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Rashin daidaito a ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu

Rashin daidaito a ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu ana iya danganta shi da dalilai da yawa. Rashin kudade da ababen more rayuwa, tare da matalauta kuma mafi yawan mutanen da ba su iya karatu ba ya sa kafa ingantaccen tsarin ilimi ya zama kalubale. Har ila yau, akwai wasu ra'ayoyin al'adun gargajiya game da mata waɗanda ke sa ya fi wuya ga 'yan mata su sami ilimi fiye da takwarorinsu maza.

Rashin daidaito a ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu
education in country or region (en) Fassara

Tarihin ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu

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A matsayinsa na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya daga 1899 zuwa 1956, ba a yi wani yunƙuri ba daga ɓangaren daular don kafa makarantu. ’Yan mishan na Katolika da na Furotesta sun ba da ƙarancin makaranta. Duk da haka, an koyar da waɗannan makarantu a cikin yare wanda bai taimaka wa yara su zama masu karatu na dindindin ba. [1] Bayan da Sudan ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an rufe makarantun da coci-coci ke gudanar da ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hanyar musulunta . An kirkiro sabbin makarantu da aka mayar da kasarsu, kuma makarantu suna amfani da harshen Larabci maimakon harsunan gida. Sabbin makarantun kuma ba su isa ga yawancin jama'a ba. Damar ilimi ta ƙara zama ƙazanta da zarar yakin basasa ya barke. [2] Yakin basasar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan ya lalata hanyoyin ilimi ga tsararraki na Sudan, saboda tsadar kayayyaki, rashin gine-gine, da rashin tsaro . [3] Tun da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 2005 iyaye suna matsawa 'ya'yansu zuwa makaranta. Yayin da har yanzu babu kayan aiki, an gina sabbin makarantu 500. Waɗannan sabbin gine-ginen suna hidima ga yara miliyan 1.4 waɗanda ke yanzu </link> zuwa makarantar firamare wanda ya ninka sau biyu daga shekaru biyar da suka wuce. [4] ‘Yancin Sudan ta Kudu a hukumance a shekara ta 2011 ya bar sabuwar kasa ta Afirka ba tare da samar da ababen more rayuwa ba, tare da wasu daga cikin mafi munin ci gaban bil’adama a duniya. [5]

Ƙalubale

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Batutuwa da yawa suna hana ababen more rayuwa na ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu daga isa ga cikakkiyar damar da za ta iya, gami da talauci, gazawar gwamnati, tashin hankali mai gudana, rashin lafiyar 'yan ƙasa, da rashin samun dama ga makarantun da suka cika, ba su da kuɗi, kuma malaman da ba su da ƙwarewa. Sudan ta Kudu tana da mafi munin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a ilimi a duniya.[6]

Ƙalubalen gaba ɗaya

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Talauci da rashin kudaden gwamnati suna iyakance yadda za a iya inganta ilimi. A cewar Bankin Duniya, fiye da rabin mutanen Sudan ta Kudu suna rayuwa a kasa da layin talauci.[7] Gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu ba ta da kuɗi da tsarin ma'aikata don ba da taimako mai yawa.[8] Sudan ta Kudu tana da wadataccen albarkatun kasa tare da mai a matsayin babban fitarwa da su, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 98% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati. Koyaya, kwanan nan an yanke fitar da mai gaba ɗaya, saboda babban haraji wanda Sudan ta nemi karɓar man fetur da ke gudana ta hanyar bututun su. An yi hasashen cewa za a iya rage kasafin kudin ilimi sosai.[9] Rashin iyawar gwamnati ta tallafawa makarantu yana haifar da farashin ilimi mai yawa wanda yawancin iyalai ba za su iya biya ba. Wani ƙarin ƙalubale da dalibai ke fuskanta a wasu yankuna kamar Warrap da Upper Nile shine ci gaba da fada tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.[6] Rikici ya kori 'yan ƙasa kuma ya lalata ayyukan gwamnati.[10] A shekara ta 2008, akwai irin wadannan 'yan gudun hijira 300,000 a Sudan ta Kudu.[4] Wadannan yankuna da ke ci gaba da tashin hankali dole ne su sha wahala daga baya saboda, kamar yadda Jeffrey Sachs ya bayyana, rikici ya hana yara zuwa makaranta da ginayankuna da ake buƙata don zama memba mai amfani.Sabanin haka, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa daga yakin basasa suna dawowa cikin gungun zuwa Sudan ta Kudu. An kafa shi ne kawai a cikin shekara ta 2011, kayan aikin Sudan ta Kudu ba su kai daidai ba tukuna. Koyaya masu dawowa sun sanya ƙarin damuwa a kan ƙananan albarkatun.[4] Da yawa daga cikin wadannan 'yan gudun hijira sun sami ilimi mafi kyau a lokacin da suke sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a wurare kamar Kenya. Sakamakon shi ne cewa wannan kwarara mutane masu ilimi tana kara yawan yawan mutanen da ke karatu da rubutu na Sudan ta Kudu.[11] Kalubale da aka fuskanta a cikin ɗakunan ajiya sun haɗa da bambancin harshe, tsarin karatun da ba a haɗa shi ba, rashin malamai, malamai waɗanda ba a horar da su ba, da ɗakunan aji da suka cika. Sudan ta Kudu ta yanke shawarar amfani da Turanci a matsayin harshen da aka fi so a makarantu. A halin yanzu malamai ba su da kayan koyar da Ingilishi ko ikon koyarwa a wannan harshe. A halin yanzu babu daidaitattun tsarin karatun ga duk ƙasar. Wannan yana haifar da bambance-bambance a sakamakon ga ɗalibai. Har ila yau, an nuna rashin malami a matsayin batun inda a wasu yankuna na ƙasar, ana amfani da ɗan gajeren lokaci wajen koyo a cikin aji.[4] Ko da lokacin da malamai suka kasance, akwai damar da ta dace cewa malami ba shi da horo. Kimanin ya nuna cewa malamai 7,500 ba su cancanci koyar da makarantar firamare ba.[12] Yawan jama'a wani matsala ne a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, kuma a cikin 2009, an yanke hukunci cewa akwai matsakaicin ɗalibai 129 a kowane aji.[1][7]

Ƙarin ƙalubale ga 'yan mata

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Duk da yake duk batutuwan da aka bayyana a sama sun shafi ɗalibai a Sudan ta Kudu, wasu al'adun al'adu suna ƙara wahalar da 'yan mata ke neman ilimi a kowane matakin. Sudan ta Kudu a halin yanzu tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya na daidaiton jinsi a duniya.[13] Biyu daga ciki manyan dalilan da suka sa 'yan mata su bar makaranta sun hada da aure da wuri da kuma daukar ciki da wuri.[6] Kyautar da ke da alaƙa da aure na iya zama abin da ke da fa'ida ga iyaye su auri 'ya'yansu mata tun suna ƙanana.[14] Wannan al'ada ta zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara.[15] Daidaita ilimin yara maza fiye da na mata yana haifar da cire 'yan mata daga makaranta a baya. Idan iyali ba za ta iya tura dukkan yaransu zuwa makaranta ba, za a sami tagomashi ga ilimin yara maza.[2] Bugu da ƙari, nauyin gida na 'yan mata a cikin gida yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, wanda ke barin ƙarancin lokaci ga' yan mata su halarci makaranta da karatu.[16] Rikicin na iya zama abin hana iyaye da ke la'akari da aika 'ya'yansu mata zuwa makaranta a Sudan ta Kudu. Idan nisan zuwa makaranta yana da yawa, tsoron hare-haren maza yayin da suke kan hanyar zuwa ko daga makaranta babbar damuwa ce.[17] Rashin kayan aiki kuma yana hana 'yan mata zuwa makaranta. Yawancin makarantu ba su da bayan gida daban-daban ga 'yan mata, kuma waɗanda ba su da damar yin amfani da takalma masu tsabta suna iya halartar makaranta yayin haila.[2][6]

Tare da kashi 16% na ilimin mata, [18] Sudan ta Kudu ta fi ƙasa a duniya. Kashi biyu bisa uku na kimanin miliyan biyu da ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba su da masaniya mata ne kuma yarinya tana iya mutuwa a ciki ciki ko haihuwa fiye da kammala karatun firamare.[6] A shekara ta 2005, yawan mata: maza da suka shiga makarantar firamare ya kai 35:100.[19]

Matsayi na ilimi da ke akwai ga mata

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Makarantun firamare da sakandare

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'Yan mata sun fi dacewa a yi rajista daga baya kuma a cire su daga makarantar firamare a baya fiye da takwarorinsu na ɗalibai maza. Makarantun firamare suna da yawan karatun maza na kusan 16%, yayin da yawan karatun mata ya koma baya a 9% .[6] Saboda dalilan da aka tattauna a sama, 'yan mata suna da matsala a ilimi. An gano kammala makarantar sakandare don hana aure da wuri da kuma samar da dama ga 'yan mata ta hanyar samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata.[20]

Ilimi mafi girma

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A lokacin yakin basasa, manyan jami'o'i hudu a Sudan ta Kudu sun koma Khartoum. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, jami'o'in suna komawa yankin a hankali. Kudin sake ginawa ya hana wannan tsari, kuma yawancin ma'aikatan ba sa son ƙaura zuwa Sudan ta Kudu, inda farashin rayuwa ya fi girma.[21] Sauran ƙalubalen sun haɗa da ƙaruwar ƙimar shiga, ƙaruwa ta 50% zuwa 6,000 a Jami'ar Juba daga shekarar makaranta ta '08/'09 zuwa shekarar makaranta ta'10.[22] Jami'o'in ba su da kayan aiki don aiki tare da ɗalibai da yawa. Gidajen da ke akwai don gidaje a harabar ba su da mahimmanci kuma wannan na iya zama abin hanawa ga iyaye da ke aika 'ya'ya mata don samun ilimin jami'a. Tsaro da damuwa na kariya har yanzu batu ne a wannan matakin ilimi ga mata. Cikakken rashin bayan gida ga mata a harabar na iya zama wani shingen ga ilimi mai girma.[23] Wasu mata sun gano cewa samun ilimi mafi girma ma cikas ne ga damar aure. Wasu masu bin al'ada sun yi imanin cewa bai kamata a sami ilimi ba, kuma wasu kuma an hana su ta hanyar karuwar farashin sadaki wanda zai zo tare da mace mai ilimi.[15]

Kasashen Duniya da kuma kungiyoyin ba da agaji

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Kasuwancin kasa da kasa a cikin sake fasalin ilimi na Sudan ta Kudu ya kasance mai yawa, gami da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kasashe na Yamma. Duk da yake waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun sami nasarori masu sauƙi kamar ƙaruwa a cikin rajista, za a buƙaci ƙarin sadaukarwa don kawo Sudan ta Kudu zuwa ƙa'idodin duniya.[6] Wasu daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Amurka, Ingila, Netherlands, Tarayyar Turai, da Norway.[1] Wadannan masu ba da gudummawa galibi suna rarraba kuɗin su don gina ɗakunan ajiya, aika littattafai, da kuma horar da malamai a yankunan da rikici ya shafa.[1] Cibiyoyin horar da malamai suna da tasiri sosai na dogon lokaci, saboda suna iya shafar canji mai yawa. Malami daya da aka horar zai iya canzawa ga ɗalibai da yawa. Duk da yake waɗannan ci gaba masu sauƙi suna da mahimmanci, an soki taimakon kasa da kasa saboda karami ne, kuma yana da jinkiri don yin tasiri.[24]

Shirye-shiryen ci gaba na gaba

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Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium sune tushe ga shirye-shiryen Sudan ta Kudu na gaba don ilimi. Shirin zai kasance a cikin cimma burin nan da shekarar 2015. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Sudan ta Kudu yana da tanadi don "ilimi kyauta da tilas a matakin firamare". [8] Sudan ta Kudu kuma tana neman gina ƙarin makarantun sakandare, kara samun damar ilimi ga manya da matasa, inganta ingancin ilimi, da rufe gibin jinsi a ilimi ta hanyar tallafin karatu ga 'yan mata. [6] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta Kudu ta zama memba na Bankin Duniya bayan shekaru da yawa a cikin tsarin aikace-aikacen. Sabon matsayin memba ya ba da izinin kirkirar Asusun Canjin Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya kai miliyan 75 (USD). [25] Shirye-shiryen yanzu daga manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da:

  • Amurka: Shirin miliyan 30 (USD) don gina wuraren horar da malamai uku
  • United Kingdom: Shirye-shiryen ilimi na Sudan ta Kudu suna shirin gina makarantun firamare 32 da sakandare 4, isar da miliyoyin litattafai, da kuma yin niyya ga cikas ga ilimin 'yan mata
  • Tarayyar Turai: shirye-shiryen gina sabbin makarantu 100

Babban matsalar da ke fuskantar wadannan kokarin taimakon kasa da kasa shine karancin kudade. Akwai babban rata tsakanin abin da Sudan ta Kudu za ta buƙaci don saduwa da Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium ta 2015 da adadin taimakon kasa da kasa da Sudan ta Kudancin ta samu. Wannan rata ya kai kimanin miliyan 400 (USD) a kowace shekara, mafi yawansu za a yi amfani da su don gina makarantu, kuma bayan 2015 wannan farashin zai ragu sosai.

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Akrawi, Matta (1960). "Educational Planning in a Developing Country: the Sudan". International Review of Education. 6 (3): 261, 273. Bibcode:1960IREdu...6..257A. doi:10.1007/bf01416699. S2CID 147545610.
  2. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 18.
  3. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 19.
  4. ↑ Brown, Gordon; Kevin Watkins (2012). "Education in South Sudan: investing in a better future". Gordon and Sarah Brown Education for All Campaign: 15, 18–19.
  5. ↑ "South Sudan: Education". USAID.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Brown, Gordon; Kevin Watkins (2012). "Education in South Sudan: investing in a better future". Gordon and Sarah Brown Education for All Campaign: 8, 16, 18–24, 26, 31–32. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brown, Gordon." defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "South Sudan Overview". The World Bank.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 UNESCO (June 2011). "Building a better future: Education for an independent South Sudan". Education for All Global Monitoring Report: 2. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ReferenceA" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Ministry of General Education and Instruction (2012). "General Education Strategic Plan 2012-2017" (PDF): 13. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ UNESCO (June 2011). "Building a better future: Education for an independent South Sudan". Education for All Global Monitoring Report: 4.
  11. ↑ Deng, Luka Biong (November 2006). "Education in Southern Sudan: War, status, and challenges of achieving Education for All Goals" (PDF). Respect, Sudanese Journal for Human Rights' Culture and Issues of Cultural Diversity (4): 11.
  12. ↑ UNESCO (June 2011). "Building a better future: Education for an independent South Sudan". Education for All Global Monitoring Report: 9.
  13. ↑ UNESCO (June 2011). "Building a better future: Education for an independent South Sudan". Education for All Global Monitoring Report: 6.
  14. ↑ "Sudan: Improvements in Education—but mainly for the boys". IRIN: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 29. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Faye 2010 29" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 28.
  17. ↑ Kirk, Jackie (November 2005). "Gender, education, and peace in southern Sudan". Forced Migration Review. 24: 57.
  18. ↑ "CIA World Factbook: South Sudan". CIA.
  19. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 26.
  20. ↑ Brown, Tim (November 2005). "Education Crisis in south Sudan". Forced Migration Review. 24: 57.
  21. ↑ Sawahel, Wagdy. "Ambitious higher education reform plans for Africa's newest nation". University World News.
  22. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 22.
  23. ↑ Faye, Reidun (2010). "Barriers to higher education for women in Southern Sudan". Bergen University College Journal. 1: 27–28.
  24. ↑ UNESCO (June 2011). "Building a better future: Education for an independent South Sudan". Education for All Global Monitoring Report: 3.
  25. ↑ "The World Bank Group Reiterates its Commitment to South Sudan's Development as the Country Becomes the Bank's Newest Member". The World Bank.
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