Wikipedia

Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara (wanda aka fi sani da CRC ko UNCRC ) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa ta kare hakkin bil'adama wacce ta tsara hakkokin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, lafiya da al'adu na yara. [1] Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana yaro a matsayin duk wani dan Adam da bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, sai dai idan an kai shekarun girma tun da farko a karkashin dokokin kasa. [2]

Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara
Asali
Mawallafi United Nations General Assembly (en) Fassara
Shekarar ƙirƙira 1989
Lokacin bugawa 1989
Asalin suna Convention on the Rights of the Child, اتفاقية حقوق الطفل, 儿童权利公约, Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant, Конвенция о правах ребенка da Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño
Characteristics
Harshe Yaren Czech
Description
Ɓangaren Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa
Wuri
Place New York
Muhimmin darasi Haƙƙoƙin yara
Tarihi

Kasashen da suka amince da wannan yarjejeniya ko kuma suka amince da shi, suna da alaka da dokokin kasa da kasa . Lokacin da wata ƙasa ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba ta amince da shi ba, har yanzu ba a ɗaure ta da tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar ba amma ta riga ta zama tilas ta ƙi aikata sabanin manufarta. [3]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara, wanda ya kunshi kwararru masu zaman kansu 18, ne ke da alhakin sanya ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da jihohin da suka amince da shi. Ana buƙatar gwamnatocinsu su gabatar da rahoto da kuma bayyana gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ‘yancin yara a lokaci-lokaci don bincikar ci gaban da suka samu dangane da ci gaban aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da kuma matsayin ‘yancin yara a ƙasarsu. [4] Ana samun rahotannin su da rubutaccen ra'ayi da damuwar kwamitin a shafin yanar gizon kwamitin.

Mutane da yawa za su iya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kwamitin Haƙƙin Yara idan sun yi imanin cewa an keta haƙƙoƙin, bisa ga yarjejeniyar. Yiwuwa na uku na sa ido kan yadda za a gudanar da taron shi ne binciken da kwamitin kare hakkin yara za su iya aiwatarwa da kansu idan suna da ingantattun bayanai da ke sa su yi imani da cewa wata kasa memba ta tauye hakkin babban taron. Koyaya, "jihohi ... na iya ficewa daga tsarin bincike, a lokacin sa hannu ko tabbatarwa ko shiga". [5] Sau ɗaya a shekara, kwamitin ya gabatar da rahoto ga kwamitin na uku na babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wanda kuma yake jin sanarwa daga shugaban CRC, kuma Majalisar ta zartas da wani kuduri kan haƙƙin yara. [6]

Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da yarjejeniyar tare da bude shi don sanya hannu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1989 (bikin cika shekaru 30 na ayyana 'yancin yara ). [7] Ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Satumbar 1990, bayan an amince da shi da adadin al'ummomin da ake bukata. Ya zuwa 9 July 2024, kasashe 196 ne ke cikinta, ciki har da kowane memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya banda Amurka . [6] [8] [9]

An aiwatar da ka'idoji guda biyu na zaɓi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2000. Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ta taƙaita shigar yara cikin rikice-rikice na soja, kuma yarjejeniya ta zaɓi ta biyu ta hana sayar da yara, karuwanci da yara batsa . Fiye da jihohi 170 ne suka amince da dukkan ka'idojin. An amince da ka'ida ta zaɓi na uku da ta shafi sadarwar koke a cikin Disamba 2011 kuma an buɗe don sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2012. Ya fara aiki a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2014. [10]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

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Tambarin 2019 na Kazakhstan na bikin cika shekaru 25 da rattaba hannu kan babban taron

Yarjejeniyar ta shafi takamaiman buƙatu da haƙƙoƙin yara. Yana buƙatar cewa "al'ummomin da suka amince da wannan yarjejeniya suna da alaƙa da ita ta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa." Dole ne jihohin da suka amince da su su yi aiki don amfanin yaro.

A cikin dukkan hukunce-hukuncen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar na buƙatar bin ka'idodin renon yara da renon yara domin kowane yaro yana da haƙƙin rayuwa, gami da haƙƙin rayuwa, da sunan kansa da asalinsa, da iyayensa suka rene su a cikin dangi ko ƙungiyar al'adu, da kuma samun su. dangantaka da iyaye biyu, ko da sun rabu .

Babban taron ya wajabta wa jihohi su ba wa iyaye damar gudanar da ayyukansu na iyaye. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma amince da cewa yara suna da 'yancin bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma jin waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma a yi aiki da su idan ya dace, a kiyaye su daga cin zarafi ko cin zarafi, da kuma kare sirrin su. Yana buƙatar kada rayuwarsu ta kasance cikin tsangwama fiye da kima.

Yarjejeniyar ta kuma tilasta wa jihohin da suka rattaba hannu kan batun raba wakilcin doka ga yaro a duk wata gardamar shari'a da ta shafi kula da su tare da neman a saurari ra'ayin yaron a irin wannan yanayi.

Yarjejeniyar ta haramta hukuncin kisa ga yara. A cikin Babban Sharhi na 8 (2006) kwamitin ya bayyana cewa "wajibi ne na dukkan jam'iyyun jihohi da su hanzarta yin hani da kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki da duk wani nau'i na zalunci ko wulakanci na yara". Mataki na 19 na yarjejeniyar ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyun jihohi dole ne su "dauki duk matakan da suka dace na majalisa, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko na tunani", [11] amma ba ya yin la'akari da horo na jiki . Fassarar komitin na wannan sashe don ya ƙunshi haramci game da hukumcin jiki an ƙi shi daga jam'iyyun jihohi da yawa a taron, ciki har da Australia, Kanada da Ingila .

Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam ta yi magana game da yarjejeniyar sa’ad da take fassara Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ’Yancin Bil Adama . [12]

Matsayin duniya da alaƙar al'adu

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An kalubalanci ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya a taron duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam a Vienna (1993) lokacin da wasu gwamnatoci (wasu China, Indonesia, Malaysia da Iran) suka nuna rashin amincewa da ra'ayin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya . [13] Akwai tashe-tashen hankula da ba a warware su ba tsakanin hanyoyin “na duniya” da na “kwancewa” wajen kafa ka’idoji da dabarun da aka tsara don hana ko shawo kan cin zarafin yara na yin aiki. [13]

Auren yara da bauta

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Wasu malaman suna danganta auren ‘ya’ya da bauta da ayyuka irin na bauta. [14] Yarjejeniyar ba ta magana kai tsaye game da auren yara a matsayin bauta.

Kalmar “jam’iyya” tana nufin Ƙasar da ta ba da izininta a sarari don a ɗaure ta da yarjejeniyar. [15]

Tun daga ranar 12 ga Yuli 2022, ƙasashe 196 ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar UNCRC (wasu tare da fassarori ko fassarori). [16] Kowane memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ban da Amurka ya amince ko kuma yarda da haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana ga yaro a ƙasa da sha takwas ko ƙasa da shekarun girma a wannan jihar. Amincewa da taron na baya-bayan nan shine tsibirin Cook, Niue, Jihar Falasdinu, da kuma Holy See . [6] [8] Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2015. [17] Amincewar cikin gida na Somaliya ya ƙare a cikin Janairu 2015 kuma an ajiye kayan aikin zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Oktoba 2015. [18] Taiwan ta shigar da yarjejeniyar cikin dokar cikin gida a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2014, kuma ta sanya hannu kan Instrument of Accession to the CRC on 16 May 2016. [19]

Dukan jihohin Czechoslovakia (Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia) da Yugoslavia (Bosnia da Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia ta Arewa, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia) sun ba da sanarwar maye gurbin yarjejeniyar kuma a halin yanzu suna aiki da ita.

Yarjejeniyar ba ta aiki a yankunan Tokelau, [20] Akrotiri da Dhekelia da Gibraltar . An kuma cire Guernsey har zuwa 2020. [21]

Azerbaijan

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Azerbaijan ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 21 ga Yuli [22] 1992. [23] [24] A game da amincewa da babban taron, an amince da gagarumin adadin dokoki, dokoki da kudurori a kasar Azabaijan ta hanyar shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocin kasar da ke mai da hankali kan bunkasa tsarin kula da yara. [24] Dangane da haka, yarjejeniya mai lamba 182 na kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa, watau yarjejeniyar kawar da munanan nau'i na bautar da kananan yara, shawarwari mai lamba 190 na kungiyar kwadago ta duniya da kuma yarjejeniyar karbe Hague ta hannun Milli Majlis. majalisar dokokin Azerbaijan, a 2004. [22]

Akwai damuwa kan yadda ake gudanar da shari'ar yara a Azerbaijan, galibi dangane da bin ka'idoji na 37, 39, da 40 na yarjejeniyar, da kuma sauran ka'idojin da suka dace kamar dokokin Beijing, ka'idojin Riyadh, da dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kariyar Yaran Da Aka Hana 'Yanci. [24] Don haka, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun taimaka wa Azabaijan don inganta halin da ake ciki a fannin shari'a na yara. [25] [22] An kara wa yara masu laifi a cikin afuwar shugaban kasa akai-akai. [22]

Kasar Azabaijan ta gina hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama, musamman tare da UNICEF wajen kare yara. A cikin 1993, UNICEF ta fara ayyukanta a Azerbaijan. A cikin 2005, Azerbaijan da UNICEF sun sanya hannu kan shirin kasa na shekaru biyar. An aiwatar da shirin kasar na 2005-2009 a fannin kare yara, kiwon lafiyar yara da abinci mai gina jiki, ilimin yara da lafiyar matasa, da ci gabansu da shigar da su. Har ila yau, UNICEF na tallafa wa Azerbaijan wajen inganta tsarinta na adalci na yara, da kafa wani tsarin kulawa da kuma wayar da kan matasa game da cutar kanjamau. [22]

Kanada

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Kanada ta zama mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1990 kuma ta amince a cikin 1991. [26] Dokokin matasa na aikata laifuka a Kanada sun sami manyan canje-canje wanda ya haifar da Dokar Shari'a ta Matasa (YCJA) wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2003. Dokar ta yi magana musamman game da alkawuran Kanada daban-daban a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance mai tasiri a cikin yanke shawara na doka na Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), kodayake Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke shawarar cewa "Ayyukanta [...] ba su da aikace-aikacen kai tsaye a cikin dokar Kanada". [27]

Indiya

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Indiya ta amince da UNCRC a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1992, tare da yarda bisa ka'ida ga duk labarai amma tare da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi aikin yara. A Indiya, akwai wata doka cewa yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 kada su yi aiki,[ana buƙatar hujja]</link> </link> amma babu wani haramci kai tsaye kan aikin yara. An ba da izinin yin aikin gabaɗaya a yawancin masana'antu ban da waɗanda ake ganin "masu haɗari", waɗanda mafi ƙarancin shekaru ke aiki. [28] Ko da yake wata doka a watan Oktoban 2006 ta hana yin aiki da yara a otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, da kuma matsayin masu hidima, ana ci gaba da samun babban bukatar yara a matsayin taimakon hayar gida. Akwai kiyasin mabambanta dangane da adadin masu aikin kwadago a kasar. Bisa kididdigar da gwamnati ta yi na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, a shekarar 2011, yara miliyan 4.4 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 suna aiki a Indiya, [29] yayin da kungiyar Save the Children a cikin wata sanarwa ta 2016 ta buga wani bincike na Campaign Against Child Labor, wanda ya kiyasta adadin yawan yara. ma'aikatan yara a Indiya miliyan 12.7. [30]

A cikin 2016, an gabatar da Dokar Kula da Yara da Matasa (gyara), wacce ta haramta ayyukan tattalin arzikin yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun 14 da kuma aikin samari (shekaru 14-17) a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari. Akwai wasu keɓancewa ga yara a ƙarƙashin 14 - za su iya taimakawa a cikin kasuwancin iyali kuma su shiga cikin masana'antar nishaɗi. Kada ya cutar da ilimin makarantar su kuma kada su yi aiki tsakanin karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 8 na safe

Iran

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Iran ta bi yarjejeniyar (ban da zargin bautar da yara) [31] tun 1991 kuma ta amince da shi a Majalisar a 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi watsi da cewa: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya sabawa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba." [32] Iran ta kuma rattaba hannu kan wasu ka'idoji na zabi wadanda suka shafi kariya ta musamman ga yara daga shiga cikin rikici da sayar da yara da lalata.

Duk da cewa Iran jam'iyya ce ta kasa a cikin yarjejeniyar, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa [33] da gwamnatocin kasashen waje [34] a kai a kai sun yi tir da hukuncin kisa kan yara Iraniyawa a matsayin keta yarjejeniyar. Amma a ranar 10 ga Fabrairun 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar da ta haifar da cece-kuce ta aiwatar da yara kanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar hasken rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifi a ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban. [35] [36] Dangane da dokar da ta gabata, wacce aka yi wa kwaskwarima, 'yan mata masu shekaru 9 da samari masu shekaru 15 (shekarar Lunar, kwanaki 11 kasa da shekarar rana) suna da cikakken alhakin laifukan da suka aikata. [35]

“A cewar majiyoyin Musulunci, ma’auni na laifin aikata laifuka yana kai shekarun balaga, wanda a cewar Mazhabar Shi’a ta IRI, shekaru 9 na wata (shekaru 8 da wata 9) na ‘ya’ya mata da shekara 15 (shekaru 14). da watanni 7) ga yara maza." [37]

Ireland

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Ireland ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1990 kuma ta amince da shi, ba tare da ajiyar zuciya ba, a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1992. [38] Dangane da sukar da aka bayyana a cikin bita na 1998 na kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a Geneva, gwamnatin Ireland ta kafa ofishin Ombudsman na Yara. Ya zana dabarun yara na kasa. A shekara ta 2006, bayan damuwar da kwamitin ya bayyana cewa kalmomin da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Irish bai yarda da gwamnati ta sa baki a cikin lamuran cin zarafi ba tare da wasu lokuta na musamman ba, gwamnatin Irish ta ɗauki nauyin gyara kundin tsarin mulki don yin fito-na-fito game da haƙƙin yara. . [39]

Isra'ila

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Isra'ila ta amince da yarjejeniyar a 1991. A shekara ta 2010, UNICEF ta soki kasar kan gazawarta wajen samar da kwamitin da gwamnati ta nada kan hakkin yara ko kuma daukar dabarun kare hakkin yara na kasa don aiwatar da wasu dokokin Isra'ila da suka shafi hakkin yara. Rahoton ya caccaki Isra'ila kan cewa yarjejeniyar ba ta shafi yankin yammacin kogin Jordan da kuma ayyana Falasdinawa 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 a yankunan da ta mamaye a matsayin yara, duk da cewa dokar Isra'ila ta ayyana yaro a matsayin dan kasa da shekaru 18, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Wani rahoto da kungiyar hadin kan tattalin arziki da raya kasa ta fitar ya nuna cewa jarin da Isra'ila ke zubawa kan yara ya yi kasa da matsakaicin matsakaicin kasa da kasa. Ainihin jarin ya faɗi tsakanin 1995 da 2006. [40] A shekara ta 2012, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kare hakkin yara ya soki Isra'ila game da hare-haren bama-bamai a kan Falasdinawa a Zirin Gaza, yana mai cewa, "Rushewar gidaje da lalata makarantu, tituna da sauran wuraren jama'a suna shafar yara sosai" kuma ya kira su " babban cin zarafi na yarjejeniyoyin Haƙƙoƙin Yara, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓukan sa kan shigar yara cikin rikicin makami da dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa". Har ila yau, ta yi suka kan hare-haren rokoki da Falasdinawan suka kai daga Gaza a kudancin Isra'ila, wanda ya raunata yaran Isra'ila, tare da yin kira ga dukkan bangarorin da su kare yara. [41]

New Zealand

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New Zealand ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1993 tare da tanadi game da haƙƙin bambance tsakanin mutane bisa ga yanayin ikonsu na zama a New Zealand, buƙatar aiwatar da doka kan cin gajiyar tattalin arziƙi-wanda ta yi iƙirarin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta hanyar da doka ta kasance. da kuma tanadin raba yara masu laifi da manya masu laifi. [42]

A cikin 1994, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta New Zealand ta yi watsi da shawarar cewa Ministan Shige da Fice da sashensa suna da 'yanci su yi watsi da taron, suna masu cewa hakan na nufin cewa riko da kasar ta kasance "a kalla wani bangare ne na gyaran taga".

Dokar Kwamishinan Yara ta 2003 ta haɓaka Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara (OCC), yana ba shi ƙarfin bincike mai ƙarfi sosai. [43] Hukumar ta OCC ce ke da alhakin gudanar da taron UNCROC Monitoring Group, wanda ke sa ido kan yadda gwamnatin New Zealand ke aiwatar da yarjejeniyar yara, da ka’idojin da za a bi da kuma yadda gwamnati ke mayar da martani ga shawarwarin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara. Ƙungiyar sa ido ta ƙunshi mambobi daga Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam (New Zealand), UNICEF New Zealand, Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa da Save the Children New Zealand. [44]

A cikin Mayu 2007, New Zealand ta wuce Laifukan (Masanya Sashe na 59) Dokar Gyara ta 2007, wanda ya cire kariya daga "ƙarfi mai ma'ana" don manufar gyarawa. A kuri'ar ta na uku kuma ta karshe, majalisar ta kada kuri'a 113-8 na amincewa da dokar. [45]

Saudi Arabia

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Saudi Arabiya ta amince da wannan yarjejeniya a shekara ta 1996, tare da yin ajiyar zuciya "daga dukkan abubuwan da suka ci karo da tanade-tanaden shari'ar Musulunci" wanda shine dokar kasa. Kwamitin kare hakkin kananan yara, wanda ya yi nazari kan yadda Saudiyya ke mu’amala da kananan yara a karkashin yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2005, ta yi kakkausar suka ga gwamnati kan yadda take aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana, yana mai cewa hakan babban cin zarafi ne ga ‘yan kasa. Kwamitin ya ce ya damu matuka dangane da yadda alkalai ke rike da kananan yara a matsayin manya: A cikin rahotonta na shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta bayyana cewa "ba ta taba zartar da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba." . Daga baya tawagar gwamnatin ta amince da cewa alkali na iya zartar da hukuncin kisa a duk lokacin da ya yanke shawarar cewa wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin ya kai girmansa, ba tare da la’akari da ainihin shekarun mutumin a lokacin da ya aikata laifin ba ko kuma a lokacin da aka tsara aiwatar da shi. Amma an kawo ƙarshen hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan yara a cikin Afrilu 2020. [46]

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce Saudi Arabiya na neman hukuncin kisa kan wasu mutane 8 na Saudiyya da ake zargi da aikata laifukan da suka shafi zanga-zangar suna da shekaru 14 da 17. Daya daga cikin yaran da ya cika shekara 18 a shekarar 2020 an tuhume shi da laifin rashin tashin hankali da ake zarginsa da aikatawa yana da shekaru 9. A karkashin Hudud – tsarin shari’ar Musulunci – an bayar da rahoton cewa masu gabatar da kara sun nemi hukuncin kisa ga mutanen takwas, wanda idan har aka amince da su ba za su iya yin afuwa ba. [47]

Sweden

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Yarjejeniyar kan Haƙƙin Yara tana da matsayi a matsayin dokar Sweden tun 1 ga Janairu 2020. Har ila yau, kafin wannan, dokokin Sweden sun yi daidai da taron kuma sun ci gaba a wasu lokuta. An ba da wannan matsayi ne saboda hukumomin Sweden da gwamnati sun yi tunanin ba a yi amfani da hangen nesa na yara daidai ba a cikin yanke shawara na jin dadin jama'a na Sweden da tilasta bin doka. [48]

Ƙasar Ingila

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Ƙasar Ingila ta amince da taron a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1991, tare da sanarwa da dama, kuma ta gabatar da rahotonta na farko ga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Yara a cikin Janairu 1995. Damuwar da kwamitin ya gabatar sun hada da karuwar talauci da rashin daidaiton yara, da yawan cin zarafi ga yara, amfani da tsare yara ga matasa masu laifi, karancin shekarun da suka shafi aikata laifuka, da rashin damar yara da matasa su bayyana ra'ayi. Rahoton kwamitin na shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana irin wannan damuwar da suka hada da jin dadin yaran da ake tsare da su, da rashin daidaito ga masu neman mafaka, da kuma mummunan tasirin talauci ga ‘yancin yara. A watan Satumba na 2008, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yanke shawarar janye ajiyarta kuma ta amince da taron ta wannan fanni. [49]

Majalisar kasa ta Wales, wacce a yanzu aka fi sani da Senedd ta wuce Haƙƙin Yara da Matasa (Wales) Measure 2011, wani ɓangare na haɗa Yarjejeniyar cikin dokar cikin gida. Majalisar Scotland ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara (Haɗin kai) (Scotland) Dokar 2024, wani ɓangare na haɗa Yarjejeniyar cikin dokar cikin gida.

Duk da cewa bautar da yara ke da wuya a iya aunawa a cikin Burtaniya, ana shigo da bayi a Burtaniya ana sayar da su. [31] An ƙarfafa dokoki da hanyoyin aiwatarwa game da bautar da fataucin ɗan adam a cikin Dokar Bautar Zamani ta 2015 .

Majalisar Scotland ta zartar da dokar ta 2019 na Yara (Kariya Daidaita Daga Hari) (Scotland) Dokar 2019, ta haramta yin zagi, ta hanyar cire kariya daga "halin da za a iya tabbatarwa". Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta zartar da dokar ta 2020 na Yara (Kashe Tsaro na Hukunci Mai Ma'ana) (Wales) Dokar 2020, ta haramta yin zagi, ta hanyar soke "kariyar hukunci mai ma'ana".

Amurka

gyara sashe

Gwamnatin Amurka ta taka rawa sosai wajen tsara yarjejeniyar kuma ta sanya hannu a ranar 16 ga Fabrairun 1995, amma ba ta amince da shi ba. An yi iƙirarin cewa adawar Amirka da taron ya samo asali ne daga masu ra'ayin siyasa da addini. Misali, Gidauniyar Heritage ta yi la'akari da cewa "kungiyoyin farar hula da ikilisiyoyi na addini, dangi, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da ikon ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin Amurka", da Ƙungiyar Tsaro ta Makaranta ta Gida (HSLDA) ta yi gardama. cewa CRC tana barazanar karatun gida . [50]

Musamman ma, a lokacin jihohi da dama sun ba da izinin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da daurin rai-da-rai ga wadanda suka aikata laifin, wanda hakan ya sabawa doka ta 37 na yarjejeniyar kai tsaye. Hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2005 a cikin Roper v. Simmons ya ayyana hukuncin kisa kan yara a matsayin wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin " mummunan hukunci da sabon hukunci "; [51] [52] [53] a cikin shari'ar 2012 Miller v. Alabama, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin da aka yanke na rayuwa ba tare da yiwuwar yin afuwa ba ya sabawa tsarin mulki ga masu laifin yara. [54]

Dokokin jaha game da al'adar rufaffiyar karɓo na iya buƙatar sake gyarawa bisa la'akari da matsayin Yarjejeniyar cewa yara suna da haƙƙin tantance asali tun daga haihuwa.

A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2008, Sanata Barack Obama ya bayyana rashin amincewa da taron a matsayin "abin kunya" kuma ya yi alkawarin sake duba batun [55] amma, a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, bai taba yin hakan ba. Babu wani shugaban Amurka da ya gabatar da yarjejeniyar ga Majalisar Dattijan Amurka yana neman shawararta da amincewarta don tabbatarwa tun lokacin da Amurka ta rattaba hannu kan ta a 1995. [56]

{Asar Amirka ta amince da biyu daga cikin ka'idoji na zaɓi ga yarjejeniyar: Ƙa'idar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigar Yara a Rikicin Makamai, da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara.

Ka'idojin zaɓi

gyara sashe

Akwai ka'idoji guda uku na zaɓi ga Yarjejeniyar kan Haƙƙin Yara. Na farko, Yarjejeniya Ta Zabi Kan Shigar Yara Cikin Rikicin Makamai Ya Bukaci Jam’iyyu da su tabbatar da cewa ba a dauki yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 aikin soja dole ba bisa ka’ida tare da yin kira ga gwamnatoci da su yi duk abin da ya dace don tabbatar da cewa jami’an sojan da ke cikin rundunar su 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ba sa shiga cikin tashin hankali. Wannan yarjejeniya ta fara aiki a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2002. Ya zuwa 9 July 2024, jihohi 172 ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar, kuma wasu jihohi 8 sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da ita ba.

Na biyu, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara, na buƙatar ƙungiyoyi don hana siyar da yara, karuwancin yara da batsa na yara . Ya fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2002. Ya zuwa 9 July 2024, jihohi 178 ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar, kuma wasu jihohi 7 sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da ita ba.

Na uku, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara akan Tsarin Sadarwa, wanda zai ba da damar yara ko wakilansu su gabatar da koke-koke na mutum don cin zarafin yara, an karɓa a cikin Disamba 2011 kuma an buɗe don Sa hannu a kan Fabrairu 28, 2012. Yarjejeniyar a halin yanzu tana da sa hannun sa hannu guda 52 da kuma tabbatarwa 50: ta fara aiki a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2014 bayan amincewa ta goma watanni uku kafin nan.

An kuma yi shawarwari don ƙarin ladabi na zaɓi. A cikin 2020, mai zaman kansa " Lancet - WHO - Hukumar UNICEF " ta ba da shawarar samar da wata ka'ida ta zaɓi don kare yara daga tallace-tallacen taba, barasa, madarar madara, abin sha mai zaki, caca, da yiwuwar lalata kafofin watsa labarun, da rashin dacewa. amfani da bayanan sirrinsu. [57] (WHO ita ma tana da tsarin nata na kulla yarjejeniya. [58] ) A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun yara da ilimi na duniya sun shiga wani kira don sabunta haƙƙin ilimi a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa don ba da tabbacin yancin yara na kyauta kafin haihuwa. -Makarantar firamare da sakandare kyauta. Human Rights Watch ta ba da shawarar yin hakan ta hanyar ka'ida ta huɗu na zaɓi ga CRC. [59]

A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2020, jefa kuri'a kan kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A/HRC/45/L.48/Rev.1 - "Hakkokin yara: Gane 'yancin yaro ta hanyar yanayi mai kyau" wanda Jamus ta gabatar (a madadin Tarayyar Turai) da Uruguay (a madadin GRULAC) an karbe su.

An ƙi gyare-gyaren Tarayyar Rasha L.57 da L.64 don haɗa haƙƙin iyaye. [60] Wakiliyar Rasha, Kristina Sukacheva, ta bayyana cewa gwamnatocin da ke jefa ƙuri'a a kan iyaye suna watsi da nauyin da ke wuyansu na duniya na ba da yancin yara. [61] A lokacin karɓo, Uruguay ta bayyana cewa haɗa harshe na haƙƙin iyaye kamar yadda Tarayyar Rasha ta ba da shawarar "zai kawo rashin daidaituwa ga ƙuduri kuma zai saba wa ruhun ƙuduri". [62]

Duba sauran bayanai

gyara sashe

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ The Campaign for U.S. Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ed. (2018). "What is the CRC?". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  2. ↑ "Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). United Nations. 20 November 1989. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  3. ↑ UNICEF (ed.). "How the Convention on the Rights of the Child works. Joining, implementing, and monitoring the world's most widely ratified human rights treaty". Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  4. ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (ed.). "Committee on the Rights of the Child. Monitoring children's rights". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (ed.). "Human Rights Bodies - Complaints Procedures". Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Child Rights Information Network (2008).
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Amnesty International USA (2007).
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  12. ↑ Sutherland, Elaine E. (2003).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 White, Ben (1999). "Defining the intolerable: Child work, global standards and cultural relativism". Childhood. 6 (1): 133–144. doi:10.1177/0907568299006001010. S2CID 27668970.
  14. ↑ Turner, Catherine (2013). "Out of the Shadows: Child Marriage and Slavery". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ "Legal Obligations of Signatories and Parties to Treaties – Inside Justice" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
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  27. ↑ "Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 1999 CanLII 699 (SCC), [1999] 2 SCR 817, para 69". Canlii.org. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named untreaty
  29. ↑ "Census Data on Child Labour" (PDF). Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  30. ↑ "Statistics of Child Labour in India State Wise". www.savethechildren.in. Save the Children. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
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  32. ↑ "Children's Rights: Iran". Library of Congress. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  33. ↑ "Report on the death penalty in Iran" (PDF). International Federation of Human Rights. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  34. ↑ French reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi, May 2009 (in French); European Union's reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi, May 2009.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Iran changes law for execution of juveniles". Iran Independent News Service. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  36. ↑ "Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited". Ghanoon Online (in Persian). 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
  37. ↑ Nayyeri, Mohammad Hossein (2012). "New Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Overview". University of Essex: Research Paper Series.
  38. ↑ "Children's Rights Alliance website". Archived from the original on 27 January 2008.
  39. ↑ O'Brien, Carl (28 September 2006).
  40. ↑ Or Kashti (21 November 2010).
  41. ↑ "Children suffering devastating and lasting impact of Gaza crisis, says UN Committee on the Rights of the Child".
  42. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014.
  43. ↑ "Children's Commissioner Act 2003 No 121 (as at 29 November 2007), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2011. Children's Commissioner Act 2003
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  46. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty".
  47. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Alleged Child Offenders Face Death Sentences". Human Rights Watch. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  48. ↑ "barnkonventionen - Uppslagsverk - NE.se". www.ne.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  49. ↑ Easton, Mark (19 September 2008).
  50. ↑ "HSLDA.org". Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  51. ↑ US Supreme Court: Roper v. Simmons, No. 03-633: 1 March 2005
  52. ↑ "Questions and Answers on the UN Special Session on Children". Human Rights Watch. 2 May 2002. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  53. ↑ "U.S.: Supreme Court Ends Child Executions". Human Rights Watch. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  54. ↑ Miller v. Alabama certiori to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama, No. 10-9646 (Argued 20 March 2012 – Decided 25 June 2012)
  55. ↑ "Child Rights Information Network". Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  56. ↑ Podgers, "The Last Holdout", ABA Journal 84 (March 2016)
  57. ↑ Clark, Helen; Coll-Seck, Awa Marie; Banerjee, Anshu; Peterson, Stefan; Dalglish, Sarah L; Ameratunga, Shanthi; Balabanova, Dina; Bhan, Maharaj Kishan; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Borrazzo, John; Claeson, Mariam (February 2020). "A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission". The Lancet. 395 (10224): 605–658. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32540-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32085821. S2CID 211163182.
  58. ↑ "WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: First meeting of the working group". WHO. 1999. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  59. ↑ Sheppard, Bede (30 May 2022). "It's Time to Expand the Right to Education". Nordic Journal of Human Rights. 40: 96–117. doi:10.1080/18918131.2022.2071401. ISSN 1891-8131. S2CID 249211797 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  60. ↑ "United Nations Vote on Draft Resolution A/HRC/45/L.48/Rev.1 Vote Item:3 – 38th Meeting, 45th Regular Session Human Rights Council". United Nations Web TV. Retrieved 15 November 2020.[permanent dead link]
  61. ↑ "Russian Federation, Ms. Kristina Sukacheva speaking at time code 00:05:04 – A/HRC/45/L.48/Rev.1 Vote Item:3 – 38th Meeting, 45th Regular Session Human Rights Council". United Nations Web TV. Retrieved 15 November 2020.[permanent dead link]
  62. ↑ "Uruguay, Ms. María Alejandra Costa Prieto speaking at time code 00:25:01 - A/HRC/45/L.48/Rev.1 Vote Item:3 - 38th Meeting, 45th Regular Session Human Rights Council". United Nations Web TV. Retrieved 15 November 2020.[permanent dead link]
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