Wikipedia

Mutanen Maasai

Maasai / / ˈmɑːs aɪ , mɑː ˈs aɪ / ; [1] [2] ƙabilar Nilotic ce da ke zaune a arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Kenya da arewacin Tanzaniya, kusa da yankin manyan tabkuna na Afirka . Maasai suna magana da yaren Maa (ɔl Maa), [3] ɗan kabilar Nilotic da ke da alaƙa da harsunan Dinka, Kalenjin da Nuer . Ban da wasu dattawan da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, yawancin mutanen Maasai suna magana da yarukan hukuma na Kenya da Tanzaniya, Swahili da Ingilishi . [4]

Mutanen Maasai

Jimlar yawan jama'a
850,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Kenya da Tanzaniya

An bayar da rahoton yawan mutanen Maasai sun kai 1,189,522 a Kenya a cikin ƙidayar 2019, idan aka kwatanta da 377,089 a cikin ƙididdigar 1989, kodayake yawancin Maasai suna kallon ƙidayar a matsayin shigar gwamnati sabili da haka ko dai sun ƙi shiga ko kuma sun ba da bayanan ƙarya. [5] [6][7]

Tarihi

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Maasai suna zaune a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka kuma sun isa ta Sudan ta Kudu.[8] Yawancin masu magana da Nilotic a yankin, gami da Maasai, Turkana da Kalenjin, makiyaya ne kuma suna da suna a matsayin jarumawa masu ban tsoro da masu satar shanu.[8] Maasai da sauran kungiyoyi a Gabashin Afirka sun karbi al'adu da ayyuka daga kungiyoyin makwabta masu magana da harshen Cushitic, gami da tsarin tsarin shekaru na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, kaciya, da kalmomin ƙamus.[9]   

Asalin, ƙaura da daidaitawa

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Mutumin Maasai

An tilastawa wasu kabilu da dama da suka kafa matsugunnai a yankin </link> ta Masai mai shigowa. [10] Sauran, galibin ƙungiyoyin Kushitic na Kudancin, an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Maasai. Kakannin Nilotic na Kalenjin suma sun mamaye wasu mutanen Kushitic na farko.

Gida a Gabashin Afirka

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Yankin Maasai ya kai girmansa mafi girma a tsakiyar karni na 19 kuma ya rufe kusan dukkanin Great Rift Valley da ƙasashen da ke kusa da Dutsen Marsabit a arewa zuwa Dodoma a kudu. A wannan lokacin Maasai, da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Nilotic da suka kasance wani ɓangare na su, sun kiwon shanu har zuwa gabas zuwa gabar Tekun Tanga a Tanganyika (yanzu ƙasar Tanzania). Masu kai hari sun yi amfani da mashi da garkuwar amma ana tsoron su don jefa sanduna (orinka) wanda za'a iya jefa shi daidai daga har zuwa matakai 70 (kimanin mita 100). A shekara ta 1852, akwai wani rahoto game da tarin mayaƙan Maasai 800 a kan tafiya a cikin abin da ke yanzu Kenya. A shekara ta 1857, bayan sun rasa mazauna "Wakuafi jeji" a cikin abin da ke yanzu kudu maso gabashin Kenya, mayaƙan Maasai sun yi barazanar Mombasa a bakin tekun Kenya.

 
Mayakan Maasai a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, c. 1906

Saboda wannan ƙaura, Maasai sune masu magana da yaren Nilotic na kudanci. Lokacin fadada ya biyo bayan Maasai "Emutai" na 1883-1902. Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta annoba ta pleuropneumonia mai yaduwa, Rinderpest (duba 1890s African rinderpest epizootic), da kyanda. Kimanin da wani hafsan Jamus ya gabatar a cikin abin da ke arewa maso yammacin Tanganyika, shine cewa kashi 90% na shanu da rabin dabbobin daji sun mutu daga rinderpest. Likitocin Jamus a wannan yanki sun yi iƙirarin cewa "kowane na biyu" Afirka yana da fuska mai alama sakamakon kyanda. Wannan lokacin ya yi daidai da fari. Ruwan sama ya gaza a cikin 1897 da 1898. [11]

Mai binciken Austrian Oscar Baumann ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙasashen Maasai tsakanin 1891 da 1893 kuma ya bayyana tsohuwar ƙauyen Maasai a cikin Ngorongoro Crater a cikin littafin 1894 Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle ("Ta hanyar ƙasashen Ma Masai zuwa asalin Nilu"). Da wani kimantawa kashi biyu bisa uku na Maasai sun mutu a wannan lokacin.[12][13] Maasai a Tanganyika (yanzu ƙasar Tanzania) an kore su daga ƙasashe masu kyau tsakanin Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Kilimanjaro, da kuma mafi yawan tsaunuka masu kyau kusa da Ngorongoro a cikin shekarun 1940. An dauki ƙarin ƙasa don ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar namun daji da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa: Amboseli National Park, Nairobi National Park, Maasai Mara, Samburu National Reserve, Lake Nakuru National Park da Tsavo a Kenya; da Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tarangire da Serengeti National Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu Tanzania.[14]

Maasai makiyaya ne kuma sun yi tsayayya da roƙon gwamnatocin Tanzania da Kenya don karɓar salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Sun bukaci haƙƙin kiwo ga yawancin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.[15]

Mutanen Maasai sun tsaya a kan bautar kuma ba su taɓa yarda da zirga-zirgar mutane ba, kuma baƙi da ke neman mutane su bautar sun guje wa Maasai.

Ainihin akwai bangarori ashirin da biyu na ƙasa ko ƙananan kabilun al'ummar Maasai, kowannensu yana da al'adun sa, bayyanar sa, jagoranci da yaruka. Wadannan sassan an san su da 'al'ummai' ko 'iloshon' a cikin Harshen Maa: Keekonyokie, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siriya, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Ilchamus, Lapiak, Loitokoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket da Parakuyo.[16]

Halitta

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Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya taimaka wajen haskaka wasu haske game da asalin mutanen Maasai. Genealogy, kayan aiki wanda ke amfani da kwayoyin halitta na al'ummomin zamani don gano asalin kabilanci da na ƙasa, ya kuma taimaka wajen bayyana yiwuwar asalin Maasai na zamani.[17]

DNA na autosomal

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An bincika DNA na Maasai a cikin cikakken binciken da Tishkoff et al. (2009) suka yi akan alaƙar kwayar halitta na al'ummomi daban-daban a Afirka. A cewar marubutan binciken, Maasai "sun ci gaba da al'adunsu a fuskar yaduwar kwayoyin halitta".[18] Tishkoff et al. sun kuma nuna cewa: "Yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Nilo-Sahara a Gabashin Afirka, kamar Maasai, suna nuna ayyukan rukuni da yawa daga Nilo-Dahara [...] da Cushitic [...] AACs, daidai da shaidar harshe na maimaitawar Nilotic na Cushites a cikin shekaru 3000 da suka gabata kuma tare da babban mitar maye gurbin Afirka ta Gabas da ke da alaƙa da haƙuri da lactose" [18]

Maasai yana nuna mahimmin haɗin gwiwar Yammacin-Eurasian a kusan ~ 20%. Irin wannan zuriyar Yammacin Turai ya kai kashi 40-50 cikin 100 a tsakanin takamaiman al'ummomi na Kahon Afirka, musamman tsakanin Amharas . Bayanan kwayoyin halitta da shaidun tarihi sun nuna cewa makiyayan gabashin Afirka sun karbi kakannin yammacin Eurasian (~ 25%) ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu magana da harshen Afroasiatic daga Arewacin Afirka ko Larabawa, kuma daga bisani sun yada wannan bangaren na zuriyar zuwa kudu zuwa wasu kungiyoyin Khoisan kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce, wanda ya haifar da ~ 5% Asalin Yammacin Turai tsakanin mafarauta na Kudancin Afirka. [19] [20]

Wani bincike na archaeogenetic na shekarar 2019 ya misalta tsoffin gawa daga mazaunan Neolithic na Tanzaniya da Kenya, kuma ya same su suna da kusanci da ƙungiyoyin Kahon Afirka na zamani. Sun tsara al'ummar Maasai a matsayin suna da zuriyarsu wanda ke da alaƙa ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic da ~53% na Sudan Dinka. [21]

Y-DNA

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Nazarin chromosome Y na Wood et al. (2005) ya gwada al'ummomin Kudu-Sahara daban-daban, gami da mazan Maasai 26 daga Kenya, don zuriyar uba. Mawallafa sun lura da haplogroup E1b1b -M35 (ba M78 ba) a cikin 35% na Maasai da aka yi nazari. [22] E1b1b-M35-M78 a cikin 15%, kakanninsu tare da mafi yawan mutanen Kushitic na arewa, waɗanda suka mallaki haplogroup a manyan mitoci [23] sun rayu fiye da shekaru 13 000 da suka gabata. [24] Na biyu mafi yawan zuriyar uba tsakanin Maasai shine Haplogroup A3b2, wanda aka fi samu a cikin al'ummar Nilotic, kamar Alur ; [22] [25] an lura dashi a cikin 27% na maza Maasai. Alamar DNA ta uba ta uku da aka fi lura da ita a Maasai ita ce E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankin Sub-Saharan; an samo shi a cikin 12% na samfuran Maasai. An kuma lura da Haplogroup B-M60 a cikin 8% na Maasai da aka yi nazari, [22] wanda kuma aka samu a cikin 30% (16/53) na Kudancin Sudan Nilotes. [25]

DNA na mitochondrial

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Dangane da binciken mtDNA na Castri et al. (2008), wanda ya gwada mutanen Maasai a Kenya, zuriyar uwa da aka samu tsakanin Maasai sun bambanta sosai amma suna kama da wanda aka lura a wasu al'ummomin Nilo-Hamitic daga yankin, kamar Samburu. Yawancin Maasai da aka gwada sun kasance daga cikin ƙananan macro-haplogroup L, gami da L0, L2, L3, L4 da L5. An kuma bayar da rahoton wasu kwayoyin halitta daga Arewa da Arewa maso gabashin Afirka, musamman ta hanyar kasancewar mtDNA haplogroup M lineages a cikin kimanin 12.5% na samfurori na Maasai.[26][7]

Al'adu

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Sojojin Maasai suna fuskantar hyena mai tabo, mai cin nama na yau da kullun, kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin In Wildest Africa (1907)

Maasai masu bin Allah ɗaya suna bauta wa allahn guda ɗaya da ake kira ENkai', Nkai, [10] ko Engai. Engai yana da yanayi biyu, wanda aka wakilta da launuka biyu: [10] Engai Narok (Black God) mai alheri ne, kuma Engai Na-nyokie (Red God) mai ramawa ne. [27]

Har ila yau, akwai ginshiƙai biyu ko totems na al'ummar Maasai: Oodo Mongi, Red Cow da Orok Kiteng, Black Cow tare da rarraba kabilun biyar ko bishiyoyin iyali. Maasai kuma suna da dabba mai kama da komai, wanda shine zaki. Maasai suna amfani da kisan zaki a cikin bikin wucewa. "Dutse na Allah", Ol Doinyo Lengai, yana cikin arewacin Tanzania kuma ana iya ganinsa daga Tafkin Natron a kudancin Kenya. Babban mutum a cikin tsarin addinin Maasai shine laibon wanda matsayinsa ya haɗa da warkarwa ta shamanistic, duba da annabci, da kuma tabbatar da nasara a yaƙi ko isasshen ruwan sama. A yau, suna da rawar siyasa saboda girman shugabannin. Duk wani iko da mutum yake da shi shine aikin mutum maimakon matsayi.[28] Yawancin Maasai sun kuma karɓi Kiristanci ko Islama.[29] Maasai suna samar da kayan ado masu rikitarwa kuma suna sayar da waɗannan abubuwa ga masu yawon bude ido.[7]

 
Mutanen Maasai da gidaje tare da shingen enkang a gaba - gabashin Serengeti, 2006

Koyar da mata Maasai su yi amfani da asibitoci da asibutoci a lokacin daukar ciki ya ba da damar karin jarirai su tsira. Ana samun banda a yankuna masu nisa sosai.[7] Ana ganin gawar da masu cinyewa suka ƙi yana da wani abu mara kyau tare da shi, kuma yana iya haifar da kunya ga jama'a; sabili da haka, ba sabon abu ba ne ga jikin da za a rufe shi da kitse da jini daga bijimi da aka yanka.[30][31]

Hanyar rayuwar gargajiya ta Maasai tana kewaye da shanu, [32] wanda shine tushen abinci na farko. A cikin al'adun ubanni wanda ke kallon mata a matsayin dukiya, ana auna dukiyar mutum a cikin shanu, mata da yara. Garken shanu 50 yana da daraja, kuma da yawa mata da yara sun fi kyau. Mutumin da ke da yalwa ɗaya amma ba ɗayan ba ana ɗaukarsa matalauci ne.[33]

Dukkanin bukatun Maasai na abinci ana biyan su da shanu. Suna cin naman su, suna shan madararsu kowace rana, kuma suna shan jinin su a wasu lokuta. Ana yanka bijimai, awaki, da raguna don nama a lokuta na musamman da bukukuwa. Kodayake duk hanyar rayuwar Maasai a tarihi ta dogara da shanu, kwanan nan tare da shanu suna raguwa, Maasai sun dogara da abinci kamar sorghum, shinkafa, dankali da kabewa (wanda aka sani ga Maasai a matsayin ganyen awaki). [34]

Ɗaya daga cikin kuskuren da aka saba da shi game da Maasai shine cewa kowane saurayi ya kamata ya kashe zaki kafin a yi masa kaciya kuma ya shiga girma. Yin farautar zaki wani aiki ne na baya, amma an haramta shi a Gabashin Afirka - duk da haka har yanzu ana farautar zakuna lokacin da suke cinye dabbobin Maasai.[35][36] Duk da haka, kashe zaki yana ba da babban darajar da matsayi a cikin al'umma. [7][37]

 
Makarantar Maasai a Tanzania

Canjin jiki

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Maasai mace mai kunkuntar kunne

Fitarwa da shimfiɗa kunne sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Maasai kamar yadda yake tare da sauran kabilun, kuma maza da mata suna sa ƙuƙwalwar ƙarfe a kan kunnuwan su. An yi amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban don furewa da shimfiɗa lobes, gami da ƙayoyi don fure, rassan, tarin rassan, duwatsu, ɓangaren giciye na ƙashin giwa da kuma fina-finai marasa amfani. Mata suna sa nau'o'i daban-daban na kayan ado a cikin kunnen kunne da ƙananan perforations a saman kunne. Daga cikin mazajen Maasai, ana yin kaciya a matsayin al'ada na sauyawa daga ƙuruciya zuwa namiji. Ana kuma kaciya mata (kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar zamantakewa).

Wannan imani da al'ada ba na musamman ba ne ga Maasai. A yankunan karkara na Kenya, an bincika rukuni na yara 95 masu shekaru tsakanin watanni shida zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin 1991/92. An gano kashi 87% sun sha wahala daga cire ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin hakora. A cikin tsofaffi (shekaru 3-7), kashi 72% na yara 111 da aka bincika sun nuna ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwasawa.[38][39]

Yankewar al'aura

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Matashi Maasai jarumi (ƙarami Moran) tare da kawunansu da alamomi

A al'ada, Maasai suna gudanar da al'ada mai zurfi na al'adun wucewa wanda ya haɗa da yankan jima'i na tiyata don fara yara zuwa balaga. Kalmar Maa don kaciya, "emorata," ana amfani da ita ga wannan al'ada ga maza da mata.[40] Tsofaffi ne ke yin wannan al'ada, waɗanda ke amfani da wuka mai kaifi da kuma sutura na fata na shanu don aikin. [7]

Bikin namiji yana nufin cirewar prepuce (foreskin). A cikin bikin namiji, ana sa ran yaron zai jimre da aikin a shiru. Maganar zafi ta kawo masa wulakanci, ko da yake na ɗan lokaci ne kawai. Abu mai mahimmanci, duk wani murmushi ko motsi ba zato ba tsammani daga ɓangaren yaron na iya sa dattijo ya yi kuskure a cikin tsari mai laushi da gajiyarwa, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan rauni na rayuwa, rashin aiki, da ciwo.[41][7][42][43]

Har ila yau, matasan mata suna fuskantar yankan mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada mai zurfi na al'adar wucewa da ake kira "Emuatare," bikin da ke fara 'yan mata Maasai zuwa balaga ta hanyar yankan al'ada sannan kuma zuwa cikin auren da aka shirya da farko.[44] Maasai sun yi imanin cewa yankan mata ya zama dole kuma mazajen Maasai na iya ƙin duk wata mace da ba ta sha wahala ba kamar yadda ba za ta iya yin aure ba ko kuma ta cancanci rage farashin amarya. A Gabashin Afirka, ana iya zargi mata marasa kaciya, har ma da 'yan majalisa masu ilimi sosai kamar Linah Kilimo, da rashin isa ya isa a dauki su da muhimmanci.[45] Mai fafutukar Maasai Agnes Pareyio ta yi kamfen game da aikin. Aikin mata na wucewa al'ada kwanan nan ya ga an maye gurbin yankan a lokuta masu wuya tare da bikin "kissar da kalmomi" wanda ya haɗa da raira waƙa da rawa a wurinsa. Koyaya, duk da canje-canje ga doka da ilimi suna motsa aikin ya kasance mai zurfi, mai daraja sosai, kuma kusan dukkanin al'adun suna yin hakan.[46][7]

Gashi

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Macen Maasai mai gajeren gashi

Bayan ya kai shekaru 3 "watanni", ana kiran yaron kuma an aske kansa da tsabta ban da gashin gashi, wanda yayi kama da cockade, daga wuyan wuyansa zuwa goshi. [7]

Daga cikin maza, mayaƙa ne kawai membobin al'ummar Maasai da ke sa dogon gashi, wanda suke sa a cikin sutura mai laushi. Karatun karatu daga jarumi zuwa ƙarami dattijo yana faruwa a babban taro da ake kira Eunoto . Tsawon gashi na tsoffin mayaƙan an aske shi; dattawa dole ne su sa gashin su gajere. Sojojin da ba su da jima'i da mata waɗanda ba su shiga bikin "Emuatare" ba ana girmama su musamman a taron Eunoto.[7][47]

Wannan zai nuna alamar warkar da mace.

Kwanaki biyu kafin a yi wa yara maza kaciya, ana aske kawunansu.[48][49] Lokacin da mayaƙa suka ratsa Eunoto kuma suka zama dattawa, ana aske gashin su mai tsawo.[50][7]

Kiɗa da rawa

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Waƙar tsalle-tsalle ta gargajiya

Waƙoƙin Maasai a al'adance sun ƙunshi rhythms da aka bayar ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna raira waƙoƙi yayin da jagorar waƙa, ko olaranyani, ke raira waƙa.[51][52] Ba kamar sauran kabilun Afirka ba, Maasai suna amfani da polyphony na drone.[53]

Mata suna rera waƙoƙi, waƙoƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa, da waƙoƙin da ke yabon 'ya'yansu maza. Nambas, tsarin kira da amsawa, maimaita jimloli marasa ma'ana, waƙoƙi masu ma'anawa, jimloli masu maimaitawa bayan kowane aya da ake raira waƙa a kan sikelin da ke saukowa, kuma mawaƙa da ke amsawa ga ayoyinsu suna da halayyar raira waƙa ta mata.[54][55][7][56] Lokacin da mata Maasai da yawa suka taru tare, suna raira waƙa da rawa da juna.[57]

Eunoto, bikin zuwan jarumi, na iya haɗawa da kwana goma ko fiye na raira waƙa, rawa da al'ada. Sojojin Il-Oodokilani suna yin wani nau'i na Maris-da-baya da Adumu, ko aigus, wani lokacin ana kiransa " rawa mai tsalle-tsalle" daga wadanda ba Masai ba. (Dukansu adumu da aigus kalmomi ne na Maa ma'ana "tsalle" tare da adumu ma'ana" ma'ana ""Talle sama da ƙasa a cikin rawa". [58] [59] [7])

Abinci

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Wani makiyayi na Maasai yana kiwon shanu a cikin kogin Ngorongoro, Tanzania

A al'ada, abincin Maasai ya kunshi nama, madara, zuma da jini daga shanu - lura cewa shanu na Maasai iri ne na Zebu.

Yawancin madara ana cinye su azaman madara mai yisti ko madara mai man shanu (samfurin yin man shanu). Adadin amfani da madara yana da yawa sosai ta kowane ma'auni.[60][61]

Maasai suna garken awaki da tumaki, gami da tumakin Red Maasai, da kuma shanu masu daraja. [62] [7]

Kodayake ana cinye su azaman abincin dare, 'ya'yan itace sun zama babban ɓangare na abincin da yara da mata ke kula da shanu da kuma morans a cikin jeji ke cinyewa.[63][7][64]

 
Hadisin Magunguna da Herbs Hawker Daga Maasai

Magunguna

Mutanen Maasai suna amfani da muhalli yayin yin magungunan su saboda tsadar magungunan Yamma. Wadannan magunguna an samo su ne daga bishiyoyi, shrubs, tsokoki, tushen, da dai sauransu. Ana iya amfani da su ta hanyoyi da yawa ciki har da tafasa su a cikin miya kuma a sha su don inganta narkewa da tsaftace jini.[65] Wasu daga cikin wadannan magunguna ana iya amfani da su wajen magani ko rigakafin cututtuka. Mutanen Maasai kuma suna ƙara ganye ga abinci daban-daban don kauce wa damuwa da ciki da kuma ba da taimakon narkewa. Amfani da maganin tsire-tsire wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar Maasai.

Gidauniya

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Gidan da aka rufe da turaren shanu don hana ruwa

[66]

 
Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the inside
 
Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the outside

Tufafi

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Wata mace Maasai da ke sanye da tufafinta mafi kyau

Tufafin Maasai alama ce ta kasancewar kabilanci, salon rayuwa na makiyaya, da kuma matsayin mutum. Daga wannan za su iya yanke shawarar rawar da suke ɗauka ga kabilar. Har ila yau, kayan ado na iya nuna jinsi na mutum, matsayin dangantaka, da shekaru. Tufafin gargajiya na Maasai duka hanyar gane kabilanci ne da alama: samari, alal misali, suna sa baki na watanni da yawa bayan kaciyarsu.

Maasai ya fara maye gurbin fatar dabba, fatun maraƙi da fatar tumaki da rigar auduga na kasuwanci a cikin 1960s.

Shúkà ita ce kalmar Maa don takalma da aka saba sawa kuma an lulluɓe su a jikin mutum. Wadannan yawanci ja ne, wani lokacin an haɗa su da wasu launuka da alamu.[67] Tufafi guda ɗaya da aka sani da kanga, kalmar Swahili, sun zama ruwan dare.[68] Maasai kusa da bakin teku na iya sa kikoi, tufafi mai kama da sarong wanda ya zo da launuka daban-daban da masana'antu [69] [70]

Tasiri daga waje duniya

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Matan Maasai suna gyara gida a Maasai Mara (1996)

Hanyar rayuwa ta gargajiya ta zama da wahala saboda tasirin zamani na waje. Labarin Garrett Hardin da ke bayyana "matsalolin jama'a", da kuma "ƙaddamar da shanu" na Melville Herskovits ya rinjayi masu ilimin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi game da cutar da makiyaya Maasai ke haifar da wuraren kiwon daji. Daga baya wasu masana kimiyyar ɗan adam suka kalubalanci wannan.[71] Masu tsara manufofi na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a cikin 1951 sun cire duk Maasai daga Serengeti National Park kuma sun sake su zuwa yankuna a ciki da kewayen yankin kiyayewa na Ngorongoro (NCA).

 
Maasai suna sanye da abin rufe fuska a lokacin annobar COVID-19.
 
Maasai suna hawa babur (2014)

Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a, asarar shanu saboda cututtuka, da rashin wuraren kiwo saboda sabbin iyakokin wurin shakatawa da gasa daga wasu kabilun, an tilasta wa Maasai su bunkasa sabbin hanyoyin kiyaye kansu. Yawancin Maasai sun fara noma masara da sauran amfanin gona don samun nasara, al'ada da aka kalli ba daidai ba.[71] An fara gabatar da noma ga Maasai ta hanyar mata WaArusha da WaMeru da suka auri mazajen Maasai.

A shekara ta 1975 yankin kiyayewa na Ngorongoro ya haramta noma, ya tilasta wa kabilar shiga cikin tattalin arzikin Tanzania. Dole ne su sayar da dabbobi da magungunan gargajiya don sayen abinci. An ɗaga haramcin noma a cikin 1992 kuma noma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na rayuwar Maasai. Yankunan wurin shakatawa da mallakar ƙasa sun ci gaba da iyakance yankin kiwo na Maasai.[72]

A cikin shekaru, ayyuka daban-daban sun yi ƙoƙari su taimaka wa mutanen Maasai. Wadannan ayyukan suna taimakawa wajen gano hanyoyin da za a adana al'adun Maasai yayin da suke ƙarfafa ilimin zamani ga yaransu.[73]

Ayyuka masu tasowa tsakanin mutanen Maasai sun haɗa da noma, kasuwanci, da aikin albashi a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.[74]

Yawancin Maasai sun ƙaura daga rayuwar makiyaya zuwa matsayi a kasuwanci da gwamnati.

Cirewa daga ƙasar kakanninmu

gyara sashe

An bayar da rahoton cewa an yi wa al'ummar Maasai niyya da bindigogi masu rai da iskar hawaye a watan Yunin 2022 a Tanzania, a cikin shirin gwamnati na kwace wani yanki na ƙasar Maasai don ci gaban alatu mai zaman kansa. Lauyoyi, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da masu fafutuka da suka kawo lamarin a fili sun yi iƙirarin cewa jami'an tsaro na Tanzania sun yi ƙoƙari su kori 'yan asalin Maasai daga ƙasar kakanninsu don kafa ajiyar wasan na alatu ta Otterlo Business Corporation (OBC) don sarakunan da ke mulkin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Ya zuwa 18 ga Yuni 2022, kimanin mutane 30 na Maasai sun ji rauni kuma akalla daya ya mutu, a hannun gwamnatin Tanzaniya Field Force Unit (FFU) yayin da suke nuna rashin amincewa da tsare-tsaren gwamnati na abin da ta yi iƙirarin cewa suna iyakance 1500 sq km na ƙasa a matsayin ajiyar wasa, wani aiki wanda ya saba wa dokar Kotun Shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2018 (EACJ) a kan takaddamar ƙasar, ga masu fafutuka na gida. Ta hanyar sake rarraba yankin a matsayin ajiyar wasanni, hukumomi sun yi niyyar kwace ƙauyukan Maasai da kiwo a yankin, masana sun yi gargadi.[1]

Wannan ba shine karo na farko da aka mamaye yankin Maasai ba. Kamfanonin farauta masu yawa tare da gwamnati sun daɗe suna kai hari kan kungiyoyin. Hare-haren 2022 sune sabon karuwa, wanda ya bar fiye da Maasai 150,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu daga yankunan Loliondo da Ngorongoro kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana. Wani izinin farauta da ya riga ya kasance a Loliondo mallakar OBC ne, kamfanin da ake zargin yana da alaƙa da dangin sarauta na Emirati masu arziki kamar yadda lauyoyin Tanzania, masu kare muhalli da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam suka nuna. Anuradha Mittal, babban darakta na tunanin muhalli, Cibiyar Oakland ta nuna cewa OBC ba "kamfanin tsaro ne ga kowa da kowa ba, yana da ayyuka ga dangin sarauta".

Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019 ya bayyana OBC a matsayin kamfani mai farauta "wanda ke zaune a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa" wanda gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba da lasisin farauta a 1992 wanda ya ba da izinin "gidan sarauta na Hadaddiyar Larabawa don shirya tafiye-tafiye masu zaman kansu" ban da hana mutanen Maasai samun damar zuwa ƙasar kakanninsu da ruwa don kiwon shanu.[75]

Lokacin da aka kusanci, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta guji bayar da wata sanarwa. A halin yanzu, OBC ta yi sharhi game da lamarin ba tare da magance alaƙar da ake zargi da sarakunan Emirati ba, tana mai cewa "babu fitarwa a Loliondo" kuma tana kiranta "yanki mai kariya na ƙasa" mallakar gwamnati.

Shahararrun Maasai

gyara sashe
  • Linus Kaikai - ɗan jaridar Kenya kuma Shugaban ƙungiyar Editocin Kenya
  • Francis Ole Kaparo - Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Kenya
  • James Ole Kiyiapi - mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Moi kuma sakatare na dindindin a Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Karamar Hukumar
  • Olekina Ledama - Wanda ya kafa, Maasai Education Discovery
  • Josephine Lemoyan - masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa, memba na Tanzaniya na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka ta 2017-2022
  • Nice Nailantei Lengete - Mace ta farko da ta yi jawabi ga majalisar dattawan Maasai a Dutsen Kilimanjaro, kuma ta shawo kan majalisar ta haramta yankan mata tsakanin Maasai a fadin Kenya da Tanzania
  • Joseph Ole Lenku - Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kenya na Cikin Gida da Gudanar da Gwamnatin Kasa daga 2012 zuwa 2014
  • Edward Lowassa - Firayim Minista na Tanzania daga 2005 zuwa 2008. Dan takara na biyu har zuwa shugaban kasar John Pombe Magufuli a babban zaben Tanzania na 2015.
  • Mbatian - Annabi wanda aka sanya masa suna Batian Peak, mafi girman Dutsen Kenya,
  • Katoo Ole Metito - memba na majalisar dokoki na yankin Kajiado ta Kudu
  • Joseph Nkaissery - Tsohon Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kenya na Cikin Gida da Gudanar da Gwamnatin Kasa daga 2014 zuwa mutuwarsa a 2017
  • William Ole Ntimama - Tsohon ɗan siyasan Kenya kuma shugaban al'ummar Maa
  • Damaris Parsitau - mai ba da shawara game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi, mai ba da mata, kuma masanin kimiyya
  • David Rudisha - mai tseren tsakiya kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na mita 800
  • George Saitoti - tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kenya
  • Moses ole Sakuda - ɗan siyasan Kenya
  • Jackson Ole Sapit - Babban Bishop na shida kuma Firayim Minista na Cocin Anglican na Kenya
  • Edward Sokoine - Firayim Minista na Tanzania daga 1977 zuwa 1980 kuma daga 1983 zuwa 1984
  • Sanaipei Tande - ɗan wasan kiɗa na Kenya

Manazarta

gyara sashe
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