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Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri

Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri shine ƙirar wuraren waje, alamomin ƙasa, da sifofi don cimma sakamako na muhalli, ɗabi'a na zamantakewa, ko kyawawan halaye. Ya ƙunshi tsari na tsari da injiniya na gabaɗaya na sifofi daban-daban don gini da amfani da ɗan adam, bincike kan yanayin zamantakewa, muhalli, da yanayin ƙasa da matakai a cikin shimfidar wuri, da ƙirar wasu ayyukan da za su haifar da sakamakon da ake so.

Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri
academic discipline (en) Fassara da industry (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Karatun Gine-gine da landscape (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan landscape architect (en) Fassara
Stourhead a Wiltshire, Ingila, wanda Henry Hoare ya tsara (1705-1785), "mai lambu na farko mai faɗi, wanda ya nuna a cikin aiki guda ɗaya, gwanin tsari mafi girma"

Matsakaicin aikin yana da faɗi kuma ana iya rarraba shi zuwa sassa daban-daban ciki har da masu sana'a ko masu lasisin gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda hukumomin gwamnati ke kayyade su kuma suna da ƙwarewa don tsara nau'ikan sifofi da filayen ƙasa don amfanin ɗan adam; ƙirar shimfidar wuri wanda ba sana'a mai lasisi ba; tsara shafin ; sarrafa ruwan guguwa ; sarrafa yashwa ; dawo da muhalli ; wuraren jama'a, wuraren shakatawa, nishaɗi da tsara birane ; sarrafa albarkatun gani; tsare-tsaren samar da ababen more rayuwa kore; da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama babban tsari da ƙira; duk a ma'auni daban-daban na ƙira, tsarawa da gudanarwa. Ana iya kiran mai aiki a cikin sana'a na gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ; duk da haka, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ake buƙatar lasisin ƙwararru galibi waɗanda ke da lasisin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne kawai waɗanda za a iya kiransu da mai ƙirar shimfidar wuri.

Ma'anar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri

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  Tsarin gine-ginen zamani filin ladabtarwa ne da yawa, wanda ya haɗa nau'ikan ƙirar birane, gine-gine, labarin kasa, ilimin halittu, injiniyan farar hula, injiniyan tsari, aikin gona, ilimin muhalli, ƙirar masana'antu, kimiyyar ƙasa, ilimin halittu, da fasaha mai kyau . Ayyukan gine-ginen shimfidar wurare na iya kasancewa daga ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da wuraren shakatawa zuwa tsara wuraren don wuraren harabar jami'o'i da wuraren shakatawa na ofisoshin kamfanoni; daga zane na wuraren zama zuwa tsara kayan aikin jama'a; kuma daga gudanar da manyan wuraren jeji zuwa sake gyara wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar nakiyoyi ko wuraren da ake zubar da kasa . Masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri suna aiki a kan gine-gine da wurare na waje a cikin yanayin shimfidar wuri na zane - babba ko ƙanana, birane, kewayen birni da ƙauye, kuma tare da kayan "mai wuya" (gina) da "laushi" (dasa), yayin da ke haɗawa da dorewar muhalli.

Za a iya ba da gudummawa mafi mahimmanci a matakin farko na aikin don samar da ra'ayoyi tare da fahimtar fasaha da fasaha na ƙira don ƙira, tsari, da amfani da wurare. Maginin shimfidar wuri na iya ɗaukar ra'ayi gabaɗaya kuma ya shirya babban tsari, daga inda aka shirya cikakken zane-zane da ƙayyadaddun fasaha. Hakanan za su iya duba shawarwari don ba da izini da kula da kwangiloli don aikin ginin. Sauran ƙwarewa sun haɗa da shirya kima da tasiri na ƙira, gudanar da kimanta muhalli da tantancewa, da yin hidima a matsayin ƙwararren shaida a kan abubuwan da suka shafi amfani da ƙasa . Yawancin lokutansu za a yi amfani da su a cikin ginin ofis suna tsarawa da shirya samfura don abokan ciniki.

Domin lokacin kafin 1800, tarihin aikin lambun wuri mai faɗi (daga baya ana kiransa gine-ginen shimfidar wuri) ya fi girma na babban tsari da ƙirar lambun don gidajen manor, fadoji da kaddarorin sarauta. Misali shine babban aikin da André Le Nôtre ya yi wa Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa akan Lambunan Versailles . Mutum na farko da ya rubuta na yin shimfidar wuri shine Joseph Addison a 1712. Gilbert Laing Meason ya ƙirƙira kalmar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin 1828, kuma John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) ya taimaka wajen ɗaukar kalmar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ta hanyar sana'ar zamani. Ya ɗauki kalmar daga Meason kuma ya ba shi talla a cikin Encyclopedias da kuma a cikin littafinsa na 1840 akan Lambun Landscape da Tsarin Tsarin ƙasa na Late Humphry Repton .

John Claudius Loudon ya kasance mai kafa kuma mai tasiri ɗan jarida mai kula da kayan lambu da kuma masanin shimfidar wuri na Scotland wanda rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen tsara ɗanɗanon Victoria a cikin lambuna, wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, da gine-gine . [1] A cikin Tsarin Lambun Kasa da Kasa na Late Humphry Repton, Loudon ya bayyana nau'ikan nau'ikan aikin lambu iri biyu da suka wanzu a farkon karni na 19: geometric da na halitta. Loudon ya rubuta cewa kowane salo yana nuna wani mataki na al'umma daban-daban. Salon lissafi ya kasance "mafi ban sha'awa kuma mai gamsarwa," yana nuna dukiya da dandano a cikin "farkon yanayin al'umma" da kuma a cikin "ƙasashe inda yanayin gabaɗaya ya kasance daji, rashin daidaituwa, da na halitta, da kuma mutum, kwatankwacin, rashin noma da rashin ladabi." An yi amfani da salon yanayi a cikin "zamanin zamani" da kuma a cikin ƙasashe inda "al'umma ke cikin yanayin noma," yana nuna dukiya da dandano ta hanyar sadaukar da ƙasashe masu riba don ba da damar yin irin wannan zane.

Fitaccen mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Ingilishi Humphry Repton (1752-1818) ya yi kwatankwacin irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin aikinsa da tunaninsa na ƙira. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa game da yin amfani da wuraren da aka ƙayyade (misali tsakar gida, ganuwar terrace, fences), Repton ya furta cewa yayin da dalili na tsaro ba ya wanzu, siffofin har yanzu suna da amfani a raba "gidajen Aljanna, wanda na mutum ne, da gandun daji., ko kuma hamada, wanda na ƴan daji ne." Repton yana nufin 'yan asalin asalin a matsayin "mutane marasa wayewa, wanda wasu yanke shawarar layin tsaro ya zama dole. ”

Filayen ayyuka

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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, an kafa Gidan Palm, Kew, wanda Richard Turner ya gina a 1844-1848 zuwa ƙirar Decimus Burton

Daban-daban na ayyukan ƙwararru waɗanda masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ke haɗin gwiwa a kansu suna da faɗi sosai, amma wasu misalan nau'ikan ayyukan sun haɗa da: [2]

  • Wuraren shakatawa na ƙirar gabaɗaya da kayan aikin jama'a
  • Ci gaba mai dorewa
  • Gudanar da ruwan guguwa da suka hada da lambunan ruwan sama, koren rufin ruwa, cajin ruwa na ƙasa, kayan more rayuwa kore, da gine-ginen dausayi .
  • Tsarin shimfidar wuri don aikin ilimi da ƙirar wurin don cibiyoyin jama'a da wuraren gwamnati
  • Wuraren shakatawa, lambunan tsirrai, arboretums, hanyoyin kore, da kiyaye yanayi
  • Wuraren nishaɗi, kamar filayen wasa, wuraren wasan golf, wuraren shakatawa na jigo da wuraren wasanni
  • Yankunan gidaje, wuraren shakatawa na masana'antu da ci gaban kasuwanci
  • Tsare-tsare da ƙira na ƙasa da wurin zama
  • Tsarin shimfidar wuri da lafazi akan manyan hanyoyi, tsarin sufuri, gadoji, da hanyoyin wucewa
  • Gudunmawa ga ƙirar birane, filayen gari da na birni, bakin ruwa, tsarin masu tafiya a ƙasa
  • Wurin shakatawa na dabi'a, wurin yawon buɗe ido, da sake fasalin yanayin tarihi, da kuma nazarin kima da kula da lambun tarihi
  • Tafkunan ruwa, madatsun ruwa, tashoshin wutar lantarki, sake fasalin aikace-aikacen masana'antu masu hako ko manyan ayyukan masana'antu da ragewa
  • Ƙimar muhalli da kima mai faɗi, shawarwarin tsare-tsare da shawarwarin sarrafa ƙasa.
  • Ci gaban bakin teku da na bakin teku da raguwa
  • Tsarin muhalli (kowane bangare na ƙira wanda ke rage tasirin lalata muhalli ta hanyar haɗa kanta da hanyoyin halitta da dorewa )

Masu gudanar da shimfidar wuri suna amfani da iliminsu na hanyoyin shimfidar wuri don ba da shawara kan kulawa na dogon lokaci da ci gaban shimfidar wuri. Suna yawan aiki a cikin gandun daji, kiyaye yanayi da noma .

Masana kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa suna da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kamar kimiyyar ƙasa, ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, geomorphology ko botany waɗanda suke da alaƙa da matsaloli masu amfani na aikin shimfidar wuri. Ayyukan su na iya kasancewa daga binciken yanar gizo zuwa kimar muhalli na wurare masu faɗi don tsarawa ko manufofin gudanarwa. Hakanan za su iya ba da rahoto game da tasirin ci gaba ko mahimmancin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta.

Masu tsara shimfidar wuri sun damu da tsara shimfidar wuri don wuri, na gani, muhalli da kuma abubuwan nishaɗi na birane, ƙauye, da kuma amfanin ƙasa na bakin teku. Aikin su yana kunshe ne a cikin rubutattun bayanai na manufofi da dabaru, kuma sallamar su ta hada da babban shiri don sabbin ci gaba, kimanta yanayin yanayi da tantancewa, da shirya gudanarwar karkara ko tsare-tsare. Wasu kuma na iya amfani da ƙarin ƙwarewa kamar ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ko doka ga tsarin tsara shimfidar wuri.

Koren rufin (ko fiye da musamman, rufin ciyayi) masu zanen kaya sun tsara manyan lambunan rufin don sarrafa ruwan guguwa, sanyi mai jujjuyawa, gine-gine mai dorewa, kayan kwalliya, da ƙirƙirar wurin zama. [3]

Dangantaka da tsara birane

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Haɗin aikin lambun gargajiya na gargajiya da tsarin birni masu tasowa sun ba gine-ginen shimfidar wuri mai da hankali na musamman. Frederick Law Olmsted yayi amfani da kalmar 'tsarin gine-gine' ta amfani da kalmar a matsayin sana'a a karon farko lokacin zayyana filin shakatawa na tsakiya .

A cikin karni na 19, tsara birane ya zama babban batu kuma babban batu a cikin birane. Haɗin al'adar aikin lambu mai faɗi da filin da ke tasowa na tsara birane ya ba da damar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri don biyan waɗannan buƙatun. [4] A cikin rabin na biyu na karni, Frederick Law Olmsted ya kammala jerin wuraren shakatawa da ke ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan ayyukan gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a yau. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai Central Park a cikin New York City, Prospect Park a Brooklyn, New York da tsarin shakatawa na Emerald Necklace na Boston. Jens Jensen ya ƙirƙira ingantattun wuraren shakatawa na birane da na yanki don Chicago, Illinois, da gidaje masu zaman kansu don dangin Ford ciki har da Fair Lane da Gaukler Point . Ɗaya daga cikin mambobi goma sha ɗaya na asali na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka (ASLA), kuma mace daya tilo, ita ce Beatrix Farrand . Ta kasance mashawarcin ƙira ga jami'o'i sama da dozin da suka haɗa da: Princeton a Princeton, New Jersey ; Yale a New Haven, Connecticut ; da Arnold Arboretum na Harvard a Boston, Massachusetts . Ayyukanta masu zaman kansu da yawa sun haɗa da alamar Dumbarton Oaks a cikin unguwar Georgetown na Washington, DC Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasu masu gine-gine - musamman Ruth Havey da Alden Hopkins - sun canza wasu abubuwa na ƙirar Farrand.

Tun daga wannan lokacin tsarin birane ya haɓaka zuwa wata sana'a mai zaman kanta wacce ta haɗa muhimmiyar gudummawa daga wasu fannoni kamar injiniyan farar hula, gine-gine da gudanarwar jama'a . Masu tsara birane sun cancanci yin ayyuka masu zaman kansu ba tare da gine-ginen gine-gine ba, kuma gabaɗaya, tsarin karatun shirye-shiryen gine-ginen ba ya shirya ɗalibai su zama masu tsara birane. [5]

Dangantaka da Ayyukan Yan Asalin

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Ayyukan kula da ƙasa na asali suna haifar da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar amfani da ciyayi da tsarin halitta, wanda ya bambanta da ilimin yammacin yamma na horo wanda ke raba kayan ado da aiki. Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri yana fifita ƙirar yamma da aka yi daga kayan da aka tsara da sifofin geometric. Littattafan tarihin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sun kasance sun haɗa da ayyukan da ke ƙunshe da gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda ke dawwama a kan lokaci, ban da yawancin ƙira na tushen shimfidar wuri na ƴan asalin.

  • Litattafan gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sukan sanya ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin maƙasudin fara horo a hukumance. Rubutun tarihin shimfidar wuri da aka fi karantawa The Landscape of Man (1964) yana ba da tarihin duniya na tsarin da aka ƙera daga baya zuwa yau, yana nuna Afirka da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tattaunawa game da ɗan adam na paleolithic tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 8,000 KZ dangane da ƙaura ɗan adam . An bayyana ayyukan kula da ƙasa na ƴan asalin a matsayin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi maimakon wani ɓangare na aikin zamani. Lambuna a Lokaci (1980) kuma suna sanya ayyukan ƴan asalin a matsayin tarihin farko a farkon tsarin tsarin gine-gine. Marubuta John da Ray Oldham sun kwatanta Aborigines na Ostiraliya a matsayin “masu tsira daga tsohuwar hanyar rayuwa” waɗanda suka ba da zarafi su bincika yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin “wurin taron ɗan adam kafin tarihi.”

A ƙarshen karni na 18, shimfidar shimfidar wurare da ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta ƙirƙira da ayyukan sarrafa gobara sun yi kira ga mazauna Ingila a Ostiraliya . [1] Jaridu daga lokacin farkon farar matsugunin sun lura da shimfidar wuri mai kama da wuraren shakatawa da shahararrun kayayyaki a cikin lambunan shimfidar Ingilishi na lokaci guda. [1] A Ingila, an ɗauki waɗannan ƙira-ƙira na zamani kuma ana yin bikin don sadaukarwar ƙasar da ake amfani da su da gangan. A Ostiraliya, an yi amfani da yanayin wurin shakatawa don tabbatar da ikon Birtaniyya, yana mai nuni da rashin komai da rashin amfani da shi a matsayin tushen korar mutanen Aborigin.

Ilimi

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Ana buƙatar masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri gabaɗaya don samun jami'a ko karatun digiri daga shirin digiri na gine-ginen da aka amince da shi, wanda zai iya bambanta da tsayi da taken digiri. Suna koyon yadda za a ƙirƙira ayyuka daga karce, irin su dasa zama ko kasuwanci da kuma tsara wuraren zama na waje [6] suna shirye su yi aiki tare da wasu don samun sakamako mai kyau ga abokan ciniki lokacin yin aikin; dole ne su koyi ainihin yadda ake ƙirƙirar aiki akan lokaci kuma za su buƙaci samun lasisin ku a wata jiha don a ba su damar yin aiki; dalibai na Landscape Architects za su koyi yadda ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki kuma za su koyi yadda za a bayyana zane daga karce lokacin ba da aikin ƙarshe. [7]

An koyar da gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a Jami'ar Manchester tun shekarun 1950. Kwas ɗin a Makarantar Gine-gine na Manchester yana ba wa ɗalibai damar samun digiri na farko da digiri daban-daban, gami da MLPM (Hons) wanda Cibiyar Landscape ta amince da ita da Cibiyar Tsara ta Royal Town . [8]

Sana'a

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A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, cibiyar ƙwararru, wacce ta ƙunshi membobin ƙwararrun al'umma, tana nan don kare martabar sana'ar da haɓaka muradunta, wani lokacin kuma tana daidaita ayyukan gine-ginen ƙasa. Ma'auni da ƙarfin ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke tafiyar da ayyukan gine-ginen ƙasa sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, tare da wasu suna buƙatar lasisi don yin aiki; wasu kuma ba su da ƙa'ida ko kaɗan. A Turai, Arewacin Amirka, sassan Kudancin Amirka, Ostiraliya, Indiya, da New Zealand, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sana'a ce da aka tsara. [9]

Argentina

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Tun 1889, tare da isowar Faransa m da kuma ɗan birni shimfidar wuri Carlos Thays, shawarar a sake ƙirƙirar babban birnin kasar ta wuraren shakatawa da kuma jama'a lambu lambu, shi aka karfafa wani koyo da horo shirin a gyara shimfidar wuri wanda a karshe ya zama wani kayyade sana'a, a halin yanzu babban ilimi ma'aikata ne. Jami'ar UBA ta Buenos Aires "UBA Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo" (Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism) yana ba da digiri na Bacherlor a Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Kasa na Birane da Tsare-tsare, wannan sana'a da kanta tana da tsarin Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane ta Argentina. da Cibiyar Buenos Aires Botanical Garden .

Ostiraliya

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Cibiyar Gine-ginen Kasa ta Australiya (AILA) tana ba da izini na digiri na jami'a da rajistar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu aikin gine-ginen da ba na doka ba. Da zarar AILA ta gane shi, masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri suna amfani da taken 'Mai Rijista Tsarin Tsarin Kasa' a cikin jihohi da yankuna shida a cikin Ostiraliya.

Tsarin AILA na sanin ƙwararru tsari ne na ƙasa wanda ofishin AILA na Canberra ke kula da shi. Don neman rajistar AILA, mai nema yawanci yana buƙatar biyan buƙatun da yawa, gami da cancantar jami'a, ƙaramin adadin shekaru na aiki da rikodin ƙwarewar ƙwararru. [10]

Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tsari, ƙira, gudanarwa, da bincike. Daga sabis na ƙira na ƙwararrun don ci gaban gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har zuwa shawarwarin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a matsayin ƙwararren shaida.

Kanada

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A Kanada, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri, kamar doka da magani, sana'a ce mai sarrafa kanta bisa ga ka'idar lardi. Misali, sana'ar Ontario ana gudanar da ita ne ta Ƙwararru na Ontario . Masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin Ontario, British Columbia, da Alberta dole ne su kammala ƙayyadaddun abubuwan LARE (Gwajin Rajista Architecture) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don cikakken tsayuwar ƙwararru.

Hukumomin lardi membobi ne na wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Canadian Society of Landscape Architects / L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada (CSLA-AAPC), kuma ana samun memba ɗaya a cikin CSLA-AAPC ta hanyar shiga ɗayan larduna ko yanki. . [11]

Indonesia

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ISLA (Indonesia Society of Landscape Architects) ita ce al'ummar Indonesiya don ƙwararrun gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka kafa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1978 kuma memba ne na IFLA APR da IFLA World. Babban manufar ita ce ƙara darajar ƙwararrun membobin masanan gine-gine ta hanyar haɓaka ayyukansu a cikin sabis na al'umma, ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa. Gudanar da IALI ya ƙunshi Masu Gudanarwa na Ƙasa waɗanda ke samun tallafi daga Ma'aikatan Yanki 20 (matakin Lardi) da Manajojin Reshe 3 a matakin birni a duk Indonesiya.

An gudanar da ilimin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a Indonesia a jami'o'i 18, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na D3, Bachelor da Magister. Ilimin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ya haɗa a cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimin Gine-ginen Filayen Indonesiya.

A cikin Afrilu 2013, NZILA tare da AILA, sun karbi bakuncin taron Duniya na 50th International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) a Auckland, New Zealand. Majalisar Duniya taro ne na kasa-da-kasa inda Masu Gine-ginen Kasa na Duniya daga ko'ina cikin duniya ke haduwa don raba ra'ayoyi game da wani batu.

A cikin 2008, LI ta ƙaddamar da wani babban shirin daukar ma'aikata mai taken "Ina so in zama Architect Landscape" don ƙarfafa nazarin Gine-ginen Kasa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi niyya ne don ɗaga martabar gine-ginen ƙasa tare da nuna muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa wajen gina al'ummomi masu dorewa da yaƙi da sauyin yanayi . [12]

Tun daga watan Yulin 2018, an maye gurbin shirin "Ina so in zama Architect Landscape" da wani sabon kamfen na sana'a mai taken #ChooseLandscape, wanda ke da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da shimfidar wuri a matsayin sana'a; inganta da haɓaka damar samun ilimi mai faɗi; da kuma zaburar da matasa su zabi shimfidar wuri a matsayin sana'a. [13] Wannan sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haɗa da wasu sana'o'in da ke da alaƙa kamar sarrafa shimfidar wuri, tsara shimfidar wuri, kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa da ƙirar birane. [14]

Amurka

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Mall na ƙasa a Washington, DC ya haɗa da misalai da yawa na gine-ginen shimfidar wuri bisa abubuwan tunawa da tarihi.

A cikin Amurka, gwamnatocin jihohi ɗaya ne ke tsara tsarin gine-gine. Ga mai zanen shimfidar wuri, samun lasisi yana buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi da ƙwarewar aiki, tare da ƙaddamar da jarrabawar ƙasa mai suna Landscape Architect Registration Examination (LARE). Ana kula da lasisi a matakin ƙasa ta Majalisar Kula da Gidajen Gine-gine (CLARB). Jihohi da yawa kuma suna buƙatar wucewar jarrabawar jiha.

Ofishin Kididdigar Ma'aikata na Amurka ya gano gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a matsayin matsakaicin haɓakar haɓaka ta Ofishin Kididdigar Ma'aikata na Amurka kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin Labaran Amurka & Rahoton Duniya na Mafi kyawun Ayyuka don Samun a 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 da 2010. [15] Ƙungiyar ciniki ta ƙasa don masu gine-ginen ƙasar Amurka ita ce Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-ginen Ƙasa ta Amirka . Frederick Law Olmsted, wanda ya tsara Central Park a birnin New York, an san shi da "mahaifin gine-ginen wuri na Amurka". [16]

Misalai

gyara sashe
  •  
    DankaliaDordogne, Faransa
  •  
    Lambun Japana cikinzo, Japan
  •  
    Lambun gargajiya na kasar Sin
  •  
    ZauneaHelsingborg, Sweden
  •  
    Lambun sassakana Asiya aTexas,Amurka
  •  
    Lambun sassaka naVigelandaOslo, Norway
  •  
    Lambun baranda (VentimigliaItaliya)
  •  
    EscorialFormal Palace lambun a Madrid, Spain
  •  
    Lambun Bahar Rum aAlpes-Maritimes, Faransa
  •  
    Amfani da kariya a Villa la Magia, a cikinQuarrata, Italiya
  •  
    Lambun LurieaChicago, USA, GGN & Piet Oudolf
  •  
    Babban Layi(sashe na biyu) Yankin da aka sake ginawa a cikinbirnin New York, Amurka
  •  
    Parque Madrid Rioamfanin da ruwa na yau da kullun aMadrid,Spain
  •  
    SchouwburgpleinPark a cikinRotterdam,Netherlands
  •  
    911 Memorial ParkGidan rayuwar na tuna abirnin New YorkAmurka
  1. ↑ "John Claudius Loudon | Scottish landscape architect | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  2. ↑ "Landscape Architecture - Your Environment. Designed". Asla.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  3. ↑ "Extensive Vegetative Roofs | Whole Building Design Guide". www.wbdg.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
  4. ↑ Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177–198.
  5. ↑ "Bulletin of Information for the AICP Comprehensive Planning Examination" (PDF). www.planning.org. Retrieved 2016-08-29. There are important distinctions between planners and allied professionals and between planning and related fields. Planners approach problems comprehensively, have a long-range perspective, and deal with unique place-based issues. Although people in related professions (e.g., law, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development, etc.) and disciplines (humanities, psychology, etc.) often work with planners, they do not necessarily have the same knowledge base, skillset, and approach.
  6. ↑ "Landscape Architect Education Requirements". bestaccreditedcolleges.org.
  7. ↑ "What Do Landscape Architects Do? - Square One Landscape Architects - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-10-08.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ University of Manchester. Prospectus 2005; pp. 190-191
  9. ↑ "The Ontario Association of Landscape Architects". Oala.on.ca. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  10. ↑ "Join or Renew". www.aila.org.au.
  11. ↑ "CSLA AAPC | CSLA". www.csla-aapc.ca.
  12. ↑ "CC Position Statement". landscapeinstitute.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  13. ↑ Gosling, Ben. "#ChooseLandscape launches next month – here's how to get involved | Landscape Institute" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  14. ↑ "Choose Your Career – Chooselandscape" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  15. ↑ "Career Advice and Guide for Job Searches - US News Business". Money.usnews.com. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  16. ↑ "Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
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