Wikipedia

Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta

Matsalolin muhalli a yankin Neja-Delta na Najeriya, sun shafi masana'antun man fetur dake yankin.[1][2][3] Yankin Neja Delta ta mamaye fili mai fadin 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) a cikin dausayi mai fadin 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi) wanda suka wanzu a dalilin wanko datti ruwa daga igiyar ruwa. Garin gida ne ga mutane akalla miliyan 20 da kuma ƙabilu daban-daban guda 40, wannan yankin na ruwa ta mamaye kashi 7.5% na yawan girman Najeriya.[4] Ita ce gari dake kewaye da ruwa mafi girma kuma itace drainage basin ta uku a Afirka.[5] Za a iya raba muhallin yankin Delta zuwa yankuna hudu : tsibiran shingen bakin teku, dazuzzukan fadama na mangrove, ruwan fadama na swamp, da kuma dazuzzuka da ake ruwa kamar da bakin kwarya - rainforest. Kamun kifi da noma sune muhimman sana'oi ga mafiya yawancin mazaunanta.[6]

Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds (en) Fassara da oil spill (en) Fassara
Laƙabi Environmental issues in Niger Delta.
Ƙasa Najeriya
Language used (en) Fassara Turanci
Wuri
Map
 5°19′N 6°25′E / 5.32°N 6.42°E / 5.32; 6.42
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaSenegal
Yanki na SenegalZiguinchor (en) Fassara
Village of Senegal (en) FassaraTambakounda (en) Fassara
DeltaNiger Delta
Survival mode
Sauyin yanayi

Wannan yankin na musamman ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan halittu a duniya, kuma ta kunshi ɗimbin tsirrai da dabbobi daban daban, filayen da ke iya noma na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan shukoki iri-iri kamar, katako ko bishiyoyin noma, da ƙarin nau'ikan kifin ruwa mai daɗi fiye da duk wata muhalli a yankin yammacin Afirka.[7] Yankin tana iya rasa kashi 40% na filayen ƙasar ta a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa sakamakon gagarumin aikin gina madatsar ruwa a yankin. Haka kuma fara haƙar man fetur a yankin ya janyo manyan matsaloli a yankin Neja-Delta a dalilin malalar man fetur tun daga tsawon shekaru 50 da suka wuce, lamarin da ya sa yankin a cikin yankuna mafi gurbacewar muhalli a duniya. An yi ƙiyasin cewa, yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta fuskanci saura 10 na malalar mai a cikin shekaru 40, Najeriya ta samu bullar cutar guda 9,343 a cikin shekaru 10. [8] Rikicin da masana'antar man fetur ke yi shi ma ya haddasa wannan lamari, wanda watakila za a iya fidda shi da rahoton 1983 da NNPC ta fitar, tun kafin tashin hankalin jama'a ya kunno kai:

Mun ƙasaryadda ruwan ƙasar nan ke tafiyar hawainiya da lalata ciyayi da filayen noma da magudanar ruwa ta hanyar malalar mai da ke faruwa a lokacin ayyukan man fetur. Sai dai tun da aka fara harkar man fetur a Najeriya, sama da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, babu wani yunƙuri da gwamnati ta yi na shawo kan matsalolin muhalli da ke da alaka da masana’antar, ballantana ma’aikatan man da gwamnati ta yi. [9]

Sakamakon lalacewar muhalli daga hura wutar iskar gas, toshe manyan koguna, malalar mai da sake farfado da filaye sakamakon hakar mai da iskar gas a yankin Neja Delta ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 758 duk shekara. [10] Abin baƙin ciki shine, kashi 75% na kuɗin da al'ummomin yankin ke ɗaukar su ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa, filayen noma mara haihuwa da kuma asarar nau'ikan halittu . [11]

Man fetir a yankin Neja Delta

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Zubar da Mai

Yawan matsalar

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Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta yi kiyasin cewa ganga miliyan 1.89 na man fetur ne aka zubar a yankin Neja Delta tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1996 daga cikin ganga miliyan 2.4 da ta zubar a cikin al’amura 4,835. (kimanin mitoci dubu 220). Wani rahoto da hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD UNDP ta fitar ya bayyana cewa, an samu malalar mai guda 6,817 tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 2001, wanda ya janyo asarar ganga miliyan uku na mai, wanda sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 ba a samu ba. 69% na waɗannan zubewar sun faru ne a bakin teku, kwata ɗaya yana cikin fadama kuma 6% ya zube a ƙasa.

Hukumar kula da albarkatun man fetur ta Najeriya ta sanya yawan man da ake jibgewa a cikin muhalli a duk shekara kan 2,300 cubic metres (19,000 US bbl) tare da matsakaicin zubewar mutum 300 a shekara. [12] Duk da haka, saboda wannan adadin bai yi la’akari da malalar “ƙananan” ba, Bankin Duniya ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin man fetur da aka zubar a muhalli zai iya ninka adadin da aka ce a hukumance. [13] Mafi girman zubewar mutane sun haɗa da fashewar wani tashar Texaco a bakin teku wanda a cikin 1980 ya zubar da ƙiyasin da ya kai 400,000 barrels (64,000 m3) na Sabotage (64,000). na danyen mai zuwa cikin Gulf of Guinea da Royal Dutch Shell 's Forcados Terminal tankin tanki wanda ya haifar da malalar da aka kiyasta a 580,000 barrels (92,000 m3) . [4] A shekara ta 2010 Baird ya ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin ganga miliyan 9 da miliyan 13 aka zubar a yankin Niger Delta tun 1958. Wata majiya ma ta yi kiyasin cewa adadin man da aka zubar a cikin ganga tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1997 ya haura 100 million barrels (16,000,000 m3) . [13] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa yankin Neja Delta yana da gurbacewar muhalli wanda zai iya daukar shekaru 25 zuwa 30 kafin a dawo da sakamakon da ake samu.

Dalilai

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Bututun Mai na malamar da ɗanyen man fetur.

Zubewar mai abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya . Rabin duk malalar da ake samu na faruwa ne sakamakon hadurran bututun mai da na tanka (50%), sauran abubuwan da suka haifar sun haɗa da zagon ƙasa (28%) da ayyukan samar da mai (21%), inda kashi 1% na malalar da aka samu ana samun isassu ne ko kuma rashin aiki na kayan aikin. . Lalacewar bututun mai da tankokin yaƙi shine rugujewa ko zubar da tsoffin kayayyakin samar da kayayyaki wadanda galibi basa samun dubawa da kulawa. [4]

Wani dalilin da ya sa lalata ke haifar da kaso mai yawa na duk wani malalar da aka samu shi ne, sakamakon karancin albarkatun mai a yankin Neja-Delta, an samu bututun mai da yawa a tsakanin filayen, da kuma ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa— kunkuntar bututun diamita waɗanda ke ɗauke da mai daga magudanar ruwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa - yana ba da dama da dama don zubewa. A yankunan da ke bakin teku yawancin bututun mai da layukan ruwa an shimfida su sama da kasa. Bututun mai, waɗanda ke da kiyasin tsawon rayuwa na kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar, sun tsufa kuma suna da saurin lalacewa. Yawancin bututun sun kai shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar. [12]

Shell ya yarda cewa "An gina yawancin wuraren a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa lokacin da ake amfani da su. SPDC [Kamfanin Man Fetur da Ci gaban Shell] ba zai gina su haka ba a yau.” [14] Ana yin sabotage da farko ta hanyar abin da aka sani da " bunkering ", ta yadda masu zagon kasa ke ƙoƙarin famfo bututun. A cikin aikin hakar wani lokacin bututun ya lalace ko lalata shi. Ana iya sayar da man da aka haƙo ta wannan hanya sau da yawa.

Sata da sata ta hanyar fasa kwabrin man fetur ya zama babban batu a jihohin Neja Delta su ma, wanda ke kara haifar da gurbacewar muhalli. [15] Layukan da suka lalace ba za a iya lura da su ba na kwanaki, kuma gyaran bututun da suka lalace ya ɗauki ma fi tsayi. Satar mai ya zama babban kasuwanci, inda man da aka sace ya yi sauri ya shiga kasuwar baƙar fata . [12]

Yayin da shaharar sayar da man sata ke karuwa, adadin waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon fashewar ya kuma karu. A ƙarshen watan Disambar 2006 sama da mutane 200 ne suka mutu a yankin Legas na Najeriya a wani fashewar wani layin mai. [16]

Dokokin Najeriya na masana'antar mai suna da rauni kuma ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, wanda ke ba da damar a zahiri, masana'antar ta sarrafa kanta.

Sakamako

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Zubewar mai yana da babban tasiri akan tsarin halittar da aka fitar dashi kuma yana iya zama ecocide . Manyan gandun daji na gandun daji na mangrove, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da mai (musamman saboda ana adana shi a cikin ƙasa kuma ana sake sake shi kowace shekara a lokacin inundations), an lalata su. Kimanin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na muhallin mangrove na Najeriya an shafe su ko dai ta hanyar sulhu ko kuma mai. Dajin damina wanda a baya ya mamaye wasu 7,400 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi) na kasa kuma ya bace. [12] Zubewar da ake samu a wuraren da jama'a ke yawan bazuwa zuwa wani yanki mai faɗi, yana lalata amfanin gona da kiwo ta hanyar gurɓata ruwan kasa da kasa. Amfanin narkar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ciyar da abubuwan da suka zubar shima yana haifar da mutuwar kifin . A cikin al'ummomin noma, galibi ana iya lalata kayan abinci na shekara guda nan take. Saboda rashin kula da ayyukan mai a Delta,

Mutanen da ke yankunan da abin ya shafa sun koka game da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da matsalolin numfashi da raunukan fata; da yawa sun rasa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar lafiya, samun abinci, ruwan sha mai tsafta, da ikon yin aiki. [17]

A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2013 wata kotu a kasar Holland ta yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin Shell na da alhakin gurɓatar muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. A watan Janairun 2015, Shell ya amince ya biya dala miliyan 80 ga al'ummar Ogoniland na Bodo kan malalar mai guda biyu a 2008 bayan wata kotu a London .

Tsaftacewa

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A shekarar 2011 ne Najeriya ta gabatar da rahoto daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tasirin hakar mai a yankin Delta na 'Ogoniland'. Rahoton ya gano cewa ƙasa mai tsanani da gurɓataccen ruwan famfo, lalata mangroves, da kuma "ba a aiwatar da matakan kula da hukumomi a cikin masana'antar mai da kuma gwamnati yadda ya kamata." [18] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar cewa za a dauki sama da shekaru 30 kafin a koma baya. [18] Bisa waɗannan shawarwarin, a watan Agustan 2017 Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da shirin tsaftacewa da dawo da dala biliyan 1. [18] A cikin Janairu 2019 injiniyoyi sun fara isa don fara tsaftacewa.

A shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Najeriya ta shiga tsakani a lokacin da wata sanarwa daga ofishin shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ta umurci kamfanin mai na Najeriya da ta karbe rijiyoyin mai na Ogoni daga hannun Shell "tare da tabbatar da sake shigar da shi cikin sauki." Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare rayukan al’ummar Ogoni sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da matakin da aka dauka. [19]

Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hannun kamfanin mai na Najeriya ta fitar da dala miliyan 180 a matsayin kuɗin cirewa wasu kamfanoni 21 da aka zabo daga cikin kamfanoni 400 da suka nemi kwangilar.

Misali

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Misali na baya-bayan nan na wani babban bala'i da ya malale a yankin Neja Delta shi ne malalar mai a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2010 na ExxonMobil a wani dandalin mai na ExxonMobil a bakin teku mai 20 to 25 nautical miles (37 to 46 km) daga gabar teku. Fashewar ta haihu sama da 1 million US gallons (3.8 ML) na danyen mai zuwa cikin Delta. Musamman ma, sabanin malalar mai na Deepwater Horizon da aka fara kwanaki 10 da suka gabata a mashigin tekun Mexico, domin wannan malalar mai na ExxonMobile ta watan Mayun 2010 ya faru a Afirka, manyan ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun samu labari kadan don haka, kamar yawancin malalar mai a yankin Delta, ya ragu. Jama'a na Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su sani ba. [20]

Asarar gandun daji na mangrove

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Tsire-tsire a kogin Neja Delta sun ƙunshi dazuzzukan mangrove, dazuzzukan fadama, da dazuzzukan ruwan sama . An kiyasta girman dazuzzukan mangrove zai kai kusan 5,000 to 8,580 square kilometres (1,900 to 3,300 sq mi) (ƙasa. [21] Mangroves ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƴan asalin Najeriya da kuma ga halittu daban-daban da ke cikin waɗannan halittu .

Tasirin dan Adam daga rashin kula da filaye a sama tare da gurbacewar man fetur akai-akai ya sa kashi biyar zuwa goma na wadannan dazuzzukan mangrove suka bace. Halin da ba a iya jurewa, da saurin shiga, da kaddarorin man fetur sun shafe manyan wuraren ciyayi. Lokacin da malalawa ke faruwa kusa da kuma a cikin magudanar ruwa, ƙarfin ruwa na kogi da ƙarfin kogin ya zubar da mai don ƙaura zuwa wuraren ciyayi.

An haɗa gandun daji na Mangrove a cikin tsarin trophic mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Idan mai kai tsaye ya shafi kowace kwayar halitta a cikin yanayin halitta, zai iya shafar wasu halittu a kaikaice. Waɗannan al'ummomin furen sun dogara da hawan keke na gina jiki, ruwa mai tsafta, hasken rana, da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. Tare da kyawawan yanayi suna ba da tsarin wurin zama, da shigar da kuzari ta hanyar photosynthesis ga kwayoyin da suke hulɗa da su. An san tasirin zubar da man fetur a kan mangroves na acidify ƙasa, dakatar da numfashin salula, da kuma yunwar tushen iskar oxygen mai mahimmanci.

Wani yanki na mangroves wanda man fetur ya lalata yana iya fuskantar wasu matsaloli. Waɗannan yankuna bazai dace da kowane tsiro na ƙasa ba har sai ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zasu iya gyara yanayin. Wani nau'in mangrove na musamman, Rhizophora racemosa yana rayuwa mafi girma a cikin tsarin delta. Yayin da ƙasan da ke goyon bayan R. racemosa ya zama mai guba sosai, nau'in dabino ba na asali ba, Nypa fruticans, da sauri ya mamaye yankin. Wannan nau'in cin zarafi yana da tsarin tushe mai zurfi wanda ke lalata bankunan da ke kan magudanar ruwa, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rarraba ƙasa a cikin tsarin delta. N. Fruticans kuma yana hana kewayawa kuma yana rage yawan nau'in halittu . A wuraren da N. fruticans suka mamaye, al'ummomi suna binciken yadda mutanen gida za su iya amfani da dabino.

Asarar dazuzzukan mangrove ba wai kawai wulaƙanta rayuwa ne ga tsirrai da dabbobi ba, har ma ga mutane. Wadannan tsare-tsare suna da kima sosai daga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Dazukan Mangrove sun kasance babban tushen itace ga mutanen yankin. ga ƙungiyoyin gida na gida, waɗanda abin takaici ba su ga wani abu ba daga fa'idodin tattalin arzikin man fetur. Mangroves kuma suna ba da matsuguni masu mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ba su da yawa kuma masu haɗari kamar manatee da hippopotamus pygmy . Mummunan matsayar siyasa dangane da rabon kudaden shigar man fetur ya haifar da tarzomar siyasa a Najeriya. Wannan rikici da ya barke tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, da kamfanonin mai, da kuma al’ummar Najeriya, ya haifar da zagon kasa ga bututun mai, lamarin da ya kara ta’azzara barazanar dazuzzuka.

Makomar gandun daji na mangrove da sauran al'ummomin fure ba duka ba ne. Ƙungiyoyin gida da waje sun ba da kuɗi da aiki don gyarawa tare da dawo da gulmar mangrove da aka lalata. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa hukumar raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) a shekarar 2000 da ke da nufin dakile illar muhalli da muhalli da man fetur ya yi a yankin. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu kuma sun yi amfani da fasaha don gano tushe da motsin malalar man fetur. [21]

Rage yawan kifin

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Masana’antar kamun kifi wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na dorewar Najeriya domin tana samar da sinadarin gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki da mutane ke bukata, amma da yawan buƙatar kamun kifi, yawan kifin na raguwa yayin da ake raguwar su cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya dawo da adadinsu. Yakamata a takaita kamun kifi a kogin Neja sannan a samar da noman kiwo domin samar da bukatu da ake samu a harkar kamun kifi. Noman kifaye na bada damar noman kifi don noma da kuma samar da guraben ayyukan yi ga al’ummar Najeriya .

Fiye da kifaye ba shine kawai tasiri ga al'ummomin ruwa ba. Sauyin yanayi, hasarar wurin zama, da gurɓacewar yanayi duk ƙarin matsi ne ga waɗannan mahimman halittu masu rai. Bankunan kogin Niger suna da kyawawa kuma wurare masu kyau don mutane su zauna. Kogin yana ba da ruwan sha, wanka, tsaftacewa, da kamun kifi don teburin cin abinci da kasuwanci don samun riba. Yayin da jama'a suka zauna a bakin koguna da bakin teku, ana asarar matsugunan ruwa da na kasa kuma ana samun canjin yanayi sosai. Matsakaicin gaɓar kogin Neja na da matukar muhimmanci wajen kiyaye yanayin ruwan domin ko kaɗan canjin yanayin ruwan na iya zama sanadin mutuwar wasu nau'in na ruwa. Bishiyoyi da shrubs suna ba da inuwa da wurin zama ga nau'in ruwa, tare da rage sauyin yanayi a yanayin zafi. [22]

Kogin Neja wani yanki ne mai muhimmanci da ya kamata a kiyaye shi, domin yana da iyalai 36 da kuma nau'in kifi kusan 250, wanda 20 daga cikinsu suna da yawa, ma'ana ba a samun su a duniya. [23] Tare da asarar wurin zama da kuma yanayin da ke samun dumi, kowane rigakafin karuwar zafin jiki ya zama dole don kula da wasu yanayin ruwa. Baya ga maido da wurin zama, ana iya rage gurɓacewar muhalli. Matsaloli irin su magungunan kashe qwari daga gonakin noma za a iya ragewa idan an yi amfani da maganin kashe qwari, ko kuma an matsar da filayen nesa da magudanar ruwa. Hakanan za'a iya rage gurɓacewar mai; idan an rage zubewa to za a iya rage yawan muhalli da illolin muhalli. Gurbacewar Man Fetur yana shafar yawan kifin kuma yana shafar manoman da ke dogaro da kamun kifi don tallafawa danginsu. Ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki da kuma sanya kamfanonin mai da alhakin ayyukansu ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sosai. Ta hanyar iyakance barnar da ke haifar da hargitsi ga muhallin ruwa, kamar gurbatar yanayi, kifayen kifaye, da asarar wuraren zama, yawan aiki da nau'in halittun halittun ruwa zai karu.

Ruwa hyacinth mamayewa

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Wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi wanda aka shigo da shi cikin Afirka a matsayin shuka na ado, kuma yana bunƙasa a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli. Water hyacinth yana da ikon toshe magudanan ruwan da yake girma a cikin su gaba ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa kusan ba zai yuwu a kewaya kwale-kwalen kamun kifi ba. [24] A shekarun baya-bayan nan ta samu hanyar shiga kogin Neja, inda ta shake hasken rana da iskar oxygen ga halittun ruwa da ke zaune a can.

Lokacin da nau'in nau'in nau'in hyacinth na ruwa ya shiga cikin yanayin yanayin, yana yin gasa tare da tsire-tsire na asali don hasken rana, yana rage albarkatun makamashi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Tare da asarar makamashi wasu al'ummomi ba za su iya rayuwa ba, ko kuma adadin su na iya raguwa fiye da wata ma'auni, haifar da rashin tsaro da rashin daidaiton halittun da ba a daidaita su ba tare da asarar makamashi, water hyacinth kuma yana ɗaukar ruwan oxygen. wanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittun ruwa .

Gas

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Najeriya ta fi kowace kasa hasarar iskar iskar gas da ake hako mai fiye da kowace kasa, inda alkaluma suka nuna cewa daga cikin iskar gas mai cubic feet biliyan 3.5 (100,000,000 m³) na iskar gas (AG) da ake samarwa duk shekara, biliyan 2.5 cubic feet (70,000,000 m³), ko kuma kusan kashi 70%, ana ɓata ta da walƙiya. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 25% na yawan iskar gas da Burtaniya ke amfani da shi kuma daidai yake da kashi 40% na iskar gas da Afirka ke amfani da shi a shekarar 2001. Kididdigar da ke da alaƙa da fashewar iskar gas ba su da tabbas, amma Najeriya na iya yin asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2 a kowace shekara ta hanyar hura wutar lantarki. [25] [26]

Ana yin walƙiya saboda yana da tsada don raba iskar gas mai alaƙa da kasuwanci daga mai. Kamfanonin da ke aiki a Najeriya su ma suna girbe iskar gas don kasuwanci amma sun gwammace su hako shi daga wuraren da aka ajiye shi a keɓe a matsayin iskar da ba ta da alaƙa. Don haka ana kona iskar gas mai alaƙa don rage farashi.

Gabaɗaya ƙonewar iskar gas ba shi da ƙarfi yayin da yake sakin abubuwa masu guba a cikin yanayi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi . A yammacin Turai kashi 99% na iskar gas da ke da alaƙa ana amfani da su ko kuma a sake yin allurar cikin ƙasa. Harkar iskar gas a Najeriya ta fara ne lokaci guda tare da hako mai a shekarun 1960 ta Shell-BP. Madadin walƙiya shine sake allurar iskar gas ko adana shi don amfani azaman tushen makamashi. Idan an adana shi da kyau, ana iya amfani da iskar gas don ayyukan al'umma.

Fitar da iskar gas tana fitar da methane mai yawa, wanda ke da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi . Methane yana tare da sauran manyan iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi, carbon dioxide, wanda aka ƙiyastaasta cewa Najeriya ta fitar da sama da tan miliyan 34.38 na a shekarar 2002, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 50% na hayakin masana’antu a kasar da kuma kashi 30% na jimillar. CO2 watsi. Yayin da aka rage tashe-tashen hankula a yammacin ƙasar, a Najeriya an samu ƙaruwar yawan man da ake hakowa. [27]

Kasashen duniya, gwamnatin Najeriya, da kamfanonin mai sun yi ittifaki cewa ya kamata a dakile tashin iskar gas. Ƙoƙarin yin hakan, ya kasance yana da iyaka ko da yake an bayyana harabar ba bisa ka'ida ba tun 1984 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 3 na "Associated Gas Reinjection Act" na Najeriya.

Yayin da OPEC da Shell, mafi girma a cikin iskar gas a Najeriya, sun yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 50 cikin 100 na dukkan iskar gas ɗin da ke da alaƙa ke ƙonewa ta hanyar walƙiya, waɗannan bayanan suna jayayya. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 cewa, "Nijeriya a halin yanzu tana hasarar kashi 75% na iskar gas da take hakowa." [27]

Gas flares yana da yiwuwar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kusa, yayin da suke fitar da sinadarai masu guba ciki har da nitrogen dioxides, sulfur dioxide, m kwayoyin mahadi kamar benzene, toluene, xylene da hydrogen sulfide, da carcinogens kamar benzapyrene da dioxins. Mutanen da suka kamu da irin waɗannan abubuwan suna iya fama da matsalolin numfashi . Wadannan sunadarai na iya kara tsananta asma, haifar da matsalolin numfashi da zafi, da kuma mashako na kullum . Benzene, wanda aka sani yana fitowa daga filayen iskar gas a adadi mai yawa, an san shi da kyau a matsayin dalilin cutar sankarar bargo da sauran cututtuka masu alaka da jini. Wani bincike da Climate Justice yayi kiyasin cewa kamuwa da sinadarin benzene zai haifar da kamuwa da cutar kansa guda takwas duk shekara a jihar Bayelsa kadai. [27]

Fuskantar iskar gas galibi suna kusa da al'ummomi kuma a kai a kai ba su da shinge ko kariya ga mazauna ƙauye waɗanda ke fuskantar yin aiki kusa da zafinsu. Yawancin al'ummomi suna da'awar cewa gobarar da ke kusa tana haifar da ruwan sama na sinadari wanda ke lalata gidajensu da sauran gine-gine, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da rufin zinc . Wasu mutane suna yin amfani da kayan asbestos, wanda ya fi ƙarfi wajen tunkude lalacewar ruwan acid. [28] Abin takaici, wannan yana taimakawa wajen raguwar lafiyarsu da lafiyar muhallinsu. Bayyanar asbestos yana ƙara haɗarin haifar da ciwon huhu, pleural da mesothelioma na peritoneal, da asbestosis . [12] [29]

Ko flares yana ba da gudummawar ruwan acid ko a'a abu ne mai yuwuwa, kamar yadda wasu bincike masu zaman kansu da aka gudanar sun gano cewa sulfur dioxide da abun ciki na nitrous oxide na yawancin flares bai isa ya kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin flaring da ruwan sama na acid ba. Wasu bincike daga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka (EIA) sun ba da rahoton cewa fashewar iskar gas "babban mai ba da gudummawa ce ga gurɓataccen iska da ruwan sama na acid."

Ba a cika ƙaura tsofaffin gobarar ba daga ƙauyuka kuma an san su suna lulluɓe ƙasa da al'ummomin da toka da lalata ciyayi da ke kusa. Kusan babu ciyayi da za su iya girma a yankin kai tsaye da ke kewaye da gobarar saboda zafinsu. [12]

A watan Nuwamban 2005 wani hukunci da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke na cewa dole ne a daina tada iskar gas a cikin al'ummar Neja-Delta saboda tauye haƙƙin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi na rayuwa da mutunci. A karar da aka kai kan Kamfanin Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (Shell), Mai Shari’a CV Nwokorie ya yanke hukunci a birnin Benin cewa "lalacewar al'adar fashewar ba za ta iya ci gaba bisa doka ba." Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2011, Shell bai daina hura wutar iskar gas a Najeriya ba. [30] [31]

Gyaran halittu

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An kuma aiwatar da yin amfani da maganin ilimin halittu a yankunan da ke yankin Delta don lalata da kuma dawo da yanayin da ya lalace sakamakon malalar mai. Kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da abubuwan halitta a cikin gyara ko tsaftace wani takamaiman wuri. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a garin Ogbogu dake daya daga cikin yankunan da ake hako mai a Najeriya ya yi amfani da nau'in tsiro guda biyu wajen kawar da malalar. Matakin farko na tsaftacewa ya haɗa da Hibiscus cannabinus, wani nau'in tsiro na asali na yammacin Afirka. H. cannabinus tsire-tsire ne na shekara-shekara wanda aka fara amfani da shi don samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara. Wannan nau'in yana da nau'i mai yawa na sha kuma ana iya kwantar da shi a saman ruwa don sha mai. Ana cire kayan shukar da aka cika da mai sannan a aika zuwa wani wuri mai aminci inda za a iya rushe sinadarin hydrocarbon da kuma lalata su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Mataki na biyu na bioremediation ya ƙunshi shuka da aka sani da Vetiveria zizanioides, nau'in ciyawa mai tsayi. V. zizanioides yana da tushen cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi mai zurfi wanda zai iya jure wa sinadarai a cikin ƙasa kuma yana iya lalata ƙasa ta hanyar lokaci mai buƙatar kulawa kaɗan. Mutanen Ogbogu na fatan yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin na gyaran halittu domin inganta ingancin ruwan sha, yanayin ƙasa, da lafiyar muhallin su.

Sai dai kuma wannan yanayi na iya zama kamar rashin fahimta ga yankin na Neja Delta akwai wasu hanyoyi da za a iya aiwatar da su don ceto shi daga gurbacewar yanayi a nan gaba. Za a iya sanya hotunan tauraron dan adam haɗe da amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Geographical (GIS) don aiki don ganowa da bin diddigin mai da ya zubo. Don hanzarta tsaftace zubewa, wuraren tsabtace yanki tare da wuraren da ke da matsala na iya taimakawa wajen ɗaukar zubewar cikin sauri. Domin tabbatar da wadannan ayyuka dole ne masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar man fetur su samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su ci gaba da yaƙi da illolin mai, amma ba za su yi nasara ba su kaɗai. [21]

Harkar kare yankin Neja Delta

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Rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya yi tashin gwauron zabi a farkon shekarun 1990 sakamakon taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli ga mazauna yankin da ya samo asali daga manyan malalar mai da sauran ayyukan hakar mai na manyan kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje da 'yan kwangilar su. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin Neja-Delta da suka haɗa da wasu tsiraru musamman ƴan Ogoni da kabilar Ijaw, suna ganin ana amfani da su, kuma ana tauye musu abin dogaro da kai a kasarsu. Rikicin kabilanci da na siyasa ya ci gaba a tsawon shekarun 1990 duk da komawar dimokradiyya da kuma zaɓen gwamnatin Obasanjo a 1999.

The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) kungiya ce mai tushe ta zamantakewa ta al'ummar Ogoni na yankin Niger Delta ta tsakiya. MOSOP wata kungiya ce ta kungiyoyi goma sha daya da ke wakiltar yankin Ogoni sama da 700,000 a wani kamfen na rashin tashin hankali na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. An kafa MOSOP a cikin 1990 ta mai fafutukar kare muhalli Ken Saro-Wiwa . [32]

Magana

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  1. ↑ "Oil and the environment - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  2. ↑ Albert, Oshienemen N.; Amaratunga, Dilanthi; Haigh, Richard P. (2018). "Evaluation of the Impacts of Oil Spill Disaster on Communities and Its Influence on Restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria". Procedia Engineering. 212: 1054–1061. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.136.
  3. ↑ "'This place used to be green': the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dr. P.C. Nwilo & O. T. Badejo: Impacts of Oil spills along the Nigerian coast The Association for Environmental Health and Sciences, 2001
  5. ↑ "Conserving and restoring wetlands in Nigeria's Niger River Delta". Wetlands International. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  6. ↑ Adebayo, Bukola (2019-03-27). "Major new inquiry into oil spills in Nigeria's Niger Delta launched". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  7. ↑ "oil spill in Nigeria". 6 January 2012.
  8. ↑ Albert,Amaratunga, Haigh (Nov 29,2017) "Evaluation of the Impacts of oil spill Disaster on communities and its influence on Restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  9. ↑ Vidal, John (2010-05-30). "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it". The Observer. Retrieved 27 July 2010. government's National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (Nosdra) says that between 1976 and 1996 alone, more than 2.4m barrels
  10. ↑ Ayanlade, Proske (August 31, 2015)."Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  11. ↑ Ayanalde,Proske (August 31, 2015). "Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Bronwen Manby: The Price of Oil Human Rights Watch. 1999. Retrieved November 9, 2007
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Perception and Reality: Assessing Priorities for Sustainable Development in the Niger River Delta (Moffat and Linden)
  14. ↑ Shell International Petroleum Company, Developments in Nigeria (London: March 1995)
  15. ↑ Anderson, I: Niger River basin: A Vision for Sustainable Development Pp. 1–131 The World Bank, 2005
  16. ↑ Pipeline explosion kills at least 200 CNN, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2007
  17. ↑ "Standing Up To Big Oil" Making Contact, produced by National Radio Project. December 14, 2010.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  20. ↑ The Guardian, 29 May 2010 "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it,"
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Nwilo, Peter C., and Olusegun T. Badejo: Impacts And Management of Oil Spill Pollution Along the Nigerian Coastal Areas International Federation of Surveyors, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  22. ↑ Molles Jr, M.C.: Ecology Concepts and Applications 3rd Edition, Pg. 93–94. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2005.
  23. ↑ World Wildlife Fund. 2006. Fishing on the Niger River. Retrieved May 10, 2007 from http://www.panda.org/news_facts/multimedia/video/index.cfm?uNewsID=61121
  24. ↑ Fuggle, R.F.: Africa Environment Outlook Lake Victoria: A Case Study of Complex Interrelationships Pg. 75–85. United Nations Environment Programme, 2004.
  25. ↑ Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria Friends of the Earth, 2004.
  26. ↑ Estimated flared volumes from satellite data World Bank, 2008.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity. Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Friends of the Earth Nigeria
  28. ↑ Asbestos: health effects Archived 2006-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
  29. ↑ Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta Essential Action, 2000. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  30. ↑ Nigerian farmer helps put Shell in the dock Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  31. ↑ Nigeria Signs Gas Supply Agreements With Shell, Chevron for Power Stations, Bloomberg, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  32. ↑ Democracy Now, "Drilling and Killing"

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