hannu:[79] Dame Theresa Marteau, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken, ta lura cewa "Manufar biyan diyya, maimakon biyan diyya da kanta, da alama mafi girma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar jinkirta ayyukan da za su iya yin tasiri wadanda za su iya taimakawa hana yaduwar cutar. "[80]

Hukumar ta WHO ta yi bitar jagororin abin rufe fuska a watan Yunin 2020, tare da jami'anta sun yarda cewa binciken ya nuna asymptomatic ko pre-symptomatic yada.[81] Sabuntar shawarar ta ba da shawarar cewa jama'a gaba ɗaya su sanya abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba inda aka sani ko ake zargi da yaɗuwar yaduwa kuma inda ba za a iya nesanta jiki ba, da kuma mutanen masu rauni (60 da sama, ko tare da haɗarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya) da mutane da kowane cututtuka suggestive na COVID-19, kazalika da taimaka da kuma kiwon lafiya ma'aikata kamata sa m ko hanya masks[68] Sun bayyana cewa makasudin amfani da abin rufe fuska shine don hana mai sakawa ya watsa kwayar cutar ga wasu (sarrafa tushen) da bayar da kariya ga masu sanye da ƙoshin lafiya daga kamuwa da cuta (rigakafi).[68]

A WHO da shawara cewa ba likita masana'anta masks kamata sun dauki wani m na uku yadudduka,[68] bayar da shawara wani ciki Layer sanya na absorbent abu (kamar auduga), a tsakiyar Layer sanya na ba-saka abu (kamar propylene) wanda may inganta tacewa ko riƙe droplets, da kuma wani matsanancin Layer sanya na ba-absorbent abu (kamar polyester ko ta blends) wanda zai iya iyakance waje samu daga shigar azzakari cikin farji.[82]

A ranar 21 ga Agustan 2020, WHO da UNICEF sun fitar da jagorar ƙarin bayani ga yara. [83] Ga yara masu shekaru biyar da ƙarami, suna ba da shawarar cewa bai kamata a buƙaci abin rufe fuska ba dangane da mahimmancin ci gaban yaro, ƙalubalen bin doka, da cin gashin kai da ake buƙata don amfani da abin rufe fuska da kyau, amma sun gane cewa shaidar da ke tallafa wa yankewar shekarunsu ta iyakance kuma ƙasashe na iya riƙe daban da ƙananan shekarun yankewa. [83] Ga yara 6 - 11, suna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yanke shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska dangane da abubuwa da yawa ciki har da ƙarfin watsawar ƙwayoyin cuta na gida, (sabuwar shaida game da) haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ga rukunin shekaru, yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu (wanda ke tasiri hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin al'ummomi da yawan jama'a), ikon yin biyayya da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ya dace, samun ingantaccen kulawar manya, da yuwuwar tasiri kan ilmantarwa da haɓaka halayyar ɗan adam, da ƙarin abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman saiti ko yanayi (kamar naƙasassu, cututtuka, tsofaffi, ayyukan wasanni, da makarantu). [83] Ga yara masu shekaru 12 da haihuwa, suna ba da shawara cewa yakamata a sanya abin rufe fuska a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya na manya daidai da jagorar WHO ko jagororin ƙasa.[83]

Dangane da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba a cikin yawan jama'a, WHO ta bayyana cewa ingantacciyar shaida don amfanin ta yaɗu ta iyakance, amma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci da su ƙarfafa amfani da shi saboda nesantawar jiki ba zai yiwu ba a wasu saitunan, akwai wasu shaidu don watsa asymptomatic, da abin rufe fuska na iya taimakawa don samar da shinge don iyakance yaduwar ɗigon ruwan da ke iya kamuwa.[84]

Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka

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Jagora daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka kan amfani da yin abin rufe fuska yayin bala'in COVID-19 [85]

A farkon shekarar 2020, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ce ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska ga jama'a ba.[86][87] Koyaya, a kan 3 Afrilu 2020, CDC ta canza shawara don ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska "a cikin wuraren jama'a lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen gidansu, musamman lokacin da matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa".[88][89] Dangane da binciken kafofin watsa labarai ta Rediyon Jama'a ta Kasa, CDC ta ce wannan canjin jagororin ya faru ne saboda karuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar, tare da yin nuni da binciken da aka buga a watan Fabrairu da Maris wanda ke nuna alamun rashin lafiya da watsawar asymptomatic.[90] A cikin wata hira ta gaba da editan JAMA, daraktan CDC Robert R. Redfield ya bayyana cewa an fara jagorantar CDC a farkon rashin shaidar watsa cutar daga mutane na farko da asymptomatic.[91][92][93]

 
CDC ba ta ba da shawarar rufe fuska da bawuloli masu fitar da iska ko ramuka don sarrafa tushen ba. A cikin jagororin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, idan kawai akwai masu hura iska tare da bawuloli kuma ana buƙatar sarrafa tushen, CDC ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rufe bawul ɗin da abin rufe fuska, abin rufe fuska, ko mayafin rufe fuska.

Tun daga ranar 28 ga Yuni, "CDC ta ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska a cikin saitunan jama'a da lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen da ba sa zama a cikin gidan ku, musamman lokacin da sauran matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa. Rufin mayafi na iya taimakawa hana mutanen da ke da COVID-19 yada cutar ga wasu. Rufin rufe fuska zai iya rage yaɗuwar COVID-19 lokacin da mutane ke amfani da su a cikin saitunan jama'a. " [94] CDC ta ba da gargadin cewa bai kamata yara 'yan kasa da shekara biyu su sanya mayafin rufe mayafin ba, mutanen da ke da matsalar numfashi, ko kuma mutanen da ba su san komai ba, marasa karfin hali, ko kuma ba za su iya cire abin rufe fuska ba tare da taimako.[94] A watan Agustan 2020, CDC ta kara da cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska ko ramuka a cikin abin rufe fuska ba sa taimakawa hana mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska ya yada COVID-19 ga wasu (sarrafa tushe), kamar yadda rami guda daya a cikin kayan na iya ba da damar fitar da digo na numfashi daga. iskar da aka fitar don isa ga wasu.[95][54]

A cikin taƙaitaccen ilimin kimiyya na Nuwamba 2020, CDC ta sake nanata shawarwarin su don amfani da abin rufe fuska na jama'a da kuma abin rufe fuska na musamman wanda ba shi da ruwa don hana watsa SARS-CoV-2. [96] Sun ce amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma yana amfani da manyan manufofi guda biyu: don rage fitar da ɗigon ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta daga huhu zuwa cikin muhalli (sarrafa tushen ), wanda ya fi dacewa musamman ga masu asymptomatic ko presymptomatic masu kamuwa da cutar waɗanda ke jin daɗi kuma mai yiwuwa ba su sani ba kamuwa da cuta ga wasu, da kuma rage shakar waɗannan ɗigon ruwan ta hanyar tacewa ga mai shi (kariyar mutum). [96] Domin tacewa, da CDC ce wasu yadudduka (kamar siliki) na iya hydrophobically tare m droplets, alhãli kuwa sauran yadudduka (kamar polyester ko propylene ) na iya electrostatically kama droplets. [96] Sun kammala cewa fa'idar rufe fuska don sarrafa SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga haɗarin sarrafa tushe da kariya ta mutum, wanda wataƙila mai dacewa ne kuma mai yuwuwa, don amfanin mutum ya ƙaru tare da haɓaka amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma. [96]

CDC ta ce yakamata ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya su sanya NOSH da aka amince da N95 (ko kwatankwacin ko mafi girma) ko abin rufe fuska (idan babu injin numfashi) tare da garkuwar fuska ko tabarau a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin kariya na kansu, yayin da marasa lafiya wanda ake zargi ko tabbatar da kamuwa da SARS-CoV-2 yakamata ya sanya abin rufe fuska ko mayafin rufe fuska yayin jigilar kaya.[97] A matsayin dabarun rikice-rikice don ƙarancin ƙarancin masu ba da gudummawar N95 a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya, tsakanin sauran matakan, CDC tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da masu ba da izini fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera ta mai ƙira, amfani da masu ba da izini a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙasashe masu kama da masu yarda da NIOSH., iyakance sake amfani da masu hura iska, amfani da ƙarin masu isar da iska fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera na masana'anta waɗanda NIOSH ba ta tantance su ba, da ba da fifiko kan amfani da masu hura iska da abin rufe fuska ta nau'in aiki.[98]

A ƙarshen Yuli 2021, CDC ta canza jagororin don ba da shawarar mutane, gami da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar rigakafin, don ci gaba da rufe fuska a cikin saitunan cikin gida na jama'a a wuraren da ke da isasshen watsawa - kamar yadda akwai alamun cewa coronavirus irin na Delta na iya kamuwa da cutar har ma da allurar rigakafi. mutane a lokuta da ba kasafai ba - don taimakawa hana watsawa ga wasu mutane.[99][100] A baya, CDC ta sabunta jagorar jama'a daga Mayu 2021 ta bayyana cewa waɗanda aka yiwa cikakken allurar za su iya "ci gaba da ayyukan ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba ko nesanta jiki, sai dai inda dokar tarayya, jihohi, na gida, kabilanci, ko dokokin yanki, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi, ciki har da na gida. jagorar kasuwanci da wurin aiki. " Koyaya, masu sukar sun nuna cewa an ƙaddara shi a kan wani muhimmin al'amari na zamantakewa, wato ko za a iya amincewa mutane su sanya abin rufe fuska idan ba a yi musu cikakken allurar ba.[101][102][103]

Zargin shiriya

gyara sashe

Larry Gostin, farfesa a dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ya ce CDC na farko da jagorar WHO sun bai wa jama'a ra'ayi mara kyau cewa abin rufe fuska baya aiki, duk da cewa akwai shaidar kimiyya da akasin haka.[90] Shawara mai canzawa mai rikitarwa daga yanke shawara zuwa bayar da shawarar rufe fuska ta jama'a ya haifar da raguwar amincewar jama'a a CDC.[76][104] A watan Yunin 2020 Anthony Fauci, babban kwararre kan cutar kwalara ga gwamnatin Amurka, ya yarda cewa jinkirin bayar da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska gaba daya ya kasance ne ta son adana kayan da ke raguwa ga kwararrun likitocin.[105]

China da Asiya

gyara sashe

A cikin Maris 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da kurakuran da wasu ƙasashe ke yi a cikin barkewar cutar, babban darektan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta China George Fu Gao ya ce:

“Babban kuskure a Amurka da Turai, a ganina, shine mutane ba sa sanya abin rufe fuska. Ana kamuwa da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar ɗigon ruwa da kusanci. Droplets suna taka muhimmiyar rawa – dole ne ku sanya abin rufe fuska, saboda lokacin da kuke magana, koyaushe akwai ɗigon ruwa yana fitowa daga bakinku. Mutane da yawa suna da cututtukan asymptomatic ko presymptomatic. Idan suna sanye da abin rufe fuska, zai iya hana kwararar ruwan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar daga tserewa da kamuwa da wasu. ”[106]

Kwatanta ƙasashe da yankuna

gyara sashe
 
Dokokin rufe fuska a duk duniya har zuwa 19 ga Disamba 2020
% na yawan mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a, ta ƙasa/ƙasa (daga 9 Agusta 2020)
Ƙasa/ƙasa %
 </img> Singapore 92
 </img> Spain 90
 </img> Thailand 88
 </img> Hong Kong 86
 </img> Japan 86
 </img> Malesiya 85
 </img> Indonesia 85
 </img> Philippines 84
 </img> Faransa 83
 </img> Indiya 82
 </img> Italiya 81
 </img> China 80
 </img> Taiwan 80
 </img> Vietnam 79
 </img> Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa 79
 </img> Ƙasar Ingila 75
 </img> Amurka 75
 </img> Kanada 74
 </img> Saudi Arabia 71
 </img> Meziko 67
 </img> Jamus 65
 </img> Ostiraliya 41
 </img> Poland 23
 </img> Girka 19
 </img> Rasha 10
 </img> Misira 8
 </img> Finland 7
 </img> Sweden 6
 </img> Norway 5
 </img> Denmark 4

Duba kuma

gyara sashe
  • Fuskokin fuska yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Amurka

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Bourouiba, Lydia (13 July 2021). "Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 23 (1): 547–577. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044. hdl:1721.1/131115. PMID 34255991 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 235823756 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  2. ↑ "What Dr. Fauci wants you to know about face masks and staying home as virus spreads". PBS NewsHour (in Turanci). 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  3. ↑ Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (2021-09-15). "N95 Respirators, Surgical Masks, Face Masks, and Barrier Face Coverings". FDA (in Turanci).
  4. ↑ CDC (2020-02-11). "Considerations for Wearing Masks". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  5. ↑ "Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) -Prerequisites, Rationale and Challenges during COVID 19 Pandemic". ResearchGate (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  6. ↑ Lam, Simon Ching; Suen, Lorna Kwai Ping; Cheung, Teris Cheuk Chi (May 2020). "Global risk to the community and clinical setting: Flocking of fake masks and protective gears during the COVID-19 pandemic". American Journal of Infection Control. 48 (8): 964–965. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.008. PMC 7219383. PMID 32405127.
  7. ↑ Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit, The Globe and Mail, 6 April 2020.
  8. ↑ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Godoy, Laura R. Garcia; Jones, Amy E.; Anderson, Taylor N.; Fisher, Cameron L.; Seeley, Kylie M. L.; Beeson, Erynn A.; Zane, Hannah K.; Peterson, Jaime W.; Sullivan, Peter D. (5 May 2020). "Facial protection for healthcare workers during pandemics: a scoping review". BMJ Global Health (in Turanci). 5 (5): e002553. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002553. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 7228486. PMID 32371574.
  10. ↑ Konda A, Prakash A, Guha S (2020). "Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks". ACS Nano. 14 (5): 6339–6347. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252. PMC 7185834. PMID 32329337.
  11. ↑ Daoud, Ariel Kiyomi; Hall, Jessica Kole; Petrick, Haylie; Strong, Anne; Piggott, Cleveland (2021-01-01). "The Potential for Cloth Masks to Protect Health Care Clinicians From SARS-CoV-2: A Rapid Review". The Annals of Family Medicine (in Turanci). 19 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1370/afm.2640. ISSN 1544-1709. PMC 7800735. PMID 33431393.
  12. ↑ Davies, Anna; Thompson, Katy-Anne; Giri, Karthika; Kafatos, George; Walker, Jimmy; Bennett, Allan (22 May 2013). "Testing the Efficacy of Homemade Masks: Would They Protect in an Influenza Pandemic?". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (4): 413–418. doi:10.1017/dmp.2013.43. ISSN 1935-7893. PMC 7108646. PMID 24229526.
  13. ↑ Aydin O, Emon B, Cheng S, Saif A (2020). "Performance of fabrics for home-made masks against the spread of COVID-19 through droplets: A quantitative mechanistic study". Extreme Mechanics Letters. 40: 100924. doi:10.1016/j.eml.2020.100924. PMC 7417273. PMID 32835043.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Clase CM, Fu EL, Ashur A, Carrero JJ (2020). "Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks-A Narrative Review". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 95 (10): 2204–2224. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.020. PMC 7834536. PMID 33012350.
  16. ↑ "Plain language Mayo Clin Proc 2020".
  17. ↑ "How to Make a Cloth Mask".
  18. ↑ "Topics".
  19. ↑ "How to Put on a Cloth Mask".
  20. ↑ "How to Take off a Cloth Mask".
  21. ↑ "How to Clean a Cloth Mask".
  22. ↑ "Frequent Questions About Hand Hygiene: Handwashing". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 14 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "How to Safely Wear and Take Off a Cloth Face Covering" (PDF). CDC.
  24. ↑ "Does a PM 2.5 filter help with coronavirus? - UAB Medicine News - UAB Medicine". www.uabmedicine.org. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (in Turanci). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020. Samfuri:PD-inline
  26. ↑ Wei, Neo Kang (6 May 2019). "What is PM0.3 and Why Is It Important?". Smart Air Filters.
  27. ↑ Samfuri:Cite patent
  28. ↑ "Properties of Different Types of Masks" (PDF). Government of New South Wales Clinical Excellence Commission. February 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2020.
  29. ↑ Jung, James (17 March 2020). "KAIST Researchers Develop Highly Reusable Mask Filter". KoreaTechToday.
  30. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings". cdc.gov. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic (in Turanci). CDC. 27 March 2020.
  32. ↑ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 11 February 2020.
  33. ↑ "Not Enough Face Masks Are Made In America To Deal With Coronavirus". NPR. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  34. ↑ "Chinese mask makers use loopholes to speed up regulatory approval". Financial Times. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  35. ↑ Long, Y; Hu, T; Liu, L; Chen, R; Guo, Q; Yang, L; Cheng, Y; Huang, J; Du, L (13 March 2020). "Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Evidence-based Medicine. 13 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1111/jebm.12381. PMC 7228345. PMID 32167245.
  36. ↑ Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Vicenzi, Edward P.; Weaver, Jamie L. (2020-07-28). "Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2". ACS Nano (in Turanci). 14 (7): 9188–9200. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05025. ISSN 1936-0851. PMC 7341689. PMID 32584542.
  37. ↑ Gawn, Jonathan (2008). "Evaluating the protection afforded by surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols" (PDF). UK's Health and Safety Executive.
  38. ↑ Robertson, Paddy (15 March 2020). "Comparison of Mask Standards, Ratings, and Filtration Effectiveness". Smart Air Filters.
  39. ↑ 中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY 0469–2011 医用外科口罩（Surgical mask） (in Chinese)
  40. ↑ 中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY/T 0969–2013 一次性使用医用口罩（Single-use medical face mask） Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
  41. ↑ Mueller, Amy V.; Eden, Matthew J.; Oakes, Jessica M.; Bellini, Chiara; Fernandez, Loretta A. (2020-09-02). "Quantitative Method for Comparative Assessment of Particle Removal Efficiency of Fabric Masks as Alternatives to Standard Surgical Masks for PPE". Matter (in English). 3 (3): 950–962. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.006. ISSN 2590-2393. PMC 7346791. PMID 32838296.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  42. ↑ Clapp, Phillip W.; Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E.; Samet, James M.; Berntsen, Jon; Zeman, Kirby L.; Anderson, Deverick J.; Weber, David J.; Bennett, William D. (2020-12-10). "Evaluation of Cloth Masks and Modified Procedure Masks as Personal Protective Equipment for the Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic". JAMA Internal Medicine (in Turanci). 181 (4): 463–469. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8168. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 7729588. PMID 33300948.CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired (link)
  43. ↑ Brooks, John T. (2021). "Maximizing Fit for Cloth and Medical Procedure Masks to Improve Performance and Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Exposure, 2021". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (in Turanci). 70 (7): 254–257. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7007e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7891692. PMID 33600386 Check |pmid= value (help).
  44. ↑ Cavalcanti, Gui; Cocciole, Claire; Cole, Christina; Forgues, Angela; Jaqua, Victoria; Jones-Davis, Dorothy; Merlo, Sabrina (2021). Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis (PDF). Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers. p. 22, 46. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  45. ↑ "NIOSH-Approved N95 Particulate Filtering Facepiece Respirators – A Suppliers List". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (in Turanci). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  46. ↑ "Respirator Trusted-Source: Selection FAQs". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (in Turanci). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  47. ↑ "Respirator Trusted-Source: Selection FAQs". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (in Turanci). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  48. ↑ Zie, John (19 March 2020). "World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?". Voice of America.
  49. ↑ Feng, Emily (16 March 2020). "COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make". NPR.
  50. ↑ "Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes" (PDF). 3M Technical Data Bulletin. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators: Crisis/Alternate Strategies". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Patel, Rajeev B.; Skaria, Shaji D.; Mansour, Mohamed M.; Smaldone, Gerald C. (28 April 2016). "Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: An invitro study". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 13 (7): 569–576. doi:10.1080/15459624.2015.1043050. ISSN 1545-9624. PMC 4873718. PMID 26225807.
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  73. ↑ (Report). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  74. ↑ Keshtkar-Jahromi, Maryam; Sulkowski, Mark; Holakouie-Naieni, Kourosh (3 June 2020). "Public Masking: An Urgent Need to Revise Global Policies to Protect against COVID-19". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102 (6): 1160–1161. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0305. PMC 7253086. PMID 32323645.
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  99. ↑ "When You've Been Fully Vaccinated". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021.
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  101. ↑ Noguchi, Yuki (20 May 2021). "The CDC Is Gambling On Relaxed Mask Rules To Get More People Vaccinated". NPR.
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  105. ↑ Jankowicz, Mia (1 June 2020). "Fauci said US government held off promoting face masks because it knew shortages were so bad that even doctors couldn't get enough". Business Insider.
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