Eco (kudi)

Eco shine sunan kuɗin da aka tsara na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Shirye-shiryen da aka yi kira ga Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) jihohin da su gabatar da kuɗin da farko, wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa shi da CFA franc wanda yankin Yammacin Afrịka ke amfani da shi a cikin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Ruwa ta Yammacin Afrika (UEMOA). Wannan kuma zai ba jihohin UEMOA damar samun cikakken 'yancin kai na kasafin kudi da kudi daga Faransa. Jihohin UEMOA sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin CFA franc a cikin eco na farko, wanda za'a iya faɗaɗa shi ga duk jihohin ECOWAS.

Eco
kuɗi da proposed entity (en)
Bayanai
Suna saboda	Afirka ta Yamma

Eco

   

Ka'idoji Goma

Don a aiwatar da Eco, dole ne a cika ka'idoji goma, waɗanda Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) ta tsara. Wadannan ka'idoji an raba su zuwa ka'idojin farko da na biyu guda shida. Har zuwa shekara ta kasafin kudi ta 2011, Ghana ce kawai ta iya cika dukkan ka'idojin farko a kowane shekara ta kasafi.

Ka'idoji huɗu na farko da kowace ƙasa memba za ta cimma sune:

• Adadin hauhawar farashin lambobi guda ɗaya a ƙarshen kowace shekara.
• Rashin kasafin kudi bai wuce 4% na GDP ba.
• Kudin ajiyar kuɗi na babban banki na ba fiye da 10% na kudaden harajin shekarar da ta gabata ba.
• Babban ajiyar waje wanda zai iya ba da rufe shigo da kaya na akalla watanni uku.

Ka'idoji shida na biyu da kowace ƙasa memba za ta cimma sune:

• Hana sabbin biyan kuɗi na cikin gida da kuma kawar da waɗanda ke akwai.
• Kudin haraji ya kamata ya zama daidai ko fiye da kashi 20 cikin 100 na GDP.
• Kudin albashi don harajin haraji daidai da ko ƙasa da kashi 35.
• Zuba jari na jama'a don harajin haraji daidai da ko sama da kashi 20.
• Kyakkyawan canjin canji.
• Kyakkyawan yawan riba.

Tarihin kuɗin

Kafin 2019

Manufar kudin gama gari, na farko a Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) / Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afrika (WAMZ) ƙasashe-Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea-Conakry (wanda ke magana da Faransanci amma ba ya amfani da CFA franc), Laberiya, Najeriya da Saliyo-kuma daga baya a duk yankin ECOWAS, an bayyana shi a hukumance a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000 dangane da ƙaddamar da WAMZ. An fara shirya gabatar da Eco a shekara ta 2003, amma an jinkirta wannan sau da yawa, zuwa 2005, 2010 da 2014. A wani taron Majalisar Ministoci da Gwamnoni ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2009, an sake tsara farkon kuɗin zuwa 2015 saboda rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya. Taron Disamba na 2009 ya kuma kafa wani shiri na fara aiki don hada Eco tare da CFA franc nan da nan bayan ƙaddamar da Eco; an shirya wannan a cimma shi a shekarar 2020.

A shekara ta 2001, an kafa Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) tare da hedikwatar a Accra, Ghana. Zai zama kungiya ta wucin gadi a shirye-shiryen Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka na gaba. Ayyukanta da tsari sun samo asali ne daga Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Turai. Don haka, WAMI shine samar da tsari ga bankunan tsakiya a cikin WAMZ don fara hadewa da fara shirye-shiryen farko don bugawa da kuma yin kudi na zahiri, kamar yadda EMI ta yi a baya a cikin Yurozone kafin gabatar da Yuro. Babban darektan yanzu shine J.H. Tei Kitcher .

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da kokarin kasashe membobin don biyan ka'idojin ba su da kyau. Katin wasan kwaikwayon da aka gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na 2012 na WAMZ ya nuna cewa an yi hasashen ci gaban GDP zai ragu zuwa 6.9% a cikin 2012 daga 8.7% a cikin 2011. An kuma yi hasashen ma'auni na dukan yankin WAMZ zai sauka daga kashi 79.2% a cikin 2011 zuwa 62.5% a cikin 2012; saboda babu wani memba da ya cika dukkan ka'idojin haɗuwa. Matsakaicin hauhawar farashin shekara-shekara ya karu daga 11.6% a 2011 zuwa 12.6% a 2012. Darakta na Hukumar Kula da ECOWAS, Lassane Kabore, ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "mai banƙyama", amma kuma ya tabbatar da jajircewar kwamishinansa ga kafa Eco.

A watan Fabrairun 2018, ECOWAS ta tabbatar da niyyar sake fara aikin tare da gabatarwa a cikin 2020, wanda ba zai yiwu ba: saboda haka sanarwar niyya ce. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2018, a cewar masanin tattalin arziki Jean Joseph Boillot, har yanzu ba a gudanar da wani aiki mai tsanani a fannonin fasaha na wannan aiwatarwa ba, ko dai a matakin jami'a ko a matakin jiha.

2019

A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2019 shugabannin kungiyar tattalin arziki ta kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) sun karbi sunan "eco" don aikin su na kudin daya. An shirya gabatar da kuɗin a cikin 2020.

Shugabannin ECOWAS sun hadu a Abuja a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, watanni shida bayan sun karbi sunan "eco" don aikin kuɗi guda ɗaya na gaba. Wannan taron ya zo ne bayan taron kwamitin ministocin kudi da gwamnonin manyan bankunan yankin a babban birnin Najeriya.

Kamar yadda kamfanin dillancin labarai na Najeriya NAN ya ambata, shugaban kwamitin ministocin ya ce Togo ne kawai, daga cikin kasashen ECOWAS, za su cika manyan bukatun ko ka'idoji don karɓar kuɗi ɗaya. Wadannan ka'idoji sun hada da haɗuwa, tsarin musayar sauƙin sauyawa, yaki da rashin tsaro da haɗin gwiwar jihohi.

A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Shugaban kasar Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake fasalin CFA franc na Yammacin Afirka, gami da sake masa suna eco. Faransa ba za ta sake gudanar da kuɗin ba, amma Banque de France za ta kasance mai ba da tabbacin sauyawa tsakanin Eco da Yuro wanda zai ci gaba da daidaitawa. Ana sa ran aiwatar da shi a ƙarshen 2020.

Ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Manajan Darakta na Asusun Kudi na Duniya (IMF) ya yi maraba da babban gyare-gyare na CFA franc da kasashe takwas na Yammacin Afirka da Faransa suka yanke shawarar. Ga Kristalina Georgieva, waɗannan canje-canje "sun zama babban mataki a cikin sabunta shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci tsakanin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka da Faransa".

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Shugaban Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang Nguema, ya ziyarci Abidjan a Ivory Coast. A lokacin da manema labarai suka yi magana bayan wannan taron tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu, Alassane Ouattara da Teodoro Obiang Nguema, shugabannin kasashe guda biyu sun kuma tattauna game da sake fasalin CFA na Yammacin Afirka. Shugaban Equatorial Guinea yana so ya ga irin wannan gyare-gyare ga CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda ya ga "ya wuce gona da iri".

A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 shugaban kasar Ghana ya nuna sha'awarsa na karɓar sabon yanayin da ake kafawa don maye gurbin CFA franc na Yammacin Afirka.

2020

A watan Janairun 2020, bisa ga labarai da yawa da suka ambaci kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida, Najeriya za ta buƙaci "kalmomi biyar da ba za a iya musayar su ba" kafin shiga kuɗin guda ɗaya. Wasu musamman sun ambaci ajiya a cikin Baitulmalin Faransa na wani ɓangare na ajiyar musayar kasashen waje na kuɗin da za a iya amfani da shi a nan gaba. A wannan batu, an riga an ambaci ƙarshen wannan tabbacin a cikin sake fasalin da aka gabatar a ranar 21 ga Disamba. Duk da haka a cewar 'yan jaridar Najeriya, Abuja za ta buƙaci gudanar da muhalli ta ECOWAS kanta, ba tare da manta da ra'ayinta a Afirka ba a Faransa ba.

Saliyo ta sanar a ranar Alhamis 9 ga Janairun 2020 za ta yanke shawara kan kudin ECOWAS na gaba, Eco, nan ba da daɗewa ba. Bankin Saliyo (BSL) ya sanar a ranar Alhamis 9 ga Janairun 2020 cewa kasar za ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Leone a matsayin takardar shari'a har zuwa taron Kwamitin Gwamnonin ECOWAS da aka shirya don 16 ga Janairu 2020.

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2020 manyan bankunan yankin ECOWAS sun fara babban taro na musamman don tattaunawa kan tambayoyin da suka shafi gabatar da kudin guda, ECO, wanda aka shirya don 2020. Ana sa ran kwamitin gwamnonin bankin tsakiya za su tattauna tasirin sanarwar da kasashen ECOWAS masu magana da Faransanci suka yi kwanan nan game da shawarar gabatar da kudin ECO guda ɗaya don maye gurbin CFA franc. Tattaunawar za ta kuma tantance hanyar ci gaba ga jihohin membobin Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) daidai da taswirar hanya don gabatar da kuɗin guda ɗaya - CEE. Kungiyar fasaha ta ECOWAS, duk da haka, ana sa ran gabatar da shawarwari da Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka ta yi game da CEE. Ya kamata gwamnoni su aika da shawarwarinsu ga shugabannin jihohin yankin don gano ko yankin yana shirye don gabatar da kuɗin guda ɗaya.

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2020 Najeriya da kasashe da yawa na Yammacin Afirka, musamman wadanda ke magana da Ingilishi, sun yi tir a Abuja da shawarar maye gurbin CFA franc da Eco, suna cewa "ba daidai ba ne" da shirin da duk yankin ya karɓa kwanan nan don kafa kudin guda.

A duk lokuta, kasashe shida na Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) "sun lura da damuwa da sanarwar da ke da niyyar sake sunan CFA franc zuwa Eco ta 2020", a cewar sanarwar manema labarai da aka bayar bayan wannan taron na musamman tsakanin ministocin kudi daban-daban da gwamnonin bankunan tsakiya. WAMZ ta ƙunshi Najeriya, Ghana, Laberiya, Saliyo, Gambiya da Guinea (Conakry), wanda ba ɓangare na yankin CFA ba ne. Wadannan ƙasashe sun yi la'akari da cewa "wannan aikin bai dace da yanke shawara ba" na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) tare da "karɓar Eco a matsayin sunan kuɗin guda ɗaya" na dukan yankin.

Sun "maimaita muhimmancin ga dukkan mambobin ECOWAS su bi yanke shawara na ikon Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnatin ECOWES game da aiwatar da taswirar hanyar da aka sake sabuntawa don shirin kuɗi ɗaya". An shirya taron koli da ke tattare da shugabannin jihohin WAMZ "ba da daɗewa ba" don yanke shawara kan halin da zai zo, ya ƙayyade sanarwar ƙarshe.

Sanarwarsu ta 16 ga Janairu ta kuma kawo haske game da yakin neman jagoranci tsakanin Côte d'Ivoire da Najeriya. A cikin sukar shawarar da kungiyar tattalin arziki da kudi ta Afirka ta Yamma (Uemoa) ta yanke na sake sunan CFA franc "eco" a shekarar 2020, ministocin kudi da gwamnonin bankin tsakiya na Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Laberiya, Najeriya da Saliyo ba wai kawai sun bayyana rarrabuwar ECOWAS ba.

A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 Shugaban kasar Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara ya bayyana zargin da ake yi na kin amincewa da Eco da kasashe 7 na Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ). "Akwai kasashe biyar ne kawai da suka ƙare a Abuja daga cikin goma sha biyar na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka [ECOWAS]", ya yi fushi, ya yanke ciyawa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa CFA masu adawa da Franks, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ihu "farin murfi da fararen murfi".

"Yawancin kasashe ba su halarci wannan taron ba. Ba taron shugabannin kasashe ba ne, amma na ministoci da gwamnoni, "in ji Ouattara. "Abin da muka yanke shawara a matakin shugabannin kasashe, nufinmu shine mu kawo muhalli a cikin 2020", bisa ga, ya nace, na "yanayi".

Yanayin farko shine ya sadu da ka'idojin aiki 5: rashi na kasa da 3%, bashin kasa da 70%, ƙarancin hauhawar farashi, da dai sauransu. (...Rashin amfani da shi A halin yanzu, akwai kasashe huɗu ko biyar kawai, gami da Côte d'Ivoire, waɗanda suka cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin, "ya kara da cewa ya kamata tsarin ya kasance "sannu a hankali". "Kasuwa biyar, takwas, goma [sun cika ka'idojin] na iya haɗuwa, "in ji shi, ya kara da cewa wasu na iya shiga su kamar yadda yankin euro ya fara a goma sha ɗaya kuma wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashe goma sha tara a yau.

"Muna so mu yi shi a matakai. Ba mu son hanzari, amma kuma ba mu son ƙasashe da ba su cika ƙa'idodin haɗuwa su girgiza tsarin, "ya kammala.

A watan Fabrairun 2020, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya ya bayyana cewa taron da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya halarta kuma shugabancin ECOWAS, Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou na Nijar, ya kuma tattauna sabon kudin Afirka ta Yamma, CEE.

A kan wannan takamaiman batu, Ministan Onyeama ya sanar da cewa "Babu wani abu da ya canza game da matsayin Najeriya". Ya bayyana cewa a cewar Najeriya, yawancin kasashe ba su cika ka'idojin haɗuwa ba kuma saboda haka ya zama dole a tsawaita lokacin ƙaddamar da kuɗin ECOWAS guda ɗaya.

A watan Fabrairun 2020, an gudanar da wani taron koli na musamman na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). An gabatar da maki da yawa. Musamman kafa kudi guda (Eco),

A kan kudin guda, sanarwa ta ƙarshe wacce ta amince da wannan taron ta ambaci cewa Taron Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na kungiyar ta yanki sun gamsu da muhimman abubuwan da kungiyar tattalin arziki da kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Uemoa) ta fara wajen kirkirar kudin guda daya. "Alassane Ouattara, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire, Shugaban Taron Shugabannin Jihohin Uemoa ne ya sanar da taron kan sake fasalin CFA franc. Wannan gyare-gyare mataki ne na cimma nasarar kafa Eco kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin taswirar hanyar da Taron Shugabannin Jiha na ECOWAS ya karɓa. Taron ya nuna gamsuwa da waɗannan muhimman abubuwan da suka faru da kuma fahimtar da shugaban taron shugabannin jihohin Uemoa ya bayar a kan wannan batun, "ya karanta sanarwar manema labarai.

A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, an buga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Uemoa, kasashe takwas) da kuma shirin fadada shi ga dukan Kungiyar Taron Arziki ta Kasashen Afirka (Cedeao, kasashe 15). An ba da izini ga Shigarwa cikin Zamanin Eco: Sakamakon Gyara a Yammacin Afirka, yana da niyyar magance rashin tabbas da ya taso daga sanarwar wannan maye gurbin da Shugabannin Ouattara da Macron suka yi a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2019. Ƙarshen farko shi ne cewa daidaito da aka kiyaye tare da Yuro da tabbacin da ba a iyakance na Faransa na juyawa zai ci gaba da amincewa da sabon kuɗin. Wannan tabbacin ya taimaka wajen hana hauhawar farashi daga 2000 zuwa 2019 a matsakaicin 2% a yankin Uemoa, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 10% a Cedeao da kusan 16% a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. "Babu tasirin nan take" a kan darajar mai mulki na jihohi, Ƙarshen ajiyar rabin ajiyar musayar na Ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar tare da Baitulmalin Faransa ba ya damuwa da S-P, saboda ana kiyaye canjin canjin canji. "Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa muka yi imanin cewa wannan gyare-gyare bai kamata ya yi tasiri nan take a kan ƙididdigarmu ba, "marubutan sun kammala. A wasu kalmomi, masu saka hannun jari ba dole ba ne su damu a halin yanzu. Ƙarshen na biyu shi ne cewa aikin don fadada eco ga mambobi goma sha biyar na Cedeao yana da nisa. "An kasance shingen kayan aiki, wanda ke sa mu yi la'akari da wannan aikin da ba zai yiwu ba a matsakaici", in ji rahoton. Da farko saboda nauyin Najeriya, saboda Najeriya tana da kashi biyu bisa uku na GDP na Cedeao kuma sau uku fiye da na Uemoa. Amma kuma saboda manufofin kariya, rahoton ya ce: "Amincewa da manufofin kuɗi na yau da kullun tsakanin Najeriya da abokan hulɗarta na Cedeao saboda haka yana da wahala, musamman tunda Najeriya kwanan nan ta yanke shawarar rufe iyakokinta da Benin da Nijar don rage smuggling da tallafawa samar da aikin gona na gida. Ƙarin bayan tabbacin Uemoa na Faransa zai buƙaci amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai bayan tuntuɓar Babban Bankin Turai, wanda ba ta atomatik ba. A ƙarshe, karɓar tsarin musayar musayar da Cedeao ke so zai kara haɗarin haɗari dangane da girgizar kuɗi ga tattalin arzikin Uemoa, musamman waɗanda suka kara amfani da rance na kuɗin waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Shekaru, "in ji S-P, yana tunawa da ƙarshen ɗaya daga cikin rahotannin 2017 game da haɗarin raguwa: a yayin rikicin kuɗi kuma ba tare da tabbacin Faransa ba, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal da Togo, waɗanda suka ranta sosai, musamman a cikin nau'in Eurobonds, suna ganin bashin su ya kafa sosai kuma S-P za a tilasta su rage ƙimar su. Rahoton ya kammala da shawarar inganta kudaden shiga na haraji da gargadi: "Duk abin da tsarin musayar Uemoa ya zaɓa, ko kula da Yuro ne, zaɓi na kwando na kuɗi (...) ko kuma yawan musayar, horo na kasafin kuɗi da manufofin tattalin arziki masu ƙarfi za su kasance mafi mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arzikin ƙungiyar kuɗi.

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020, Majalisar Ministocin Jamhuriyar Faransa ta amince da lissafin da Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka, babban bankin da ke kula da kuɗin kasashe takwas na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afrika waɗanda ke amfani da franc na CFA na Yammacin Afrịka, ba za a sake buƙatar saka rabin ajiyar musayar ta tare da Baitulmalin Jama'a na Faransa ba. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Faransa za ta janye daga dukkan hukumomin da ke kula da Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka; har zuwa yanzu, duka Ministan Kudi na Faransa da gwamnan Bankin Faransa sun shiga cikin tarurruka na shekara-shekara na Babban Bankin, daya daga cikinsu ya faru a Paris. Gidajen majalisa biyu na Faransa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisar Dattijai, dole ne su amince da lissafin don tanadinta su fara aiki. Bayan tabbatarwa, ana sa ran za a fara amfani da muhalli a watan Yulin 2020. Ya kasance ga al'ummomin da suka ba da shawarar karɓar kuɗin guda ɗaya, ko ci gaba da amfani da sunan 'eco'. Faransa za ta ba da tabbacin canjin canji na Yuro 1 zuwa 655.96 na Yammacin Afirka, kodayake wannan tsari na iya canzawa bayan gabatar da sabon kuɗin.

Mataki na biyu zuwa ga bacewar CFA franc da maye gurbinsa da kudin daya da ake kira Eco, ya kamata majalisar dokokin Faransa ta karɓi lissafin da aka fara a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020 a Majalisar Ministoci kuma ta yi niyyar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar kudi da aka kammala a Abidjan a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2019 tare da gwamnatocin jihohin membobin Tarayyar Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Umoa).

Ganin cewa doka game da sake fasalin Eco kawai ta wuce zuwa majalisar dokokin Faransa har zuwa karshen Satumba 2020, yarjejeniyar karɓar Eco ba ta da haɗarin yin hakan kafin Oktoba 2020.

A watan Satumbar 2020, Alassane Ouattara, Shugaban Côte d'Ivoire, ya ba da sanarwar shawarar taron 57 na taron shugabannin kasashe da Gwamnatin ECOWAS don ci gaba da aiwatar da muhalli "a cikin shekaru uku zuwa biyar".

2021

A watan Yunin 2021, Shugabannin Kasashen Tattalin Arziki na Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) sun karɓi taswirar hanya don ƙaddamar da kuɗin "Eco" a cikin 2027, sun sanar da sanarwar manema labarai ta ƙarshe na zaman 59 na Majalisar Shugabannin Jiha da Gwamnatin ECOWAS.

2023

A watan Satumbar 2023, kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta jaddada kudirinta na kaddamar da kudin bai daya na Eco nan da shekarar 2027. Hukumar ta ECOWAS ta ce za ta yi duk mai yiwuwa domin ganin matakai da shirye-shiryen da aka zayyana a cikin taswirar kaddamar da kudin bai-daya na Eco sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsari da tsari. Kwamitin don hanzarta kafa babban bankin Afirka ta Yamma da sauran hukumomin da suka dace don samun nasarar hada-hadar kudi a yankin.

2024

A watan Yulin 2024, yayin taron kolin kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), A wani bangare na aiwatar da kungiyar ECOWAS. Kasashe membobi suna jaddada mahimmanci ga Membobin su watsa shirye-shiryen Haɗuwa na Shekara-shekara akai-akai.

Haɗin waje

• Cibiyar Kula da Kudin Yammacin Afirka
• Daraktan Kula da Multilateral na Manufofin Macroeconomic a cikin Hukumar ECOWAS