Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi

Shari'ar canjin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da shari'ar yanayi, wata ƙungiya ce mai tasowa ta dokar muhalli ta yin amfani da aikin shari'a da kuma abin da ya faru don cigaba da ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi daga cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar gwamnatoci da kamfanoni. A cikin yanayin jinkirin siyasa na sauyin yanayi na jinkirta jinkirin sauyin yanayi, masu fafutuka da lauyoyi sun kara yunƙurin yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da na duniya don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin. Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga cikin ɗayan nau'ikan da'awar shari'a guda biyar: Dokokin tsarin mulki (wanda aka mayar da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jiha), dokar gudanarwa (ƙalubalantar cancantar yanke shawara na gudanarwa), doka masu zaman kansu (ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi). don sakaci, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu, zamba ko kariya ga mabukaci (kalubalanci kamfanoni don yada bayanai game da tasirin yanayi), 'yancin ɗan adam (da'awar cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam)

Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
area of law (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	judgment (en) da environmental law (en)
Muhimmin darasi	Rage canjin yanayi

A cikin 2019, Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta tabbatar da cewa dole ne gwamnati ta yanke hayakin carbon dioxide, saboda sauyin yanayi yana barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam.

Tun daga farkon 2000s, tsarin shari'a don yaƙar sauyin yanayi yana ƙara samun samuwa ta hanyar dokoki, kuma ƙararrakin shari'o'in kotuna sun ɓullo da wata ƙungiya ta duniya da ke haɗa ayyukan sauyin yanayi zuwa ƙalubalen shari'a, masu alaka da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, doka mai zaman kanta., Dokar kariyar mabukaci ko haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin shari'o'i da hanyoyin da suka yi nasara sun mayar da hankali kan inganta bukatun adalci na yanayi da motsin yanayi na matasa.

Manyan shari'o'in ƙarar yanayi sun haɗa da Urgenda v. Netherlands a cikin 2019 da Juliana v. Amurka (a cikin 2015). Kamfanonin kwal, mai, da iskar gas mallakar masu saka hannun jari na iya zama alhakin doka da ɗabi'a don take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da yanayi, kodayake yanke shawara na siyasa na iya hana su shiga irin wannan cin zarafi. Ana gudanar da ƙararraki sau da yawa ta hanyar haɗin kai na ƙoƙari da albarkatu kamar ta ƙungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace, irin su Greenpeace Poland wacce ta kai ƙarar mai amfani da kwal da GreenPeace Jamus wacce ta kai karar wani kamfanin kera motoci.

Ana samun karuwar shari'o'in masu fafutuka cikin nasara a kotunan duniya. Rahoton shari'a na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano kararraki 884 a cikin ƙasashen 24, ciki har da kararraki 654 a Amurka da kuma kararraki 230 a duk sauran kasashe. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin kararrakin ya kusan ninki biyu zuwa akalla 1,550 kararrakin sauyin yanayi da aka shigar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan kararraki 1,200 da aka shigar a Amurka kuma sama da 350 sun gabatar da gaba daya. sauran kasashen hade.

Nau'in ayyuka

Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da'awar doka guda biyar:

• Dokokin tsarin mulki - mayar da hankali kan take hakkin tsarin mulki daga jihar.
• Dokokin gudanarwa - ƙalubalanci cancantar yanke shawarar gudanarwa a cikin dokokin kan-da-littattafai da ake da su, kamar ba da izini don ayyukan hayaki mai yawa.
• Doka mai zaman kanta - ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi don sakaci, tashin hankali, keta, amincewar jama'a da wadatar rashin adalci.
• Zamba ko kariyar mabukaci - yawanci ƙalubalanci kamfanoni don ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin yanayi.
• Haƙƙin ɗan adam - iƙirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ko kare albarkatun ƙasa masu alaƙa, kamar yanayi ko dazuzzuka, ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Ta nau'in aiki

Tsakanin gwamnatoci da kamfanoni

A Amurka, Abokan Duniya, GreenPeace tare da biranen Boulder, Arcata da Oakland sun yi nasara a kan Bankin shigo da shigo da kaya na Amurka da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ketare ( kamfanonin mallakar gwamnatin Amurka ). wadanda aka zarge su da bayar da kudaden ayyukan burbushin mai da ke da illa ga kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya saba wa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (da aka shigar a shekara ta 2002 kuma ta zauna a 2009).

A cikin 2016, wata ƙungiyar gwamnati ta Philippines (Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam) ta ƙaddamar da bincike a hukumance game da sauyin yanayi a kan 47 na manyan masu samar da carbon a duniya. An gano cewa a cikin 2019 kamfanonin mai suna da alhakin doka don magance sauyin yanayi kuma ana iya ɗaukar alhakin lalacewa.

A cikin 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya ya kai karar RWE don kare garinsa na Huaraz daga wani tafkin da ke kumbura a cikin hadarin ambaliya.

A cikin 2017, San Francisco, Oakland da sauran al'ummomin bakin teku na California sun kai ƙarar kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don haɓaka matakan teku.

A cikin 2018, birnin New York ya sanar da cewa yana ɗaukar kamfanonin man fetur guda biyar ( BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips da Shell ) zuwa kotun tarayya saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar ga sauyin yanayi (wanda birnin ya riga ya sha wahala).

A cikin 2020, Charleston, South Carolina, sun bi irin wannan dabarar.

Ta ƙasa

Ostiraliya

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan adadin kararraki a duniya, tare da kusan shari'o'i 200.

Jamus

A shekara ta 2021, babbar kotun tsarin mulkin Jamus ta yanke hukuncin cewa matakan kare yanayi na gwamnati ba su isa ba don kare al'ummomin da za su zo nan gaba, kuma gwamnatin ta na da har zuwa karshen shekarar 2022 don inganta dokar kare yanayi.

Jamhuriyar Ireland

A cikin Yuli 2020, Abokan Muhalli na Irish sun yi nasara a kan gwamnatin Irish saboda gazawar daukar isassun matakai don magance yanayin yanayi da rikicin muhalli. Kotun kolin Ireland ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bai isa ba, tare da ƙayyadad da cewa ba ta ba da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda za ta rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ba.

Netherlands

Labari na ilimi game da shari'ar yanayi a cikin Netherlands, musamman ma batun Urgenda

Netherlands ta kuduri aniyar rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide daga matakan 1990 da kashi 49 cikin 100 nan da 2030 tare da maƙasudan tsaka-tsaki daban-daban. Koyaya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Holland ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙasar za ta rasa manufofinta na 2020.

A cikin 2012, lauyan Dutch Roger Cox ya ba da ra'ayin sa baki na shari'a don tilasta aiwatar da sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013, Gidauniyar Urgenda, tare da masu shigar da kara na 900, sun shigar da kara a kan Gwamnatin Netherlands "don rashin daukar matakan da suka dace don rage yawan iskar gas da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi mai haɗari."

A shekara ta 2015, Kotun Lardi na Hague ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Netherlands ta ƙara yin ƙoƙari don rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi don kare 'yan ƙasa daga sauyin yanayi (Urgenda weather case). An kwatanta shi a matsayin "hukunce-hukuncen da aka riga aka kafa" kuma a matsayin "kwatun abin alhaki na farko a duniya."

A cewar James Thornton, babban jami'in Client Earth, "Mafi mahimmanci, yana dogara ne akan mahimmancin kimiyya da aka kafa da kuma tsohuwar ka'idar aikin kulawa na gwamnati. Wannan dalili yana aiki a kowane tsarin doka kuma tabbas kotuna za su yi amfani da su a wasu ƙasashe." A shekara ta 2018, wata kotun daukaka kara a birnin Hague ta amince da hukuncin da aka kafa wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin kasar Holland kara kaimi wajen dakile fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar ta Netherlands.

A watan Disamba 2019, Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke kan daukaka kara. Don haka, ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne gwamnati ta rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 25% daga matakan 1990 zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, bisa la'akari da cewa sauyin yanayi na haifar da hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam.

A cikin Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell, yanke hukunci a watan Mayu 2021, kotun gundumar Hague ta umarci Royal Dutch Shell da ta yanke iskar carbon da take fitarwa da kashi 45% a ƙarshen 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2019, kuma ta tabbatar da alhakin. na kamfanin don iyakokin 3 hayaki, misali, hayaki daga masu kaya da abokan cinikin samfuransa.

Belgium

A watan Yunin 2021, bayan shafe shekaru 6 ana gwabza shari'a, Kotun matakin farko ta yanke hukuncin cewa yanayin da gwamnatin Belgium ke hari ba su da yawa don haka "sun keta haƙƙin rayuwa (Mataki na 2) da haƙƙin mutunta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu. rayuwar iyali (tashi na 8)" na Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam.

Ƙasar Ingila

A watan Disamba na 2020, wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, da kungiyar agaji ta sauyin yanayi, Plan B, sun sanar da cewa suna daukar matakin shari'a a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda gaza daukar kwararan matakai don magance matsalar yanayi da muhalli. Masu shigar da kara sun sanar da cewa za su yi zargin cewa ci gaba da bayar da tallafin da gwamnati ke yi na samar da albarkatun mai a Burtaniya da sauran kasashe ya zama take hakkinsu na rayuwa da na rayuwar iyali, da kuma keta yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma dokar sauyin yanayi ta Burtaniya ta 2008.

Amurka

Xiuhtezcatl Martinez ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a Juliana v. Amurka kuma a cikin Martinez v. Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission case

Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Amurka tana da mafi yawan shari'o'in da ake jira tare da sama da 1000 a tsarin kotuna. Misalai sun haɗa da girma da Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli. A cikin kasar Amurka, shari'ar canjin yanayi tana magance manyan dokokin da ake da su don yin da'awarsu, yawancinsu suna mai da hankali kan masu zaman kansu da dokokin gudanarwa. Shahararrun manyan dokokin da ake amfani da su su ne NEPA (Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa), inda aka shigar da kararraki 322 a karkashin ikonta, Dokar Tsabtace Jiragen Sama, tare da kararraki 215 a karkashinta, Dokar Kare Kare Kare, tare da kara 163 a karkashin ikonta.

Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Nau'in Daban Daban

A cikin shari'ar Dokar Kare Haruffa (ESA), Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee v. Hill, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa ESA ta umurci hukumomin tarayya don tabbatar da ayyukansu kada su lalata kowane nau'in da aka jera a cikin hadari a cikin ESA. Kamar yadda sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, masu fafutukar yanayi sun sami damar amfani da ESA don kai hari ga waɗanda ke hanzarta canjin yanayi. canjin yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da ESA da farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan labarai na 7 da 9 na mutum-mutumi. Mataki na 7 ya bayyana cewa duk ayyukan da hukumomin tarayya ke aiwatarwa dole ne su kasance da wuya su kawo cikas ga ci gaba da wanzuwa ko haifar da lalata nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Mataki na 9 ya mayar da hankali ba kawai ga hukumomin tarayya ba amma kowa da kowa, yana hana ɗaukar kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na kowane bangare, na tarayya, jiha, ko masu zaman kansu. Ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar canjin yanayi suka ɗauka suna yin barazana ga dabbobin da aka jera a cikin ESA, masu fafutukar yanayi suna iya amfani da ESA don dakatar da ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.

Mataki na farko ga masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi shine tabbatar da cewa an jera nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi a cikin ESA ta Hukumar Kifi da namun daji (FWS). Yawancin lokaci wannan kadai na iya zama tsari mai tsayi. A cikin Disamba 2005 Cibiyar Diversity na Halittu ta haɗu tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu na Amurka (Greenpeace da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa) don neman a jera Arctic Polar Bear akan ESA. FWS a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Bush ta shimfiɗa tsarin tsawon shekaru, ta ɓace maɓalli masu mahimmanci da yawa da kuma jera nau'in a matsayin "barazana" maimakon haɗari yayin da kimiyya ta kasance a fili don goyon bayan jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari. Fuskantar matsin lamba na jama'a da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya FWS a hukumance ta jera nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Mayu 2008.

Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa

Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa, ko NEPA, ta gane cewa ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na iya yin tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna buƙatar duk hukumomin tarayya su yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli lokacin yin "manyan ayyukan tarayya". Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar kimanta muhalli (EA) ko kuma ingantaccen bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS), yadda cikakken nazarin ya dogara da yanayin aikin da aka tsara. NEPA ba ta buƙatar canjin yanayi ko iskar gas a duk faɗin EA da EIS, amma yawancin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi za su kai kara a ƙarƙashin NEPA suna masu cewa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi ya isa ya kamata a haɗa su.

Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Tsabtace Iska

Dokar Tsabtace iska, ko CAA, tana daidaita gurɓataccen iska duka daga tushen tsaye da na hannu. An zartar da dokar a cikin 1970s kafin a sami ilimi mai yawa game da iskar gas (GHGs) amma a cikin 2007 Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar EPA dole ne ta tsara GHGs a ƙarƙashin CAA saboda sanannen Massachusetts vs. Farashin EPA. Sakamakon haka, masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi sun sami damar yin amfani da CAA a matsayin wata hanya ta yaƙi da hayaƙin GHG don yaƙi da haɓakar canjin yanayi.

A cikin 2009 jihar California ta sami damar yin amfani da CAA don ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin hayaƙin abin hawa fiye da daidaitattun ƙasa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da gwamnatin Obama ta ɗauki waɗannan tsauraran ƙa'idodin hayaƙi a matakin ƙasa. An kira waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Man Fetur (CAFE) kuma sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin GHGs.

Massachusetts v. EPA

Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na shari'ar canjin yanayi shine Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2007. Jihohin Amurka da dama ne suka kawo karar a gaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) bayan EPA ta ki daidaita carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a matsayin wani bangare na aikinsu a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (CAA) a 2003. Hukumar ta EPA ta yi jayayya cewa ikonsu a karkashin dokar tsaftar iska ita ce ta tsara “masu gurɓata iska”, wanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas ba su faɗo a ƙarƙashinsa ba, don haka ba za a iya amfani da ƙa'idodi ba. Jihohi, kamar Massachusetts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan hayaƙi na iya haifar da lahani da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ga jihohinsu, kamar ta hanyar haɓakar matakan teku, don haka ya kamata a kalli fitar da hayakin a matsayin mai cutarwa a ƙarƙashin CAA kuma cikin ikon EPA na daidaitawa. Yayin da EPA da farko ta yi nasara a Kotun Daukaka Kara, Kotun Koli, a kan yanke shawara na 5-4, ta amince da jihohin cewa an nuna carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas na cutarwa, kuma ya buƙaci EPA ta tsara su.

Juliana v. Amurka

A cikin 2015, da dama daga cikin matasan Amirka, da Ƙungiyarmu ta Yara ta wakilta, sun shigar da ƙarar gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 2015, suna masu cewa za a cutar da rayuwarsu a nan gaba saboda gazawar gwamnati don rage sauyin yanayi. Duk da yake an shigar da kararraki iri ɗaya kuma kotuna ta kore su saboda dalilai da yawa, Juliana v. Amurka ta samu karbuwa lokacin da wata alƙali Ann Aiken ta yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar tana da cancantar ta ci gaba, kuma "tsarin yanayi da zai iya dorewar rayuwar ɗan adam" wani hakki ne na asali a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Tuni dai gwamnatin Amurka ta yi yunƙurin yin watsi da shari'ar ta hanyar ƙalubalen kalubale daban-daban ga binciken Aiken, amma har yanzu ana jiran matakin da kotu ta ɗauka.

Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam

A cikin Satumba 2019, gungun yara shida da matasa daga Portugal sun shigar da kara a Kotun Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam . Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) ta goyi bayansu, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar tsauraran matakan sauyin yanayi don kiyaye lafiyar jikinsu da tunaninsu na gaba. Kotun ta bukaci gwamnatocin kasashen Turai 33 da su yi bayani nan da watan Fabrairun 2021 ko gazawarsu na magance dumamar yanayi ya saba wa Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.

Wasu kasashe

Bayan gagarumin hukuncin da Netherlands ta yanke a shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyoyi a wasu ƙasashe sun gwada irin wannan tsarin shari'a. Misali, kungiyoyi sun je kotu domin kare mutane daga sauyin yanayi a Brazil, Belgium, India, New Zealand, Norway, Afirka ta Kudu, Switzerland da kuma Amurka

A Pakistan a cikin 2015 Babban Kotun Lahore ta yanke hukunci a Asghar Leghari vs. Tarayyar Pakistan cewa gwamnati na keta manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasa na 2012 da Tsarin Aiwatar da Manufofin Canjin Yanayi (2014-2030) ta hanyar gaza cimma manufofin da manufofin suka tsara. Dangane da haka, an bukaci kafa hukumar sauyin yanayi domin taimakawa Pakistan cimma burinta na yanayi.

A cikin 2018, iyalai goma daga kasashen Turai, Kenya da Fiji sun shigar da kara a gaban Tarayyar Turai saboda barazanar da ake yi wa gidajensu sakamakon hayakin yanayi na EU.

Wasu gungun yara a Colombia sun kai karar gwamnati don kare dazuzzukan Amazon daga sare dazuzzukan saboda gudunmuwar sarewar da ake yi wajen sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dajin Colombian "batun hakki ne" da ke buƙatar kariya da maidowa.

A cikin 2020, wata shari'ar kotun gudanarwa a Faransa, ta buƙaci gwamnatin Macron da ta sake duba manufofinsu don magance sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da cewa suna da mahimmanci don cika alkawuran yarjejeniyar Paris .