Harshen Dinka

Harshen Dinka
	Thuɔŋjäŋ — Jieng
'Yan asalin magana	1,365,900
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nilo-Saharan; Eastern Sudanic (en) ; Harshen Nilotic; Western Nilotic (en) ; Dinka–Nuer (en) ; Harshen Dinka; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	din
ISO 639-3	din
Glottolog	dink1262

Dinka (Na asali Thuɔŋjäŋ</link> , Thoŋ ë Jieng</link> ko kuma kawai Jieng</link> ) gungu ne na yaren Nilotic da 'yan kabilar Dinka, wata babbar kabila ce ta Sudan ta Kudu . Akwai manyan nau'ikan iri da yawa, irin su Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East da Twic Mayardit, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (ko da yake ana fahimtar juna) don buƙatar rarrabewa. matsayin adabi. Ana amfani da Jaang, Jieng ko Muonyjieng azaman jumla gabaɗaya don rufe duk harsunan Dinka. Kwanan nan Akutmɛ̈t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ (Ƙungiyar Cigaban Harshen Dinka) ta ba da shawarar rubutaccen nahawu na Dinka.

Ka duba wannan shafin domin sanin yanda zaka gyara wannan mukalar Koyon rubuta mukala

Akwai yuwar admin ya goge wannan shafin matukar ba'a inganta ta ba.

Harshen da ya fi dacewa da Dinka shine yaren Nuer . Harshen Luo ma suna da alaƙa da juna. Kalmomin Dinka suna nuna kusanci sosai Nubian, wanda mai yiwuwa ne saboda hulɗar zamani tsakanin mutanen Dinka da masarautar Alodia..^[2]

Ana samun Dinka galibi a gefen Nilu, musamman a yammacin White Nile, babban kogi da ke gudana a arewa daga Uganda, arewa da kudancin Sudd marsh a jihar Kordofan ta Kudu ta Sudan da kuma yankin Bahr el Ghazal da Upper Nile na Sudan ta Kudu.

Abubuwan harshe.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Akwai alamomi guda 20:

	Labari		Dental		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Hanci		m		n̪		n		ɲ		ŋ
Dakatar da	p	b	t̪	d̪	t	d	c	ɟ	k	ɡ
Fricative										ɣ
Kusanci (Lateral)								j		w
Kusanci (Lateral)						l
Rhotic						ɾ

Sautin sautin

Dinka yana da tsarin wasula mai wadata, tare da goma sha uku na gajerun wasula masu banbanci. Akwai halaye bakwai na wasali tare da bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin sauti. Ƙananan, suna nuna jerin muryoyin numfashi, wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun Dinka ta hanyar diaereses, . Sautin da ba a san su ba suna da salo ko murya mai ƙarfi.

	A gaba		Komawa
	fili	numfashi	fili	numfashi
Kusa	i	i̤	u
Tsakanin Tsakiya	da kuma	e̤	o	o̤
Bude-tsakiya	ɛ	ɛ̤	Owu	ɔ̤
Bude			a	a̤

An bayyana sauti huɗu a cikin wasula na Dinka: muryar modal, muryar numfashi, muryar faucalized, da murya mai tsanani. Jerin modal yana da murya mai ƙarfi ko murya mai tsanani a wasu mahalli, yayin da wasula masu numfashi suna tsakiya kuma an bayyana su a matsayin murya mai zurfi (mai zurfi). Wannan ^[3] shi da alaƙa da sautin.

^[3] saman wannan, akwai nau'ikan wasula guda uku, fasalin da aka samu a cikin harsuna kalilan.Yawancin tushen aikatau na Dinka guda ɗaya ne, ƙayyadaddun kalmomi tare da gajeren ko dogon wasali. Wasu jujjuyawar suna tsawaita wannan wasali:

/lèl/ 'keɓe\2sg'
/lèːl/ 'keɓewa\3sg'
//léːl// 'haɓaka\2sg'
/lèːːl/ 'haɓaka\3sg'

gajeren lokaci	ràaan ā-lèl	"Kana ware mutum (ràaan)."
Tsawon Lokaci	ràaan ā-léel	"Yana ware mutum".
Tsawon lokaci	Lràaan ā-léeel	"Yana tayar da mutum".

Sauti

Amfani mai yawa da sautin da hulɗarsa da yanayin jiki alama ce ta dukkan yarukan Dinka. Harsunan Bor duk suna ^[3] nau'o'i huɗu a matakin syllable: Low, High, Mid, da Fall.

A cikin Bor da ya dace, sautin da ke fadowa ba a samo shi a kan gajerun wasula sai dai a matsayin juyawa don mai wucewa a cikin halin yanzu. Nyaarweng da Twïc ba a samu kwata-kwata ba. A cikin Bor da ya dace, kuma watakila a wasu yaruka, Fall an gane shi ne kawai a ƙarshen kalma. A wani wuri ya zama Babban.

A cikin Bor da ya dace kuma watakila wasu yaruka, sautin Low yana da ƙarancin sauti kawai bayan wani sautin low. A wani wuri yana fadowa, amma ba daidai da Fall ba: Ba ya zama High a tsakiyar jumla, kuma masu magana na iya rarrabe sautunan fadowa guda biyu duk da gaskiyar cewa suna da nau'ikan farar iri ɗaya. Bambancin ya bayyana a cikin lokaci: tare da Fall mutum yana jin sautin matakin da ya fadi, yayin da falling allophone na Low ya fara faduwa sannan ya tashi. ^[4] (Wato, daya ya fadi a kan mora na farko na wasali, yayin da ɗayan ya fadi a cikin mora na biyu.) Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne saboda an yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan bambance-bambance na lokaci ba su da sauti.

Yanayin Yanayi

Wannan harshe yana nuna sautin sautin ko apophony, canjin sautin ciki (kamar Turanci goose / geese): ^[5]

Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane	gloss	sauya sautin
dom	dum	'Yankin / filayen'	(o–u)
kat	kɛt	'Frams/Frams'	(a–ɛ)

Harsuna

Masana ilimin harshe sun raba Dinka zuwa harsuna biyar ko tarin yaruka daidai da wurin da suke dangane da juna:

Arewa maso gabas da yamma:

Padaŋ na Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney).
Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer)
Ŋɔŋ na Jok (Upper Nile)
Rut
Thoi

Yammacin Turai:

Ŋɔŋ daga Jok Athuorkok (Abiei)
Ŋ da Jok de Awet
Kuel na Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny)

Kudancin Tsakiya:

Aliap
Ciëc (Jang)
Rubuce-rubuce
Agaar
Yirol ya yamma.

Kudu maso gabas:

Bor
Twic (Biyu)
Nyarweng
Hol

Kudu maso yamma:

Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali %, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok)

Luänyjäŋ
Twic Bol

Rek

Ruwa da kuma
Apuk
Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u
Kwac Aiki
Abiëm Mayar
Abubuwan da suka faru
Nöi Ayii
Nyaŋ Aköc
Atok Buk
Ler Akën
Awan Parek
Lɔn Ariik
LON LOKWAN
Kɔŋgör Arop
Apuk Padɔc
Muɔk Aköt Wut
Yär Ayiɛɛi
Apuk Jurwiir
Ya yi amfani da shi
Luäny Malek
Ya kamata ya zama mai suna "Kyakkyawan"
Thïïk / Thïŋ Majɔk
Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny
Birni ya kasance
Adöör Mabior
Bäc

Wadannan za su kasance masu fahimta da juna idan ba don muhimmancin sautin a cikin juyin halittar ba, kamar yadda aikin sautin ya bambanta daga iri zuwa wani.

Dubi taswirar kan layi na Ethnologue na Sudan don wuraren yaruka.

Tsarin rubuce-rubuce

An rubuta Dinka tare da haruffa Latin da yawa tun farkon karni na 20. Harshen haruffa na yanzu shine:

a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r y

Bambance-bambance a wasu haruffa sun hada da:

Harafin yanzu	Sauran hanyoyin
ɛ	ė ("e" tare da maɓalli a saman)
ɣ	h, x, q
ŋ	ng
ɔ	Xi ("o" tare da maɓalli a saman)

Aleu Majok Aleu ya kirkiro haruffa na Dinka wanda ya danganci Rubutun Nilerian.

A cikin 2020 Deng Chol ya gabatar da sabon tsarin rubuce-rubucen Dinka (Nilotic Script), an haɓaka sabon rubutun daga tsohuwar tsarin rubucewar Meroëtic,

Rubutun samfurin

Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Dinka: Rana a cikin N'Abin da ke cikin N'abin da ke da alaƙa da N'afin da ke cikin n'abin.

Turanci: Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai da mutunci da haƙƙoƙi. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.

Dubi kuma

Mutanen Dinka
Harsunan Nilo-Sahara

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Dinka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Beswick 2004.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Remijsen" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ After Bauer 2003:35

Haɗin waje

Harshen Dinka na Nilerian
shafi na kasahorow akan Dinka
Shafin OpenRoad akan Dinka
Cibiyar Harshen Dinka (Australia) (DLIA) shafin yanar gizo na harsuna da yawa akan Dinka, gami da Dinka
Shafin PanAfrican L10n akan Dinka
Harshen Dinka a kan Answer.com
Daga 1963 Littafin Addu'a tare da Hymns, a cikin yaren Dinka, Bor (1956) wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara a cikin 2015
din:Wikipedia:Apam kë ya yi Wikipedia a cikin Dinka

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Dinka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[FOOTNOTEBeswick2004-2] Beswick 2004.

[Remijsen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Remijsen" defined multiple times with different content

[4] Empty citation (help)

[5] After Bauer 2003:35

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