Al'adun Igbo
Al'adun Igbo ( Igbo </link> ) al'adu, al'adu da al'adun kabilar Igbo [1] na kudu maso gabas [2] Najeriya . Ya ƙunshi tsofaffin ayyuka da kuma sabbin dabaru da aka ƙara a cikin al'adun Igbo ko dai ta hanyar haɓakar al'adu ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin waje. Wadannan al’adu da al’adu sun hada da fasahar gani, kade-kade da raye-rayen kabilar Ibo, da kuma kayan ado da kayan abinci da kuma yarukan yare. [3] Saboda rukunoninsu dabam-dabam, al'adunsu iri-iri na ƙara haɓaka.
Kiɗa
gyara sashe
Wani shahararren salon waka a tsakanin al'ummar Igbo shi ne highlife, wanda ke hade da kade-kade na jazz da na gargajiya da ya shahara a yammacin Afirka . Ana ganin babban rayuwar Igbo na zamani a cikin ayyukan Prince Nico Mbarga, Dr Sir Warrior, Oliver De Coque, Bright Chimezie, Celestine Ukwu da Chief Osita Osadebe, wadanda wasu daga cikin manyan mawakan Igbo na highlife na karni na ashirin. Haka kuma akwai wasu fitattun mawakan Igbo, kamar Mike Ejeagha, Paulson Kalu, Ali Chukwuma, Ozoemena Nwa Nsugbe.
Art
gyara sasheWikimedia Commons on Al'adun Igbo Ibo Art sananne ne da nau'ikan masarrafa daban-daban, abin rufe fuska, kayan sawa (alamar mutane), dabbobi da tsinkaya . Har ila yau an san fasahar Igbo da wasan kwaikwayo na tagulla da aka samu a garin Igbo Ukwu daga karni na 9. [4] Fasahar Igbo ita ce fasahar gani da ta samo asali daga kabilar Igbo. Al'adar Igbo fasaha ce da al'adar gani.
- ↑ "The Igbo People - Origins & History". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ↑ "Nigeria : History | The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ↑ Adugna, Gabe. "Research: Language Learning: Igbo: Home". library.bu.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ↑ Apley, Alice (October 2001). "Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
Tatsuniyoyi
gyara sashe-
Kwalkwali-mask; Karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Amurka)
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Siffar mace don ƙaramin haikali, karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art
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Jirgin bikin tagulla a cikin nau'in harsashi na katantanwa; Karni na 9; daga Igbo-Ukwu ; Gidan kayan tarihi na Najeriya ( Lagos, Najeriya)
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Eze Onyiudo Masquerade Awka-Etiti
Yayin da a yau yawancin kabilar Ibo Kiristoci ne, addinin gargajiya na Ibo da ake kira Odinani . A cikin tatsuniyar Ibo, wanda ke cikin tsohon addininsu, ana kiran Allah maɗaukakin Sarki Chineke ("Allahn halitta"); Chineke ya halicci duniya da duk abin da ke cikinta kuma yana hade da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin Duniya. Ga tsohon Igbo, sararin samaniya ya kasu kashi hudu hadaddun: [3]
- Okike (Halitta)
- Alusi (Rundunonin Sojoji ko Alloli)
- Muo (Ruhu)
- Uwa (Duniya)
Alusi
gyara sasheAlusi, wanda aka fi sani da Arusi ko Arushi, ƙananan alloli ne da ake bautawa da bauta a tatsuniyar Igbo . Akwai jerin Alusi daban-daban da ke cikin kowace al'umma kuma kowanne yana da nasa manufar. Idan aka daina buqatar abin bautar, sai a mayar da ita, ta hanyar taimakon Babban Firist ko Dibia, wanda ya san tsarin kuma ya tabbatar da an yi shi yadda ya kamata.
Muo
gyara sasheMmuo kawai yana nufin ruhi. Ko dai ruhi nagari ne kuma na ibada (mmuo oma) ko kuma mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo). Misali, ana kallon ruhun Ogbanje a matsayin mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo) kuma duk wanda ke da wannan ruhu ana ba da kulawa ta ruhaniya. ( Hankali na ruhaniya yana nufin hanyar korar mugun ruhu ta hanyar kuɓuta (hanyar Kiristanci) ko ta hanyar Addinin Gargajiya ta Afirka (watau tono daga “iyi uwa” . hanyar ATR)). Ogbanje kalma ce ta Igbo (Nigeria) wacce ke nufin mai maimaitawa ko wanda ya zo ya tashi. [4] Ogbanje ba mugun ruhi ba ne a Cosmology na Igbo . Kalma ce da aka fi amfani da ita wajen siffanta yaro ko matashin da ake iƙirarin ya mutu kuma mutum ɗaya ya maimaita haihuwarsa.
Doya
gyara sasheDoya na da matukar muhimmanci ga Igbo domin ita ce amfanin gonakinsu . Akwai bukukuwa irin su bikin Sabuwar Yam ( Igbo </link> ) wanda ake yi don girbin doya. [5]
Bikin Sabuwar Doya( Igbo </link> ) ana yin bikin kowace shekara don samun girbin amfanin gona mai kyau. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a Najeriya da sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka.
Auren gargajiya
gyara sasheAure a yankin Igbo na bin matakai da dama kafin a yi wa ango da amarya shelar miji da mata kamar yadda doka da al’ada ta gari suka tanada. [6]
Auren gargajiya ana kiransa da Igbankwu, ko kuma ruwan inabi, tunda ya hada da amaryar ta ba wa angonta kofin ruwan dabino. Kafin daurin auren dole ne ango ya je gidan amarya tare da mahaifinsa kafin ranar Igbankwu don neman izinin mahaifin amarya ya auri 'yarsa. Idan mahaifin amarya ya makara, to a irin wannan yanayi, kanin amarya, ko kawunsa ko danginsa namiji ya cika ma mahaifin amaryar, kamar yadda ya shafi ango. A ziyarar ta biyu, idan aka ba da kola goro (oji Igbo), dole ne ubanni biyu su tsara farashin amarya. [7] A mafi yawan lokuta, farashin amarya kawai alama ne, ban da sauran buƙatun kamar goro, awaki, giya, tsuntsaye da sauransu. A ka'ida, yana ɗaukar fiye da maraice ɗaya har sai an amince da farashin amarya na ƙarshe, bayan haka ana ba da liyafa ga iyaye biyu. Idan an biya kudin amarya sai a ware wani yamma domin bikin. [7]
A lokacin bikin, mahaifin amarya ya cika kofi da ruwan dabino ya mika wa 'yar. Sai ta nemo ango a cikin taron bakin daurin aure domin ta ba shi ruwan sha. Bayan an gama sha, ango da amarya suna rawa ga mahaifin amarya. Suna durƙusa a gabansa, zai albarkace su. Bayan haka, ma'auratan suna rawa na ɗan lokaci kafin su zauna, sannan a shakata ana gabatar da kyaututtuka, a wasu lokutan jawabin MC, sannan a rufe addu'a da tashi.
Igbo Architecture
gyara sasheGine-ginen Igbo na nufin salon al’adun da suka ginu akaiina al’ummar Igbo. Salon gine-ginen yana da nasaba sosai da al'adun al'ummar Igbo, imani, da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummar Igbo. Yayin da tsarin gine-gine ya samo asali, gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo ya raba wasu halaye na kowa kamar:
Tsarin haɗin kai - Al'adun gine-ginen Igbo sau da yawa suna komawa kan manufar fili wanda ke da alaƙa da wani yanki da ke kewaye da ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa na iyali, buɗewar tsakar gida, verandas, da tsarin taimako. Ana tsara waɗannan mahadi a hankali kuma wani lokaci ana shimfida su da duwatsu masu faɗi don haɓaka rayuwar jama'a da sauƙaƙe ayyukan iyali. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mahadi sun ƙunshi abubuwa na musamman kamar gidajen Impluvium, Lambuna, Motsi, da rijiyoyin ruwa waɗanda ke nuna bambancin tsarin gine-ginen Igbo.
Samun iska - Gine-ginen Igbo ya haɗa dabarun sanya buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗiya a cikin gine-gine don haɓaka iskar iska, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida. Yin amfani da buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana sauƙaƙe kewayawar iska, yana tabbatar da jin daɗin mazauna. Dangane da yankin da ke da yanayin zafi da zafi, ƙafewar gumi ya zama ƙalubale; duk da haka, iska tana taimakawa wannan tsari, yana haɓaka ta'aziyya. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan gine-gine sun haɗa da katanga mai kauri, rufin ciyayi, da ɗaga tushe don rage ƙalubalen muhalli. Ganuwar mai kauri tana kula da yanayin sanyi cikin yanayi mai zafi da zafi lokacin damina. Rufin da aka keɓe yana ba da kariya daga hasken rana kai tsaye, yana ba da inuwa kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ta'aziyyar zafi. [8]
Wuri Mai Tsarki da Wurare Tsarkaka - Gine-ginen Igbo yakan haɗa da wuraren da aka keɓance a cikin mahalli ko wuraren al'umma don wuraren ibada/ temples na kakanni da gidajen taron ƙungiyoyin asiri. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan wurare a matsayin masu tsarki kuma muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun Igbo da ayyukan addini. Waɗannan tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya bambanta da ƙira, kama daga sassauƙan wuraren buɗe sararin sama zuwa ƙarin ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ke da takamaiman fasalin gine-gine.
Abubuwan Ado - Gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo yakan haɗa abubuwa na ado, gami da zanen fenti a bango irin su uli, filayen ƙofa na katako, da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari akan sifofi. Waɗannan kayan ado na iya samun alama ko ma'anar addini.
Tufafin gargajiya
gyara sasheA al'adance, kayan ado na Ibo gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙananan tufafi domin manufar sutura a lokacin ita ce ɓoye al'aura, ko da yake dattawan sun cika tufafi. Yara kan kasance tsirara tun daga haihuwa har zuwa lokacin samartaka (lokacin da ake ganin suna da abin da za su boye) amma a wasu lokuta ana sanya kayan ado irin su dunƙule a kugu don dalilai na likita. Hakanan an yi amfani da fasahar jikin Uli don yi wa maza da mata ado a cikin nau'ikan layin da ke samar da alamu da siffofi a jiki.
Da mulkin mallaka da kuma tura al’adun Ibo suka koma Turawan yamma, tufafin da Turawa suka yi amfani da su kamar riga da wando sun dauki kayan gargajiya.
Mata
gyara sasheMata sun dauki jariransu a bayansu da ɗigon tufafi da ke ɗaure su biyu da kulli a ƙirjinta. Wannan dabarar daukar jarirai ta kasance kuma har yanzu kungiyoyin mutane da yawa a fadin Afirka, ciki har da Igbo. An sabunta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ɗaukar yara . A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Igbo ba sa rufe kirjinsu. Budurwa sukan sanya guntun lullubi mai lulluɓe a kugunsu tare da wasu kayan ado kamar sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙura. Duka maza da mata sun sanya abin rufe fuska.
Maza
gyara sasheMaza za su sa rigar gindi da aka nannade a kugunsu da tsakanin kafafunsu don a daure su a bayansu, irin tufafin da ya dace da zafin zafi da kuma ayyuka kamar noma. Maza kuma za su iya ɗaure abin rufe fuska a kan rigar gindinsu. A shagulgulan al’umma kamar bukukuwan aure na gargajiya, maza suna ɗaure irin waɗannan kayayyaki kamar kwazazzabo, wanda ake ganin yana da tsada, kuma wannan yakan tafi tare da ‘Isiagu’ wanda ya shahara ga masu hannu da shuni da na gargajiya.
Tufafin gargajiya na zamani
gyara sasheTufafin gargajiya na Igbo na zamani gabaɗaya an yi shi ne, ga maza, na saman Isiagu wanda yayi kama da Dashiki na Afirka. Isiagu (ko Ishi agu ) yawanci ana yin su ne tare da kawunan zakuna da aka yi wa sutura, Hakanan yana iya zama a fili, (yawanci baki). Ana sawa da wando kuma ana iya sawa da ko dai hular masu rike da sarautar gargajiya (wata fez mai suna okpu agu ko agwu), ko kuma da hular al’adun kabilar Igbo (wacce ta yi kama da hular Bobble ). Ga mata, an sa rigar rigar hannu mai kumbura (wanda kayan turawa ke tasiri) tare da nannade guda biyu (yawanci kayan Hollandis na zamani) da gyale.
Taken Mulki
gyara sasheAn shigar da manyan ƙwararrun maza da mata a cikin umarninsu na daraja ga mutanen da ke da lakabi kamar Ndi Ozo ko Ndi Nze . Waɗannan mutane suna karɓar tambari don nuna girman su. Kasancewa memba yana keɓantacce sosai, kuma don cancantar mutum yana buƙatar a mutunta shi sosai kuma a fahimce shi a cikin al'umma.
Koyarwa
gyara sasheIgbo na da wani nau’i na koyon sana’o’i na musamman wanda ko dai dan gida namiji ko kuma wani dan gari zai yi amfani da lokaci (yawanci a shekarun kuruciyarsu har zuwa girmansu) tare da wani dangi, lokacin da suke yi musu aiki. Bayan zaman da aka yi da iyali, shugaban gidan, wanda yawanci shi ne babban mutumin da ya shigo da almajiri cikin gidansa, zai kafa ( Igbo </link> ) mai koyo ta hanyar kafa masa sana'a ko ba da kudi ko kayan aikin da zai ci. [9]
Turawa ne suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada, inda suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada a matsayin hanyar ciniki ga bayi . Olaudah Equiano, ko da yake an sace shi a gidansa, dan kabilar Igbo ne da aka tilastawa yin hidima ga dangin Afirka. Ya ce ya ji wani ɓangare na iyali, ba kamar daga baya ba, sa’ad da aka tura shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka kuma aka bautar da shi a Ƙasashen Mulki goma sha uku .
Ana kiran tsarin koyan koyan Igbo Imu Ahia ko Igba Boy a kasar Igbo wanda ya yi fice a tsakanin Igbo bayan yakin basasar Najeriya . A wani yunkuri na tsira da tsarin kudi fam 20 wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya gabatar na cewa a baiwa kowane dan kasar Biafra fam 20 kacal ba tare da la’akari da abin da yake da shi a banki ba kafin yakin da sauran kudaden da Najeriya ke rike da su. gwamnati.
Kasuwancin ƙanana ɗaya ne daga cikin hanyoyin da za a sake gina al'ummomin da aka lalata da kuma Noma, amma sai noma ya buƙaci lokacin da ba shi da sauƙi a wannan lokacin.
Ainihin, yawancin mutane sun shiga ciniki. [10]
Wannan samfurin Imu-Ahia/Igba Boy ya kasance mai sauƙi, yana aiki ta yadda masu kasuwanci za su ɗauki yara maza waɗanda za su iya zama dangi, ƴan uwa ko kuma waɗanda ba dangi ba daga yanki ɗaya, suna zaune a cikin su kuma su sa su koyi kasuwanci yayin da suke koyo. koyon yadda yake aiki da kuma sirrin kasuwanci. Bayan an kai lokacin da aka ware don horon, bayan shekaru 5-8, za a yi ɗan bikin yaye ɗan yaron Nwa (wanda ya koyi sana'ar). Za a kuma biya shi dunƙule kuɗi na ayyukansu na tsawon shekaru, kuma za a yi amfani da kuɗin don fara kasuwanci ga Nwa Boy . [11]
Osu caste tsarin
gyara sasheOsu rukuni ne na mutanen da kakanninsu suka sadaukar da kansu don yin hidima a wuraren tsafi da gidajen ibada ga gumakan Ibo, don haka an dauke su mallakin alloli. Dangantaka da wasu lokuta mu'amala da Osu sun kasance (kuma har yau, har yanzu) a yawancin lokuta, haramun ne.
Har wala yau ana kiransa Osu abin kunya ne da ke hana ci gaban mutane da salon rayuwa.
Kalanda (Iguafo Igbo)
gyara sasheA cikin kalandar gargajiya ta Igbo, mako guda ( Igbo </link> ) yana da kwanaki 4 ( Igbo </link> ) ( Eke, Orie, Shekara, Nkwọ ), bakwai makonni yin wata daya ( Igbo </link> ), wata yana da kwanaki 28 kuma akwai watanni 13 a cikin shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, ana ƙara ƙarin rana. Sunayen kwanakin sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Masarautar Nri . An yi imani da cewa Eri, wanda ya kafa sararin samaniya na mulkin Nri, ya tafi tafiya don gano asirin lokaci. A cikin tafiyarsa ya yi sallama ya ƙidaya kwanaki huɗu da sunayen ruhohin da suke mulkinsu, don haka sunayen ruhohin ( eke, orie, afu da Nkwo ) suka zama kwanakin mako.
Sunayen kwanakin kasuwa
gyara sasheJarirai da aka haifa a wasu lokuta ana sawa sunan ranar mako da aka haife su. Wannan ba shine salon ba. Sunaye irin su Mgbeke ( budurwa [haihuwa] a ranar Eke), Mgborie (budurwa [an haife shi] a ranar Orie) ana yawan samun su a tsakanin kabilar Igbo. Na maza, ana maye gurbin Mgbe da Nwa ko "Okoro" ( Igbo : Child [na]). Misalan wannan sune Solomon Okoronkwo da Nwankwo Kanu, mashahuran ’yan kwallon kafa biyu. [12]
Ibo abin rufe fuska da maski
gyara sasheAkwai nau'ikan masquerades guda biyu na asali, bayyane da ganuwa. Masallatan da ake gani ana nufin jama'a ne. Sau da yawa sun fi jin daɗi. Masks da aka yi amfani da su suna ba da sha'awar gani don siffofi da sifofinsu. A cikin waɗannan masallatai da ake gani, ana yin wasan tsangwama, kiɗa, raye-raye, da wakoki (Oyeneke 25).
Masallatai marasa ganuwa suna faruwa da dare. Sauti shine babban kayan aiki a gare su. Mai yin masarrafa yana amfani da muryarsa don yin kururuwa don a ji shi a cikin ƙauyen. Abubuwan rufe fuska da ake amfani da su galibi suna da zafi sosai kuma membobin al'umma ne kawai ke fahimtar fassarar su. Wadannan masallatai marasa ganuwa suna kira ga kauye mai shiru don sanya tsoro a cikin zukatan wadanda ba a fara shiga cikin al'ummarsu ba.
Kola nut (Yaji)
gyara sasheKola goro ( Igbo </link> ) yana da matsayi na musamman a rayuwar al'adun kabilar Igbo. Ọji shine abu na farko da ake yiwa duk wani baƙo a gidan Igbo. Ana yi wa Ọji hidima kafin a fara wani muhimmin aiki, walau bikin aure, sasanta rikicin iyali ko shiga kowace irin yarjejeniya. A al’adance ana karkasa Ọji gunduwa-gunduwa da hannu, kuma idan ’ya’yan Kola ta kasu kashi uku sai a shirya biki na musamman.
Duba kuma
gyara sasheHanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashemanazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Discomfort of fashion". Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog. 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
Photograph of dancer wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)
- ↑ "Willing Submission to Life Sentence to the Stocks". Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog. 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
Photograph of female sitting wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)
- ↑ (E. Nọlue ed.). Missing or empty
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(help) - ↑ Ilechukwu, Sunday T. C. (May 2007). "Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria". Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 10 (3): 239–255. doi:10.1080/13694670600621795. S2CID 144687043.
- ↑ Agwu, Kene. "Yam and the Igbos".
- ↑ "The economics of Igbo Marriage explained". Nairametrics (in Turanci). 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "A traditional Igbo wedding in Nigeria - CNN.com". www.cnn.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-25.
- ↑ Dorcas Mobolade, Tolulope; Pourvahidi, Parastoo (20 May 2020). "Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria". Sustainability. 12 (10): 4192. doi:10.3390/su12104192.
- ↑ "From Apprenticeship to Enterprise | Ike Chioke | TEDxOguiRoad". YouTube. 27 November 2018.
- ↑ Nnadozie, Emmanuel (2002). "African Indigenous Entrepreneurship Determinants of Resurgence and Growth of Igbo Entrepreneurship During the Post-Biafra Period". Journal of African Business. 3: 49–80. doi:10.1300/J156v03n01_04. S2CID 153686734.
- ↑ "The age-old sharing economies of Africa -- and why we should scale them | Robert Neuwirth". YouTube. 7 June 2018.
- ↑ "Naming practice guide UK 2006" (PDF). March 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-16.