Wikipedia

Mohamed Soltan

Mohamed Soltan ( Larabci: محمد سلطان‎, an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba 1987 [1] ) ɗan ƙasar Masar ne mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma tsohon fursunan siyasa a Masar.

Mohamed Soltan
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 16 Nuwamba, 1988 (35 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Salah Sultan
Karatu
Makaranta jami'an jahar Osuo
Sana'a
Sana'a civil rights advocate (en) Fassara, marubuci, ɗan jarida da Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam
Employers The Freedom Initiative (en) Fassara
mohamedsoltan.com

Shi ne ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar ‘Freedom Initiative’, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama da ke da mazauni a Amurka, wacce manufarta ita ce ta “jawo hankalin duniya kan halin da fursunonin siyasa ke ciki a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma bayar da shawarar a sake su. [2]

Shirin Freedom Initiative ya fito ne daga kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta #FreeSoltan ta duniya [3] wacce ke fafutukar ganin an saki Soltan daga kurkukun zalunci a Masar, inda aka tsare shi daga watan Agusta 2013 zuwa watan Mayu 2015 bayan zanga-zangar adawa da juyin mulkin Masar na shekarar 2013 da Abdel Fattah el-Sisi yayi. Lokacin da kuma bayan juyin mulkin, an harbe Soltan, an ɗaure shi, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. [4]

Mohamed Soltan

Bayan kwanaki 643 a gidan yari, ciki har da 489 na yajin cin abinci na neman a sake shi, Soltan ya samu 'yanci ya tafi Amurka. [5] Sakin nasa ya biyo bayan neman ‘yancinsa daga Fadar White House, Sanata John McCain da wasu shugabannin Amurka. [6] [7]

Rayuwar farko, iyali, da ilimi

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An haifi Soltan a Masar. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa biyar, shi da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Amurka a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s lokacin yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Sun zauna a Boston, Kansas City da Detroit kafin su zauna a Columbus, Ohio. [8]

Soltan ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarami mataki da ƙwallon kwando a makarantar sakandare, yana auna nauyin kilo 336 (kilo 152) lokacin da ya fara ƙaramar shekararsa ta sakandare. Shekaru goma bayan haka, yayin da yake kurkuku a Masar kuma yana yajin cin abinci yana neman 'yancinsa, ya rubuta farin ciki game da shekarunsa na kwallon kwando na sakandare a cikin wata wasika da aka fitar da ita daga kurkuku kuma aka buga a jaridar New York Times: "Na daina shan sheesha, na rasa fam 60. Na yi aiki tuƙuru a kowace al'ada, kuma na ƙaura daga benci na ƙungiyar JV zuwa 6th-man, zuwa mai farawa A ƙarshen shekara, na kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando tare da abokan karatuna." [9]

 
Mohamed Soltan

A watan Janairun 2012, ya tsallake rijiya da baya da aka kai masa harin kone-kone a gidansu lamarin da FBI ta yi bincike a kansa a matsayin laifin kyamar musulmi. Watanni da suka gabata, ƴan fashin sun yi fentin kalamun kyamar Larabawa da musulmi a gidan danginsa. [10]

Soltan ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2012 tare da digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki. [11]

Mahaifin Soltan, Salah Soltan, fitaccen malami ne a fannin ilimin fikihu, wanda ya koyar a cibiyoyin koyar da ilimin addinin musulunci da dama, kuma ya rubuta littafai sama da 60. Salah Soltan yana da alaka da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi kuma ya kasance mataimakin ministan kyauta a gwamnatin shugaban kasar Masar Mohamed Morsi. [12] Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Masar a shekarar 2013 da ya hambarar da gwamnatin Morsi, Salah ya kasance a gidan yari tare da yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A shekarar 2019, kungiyar aiki ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta bayyana Salah a matsayin "dan fursuna" tare da yin kira da a gaggauta sakinsa daga gidan yari. [13] A cikin watan Fabrairun 2022, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama 19 sun yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su gaggauta ba Salah kulawar lafiya saboda yana cikin "koshin lafiya" kuma "bai iya ɗaukar nauyin kansa ba kuma wasu masu gadi biyu ne suka shigar da shi ɗakin." Kungiyoyin kare hakkin sun ce jami'an gidan yarin sun ki amincewa da buƙatunsa da yawa na ganin likita ko kuma samar da magunguna da kayan aikin jinya da yake buƙata don yanayin lafiyarsa da dama. [14]

Lokacin da Mohamed Soltan ya auri Habiba Shebita a Reston, Virginia a watan Satumba a shekarar a 2017, mahaifin Mohamed ya yi jawabi a wurin bikin ta hanyar saƙon murya da aka fitar da shi daga kurkuku, yana mai cewa: “Ina tare da ku. Ina tare da ku kamar yadda kuke tare da ni." [15]

Arab Spring

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Soltan ya huta daga makarantarsa lokacin da juyin juya halin 2011 ya ɓarke ya tafi Masar don shiga cikin juyin juya halin neman 'yanci da matasa suka yi. Shi da abokansa na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio sun kirkiro rigar gamayyar matasan da za su sanya a kofar shiga dandalin Tahrir na birnin Alkahira Mr. Makonni bayan haka, Soltan ya koma Amurka kuma ya zagaya harabar jami'o'i don yin magana game da kwarewarsa a lokacin juyin juya hali. [16]

Komawa Masar

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Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekara ta 2012, Soltan ya koma Masar don taimaka wa mahaifiyarsa da ke fama da ciwon daji. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ci gaban kasuwanci na wani kamfanin samar da man fetur na Masar. [17] A lokacin, mahaifinsa ya kasance mataimakin ministan baiwa addinin musulunci a gwamnatin Morsi a shekara ta 2012.

Raba Square

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Mohamed Soltan

Soltan dai ya sha kaye a harin da sojojin Masar suka kai wa masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan Morsi da ke nuna adawa da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2013. [18] Don nuna adawa da dawowar mulkin soja, Soltan ya shiga zaman Rab'aa Al-Adawiya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida na hakika da kuma haɗa kai da 'yan jarida da masu zanga-zangar ƙasashen waje. [19] Sakamakon haka, ya zama shaida na gani da ido kan yadda aka tarwatsa masu zaman dirshan, inda ya samu raunuka a hannun ‘yan bindigar sari-ka-noke, a lokacin da yake watsa ta kai-tsaye a shafinsa na Twitter, abin da daga baya aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi mafi muni a tarihin Masar na baya-bayan nan. [20]

Kamewa da ɗauri

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A watan Agustan 2013, yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunukan da ya samu a gidan danginsa da ke birnin Alkahira, an kama Soltan, tare da 'yan jarida uku. [21] Ya ɓace tsawon kwanaki biyu, sannan jami’an tsaron jihar suka yi masa duka, suka yi masa tambayoyi game da mahaifinsa. A watannin farko na zaman gidan yari, Soltan ya ce an azabtar da shi, an yi masa dukan tsiya a ya samu karaya a hannu kuma an hana shi kula da lafiyarsa. [22]

A cikin watan Satumba 2013, New York Times ta buga wasiƙar daga Soltan zuwa mahaifiyarsa wasiƙar da aka fitar da ita daga kurkuku. Soltan ya rubuta game da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin matsananciyar yanayin gidan yari. Ya kuma ce, “Sai aka ce za a tuhume ni a hukumance da laifuffuka shida: bayar da kuɗaɗe ga kungiyar ta’addanci, zama mamba a kungiyar ta’addanci, shiga kungiyar mayakan sa-kai, da hargitsa zaman lafiya, karya da yaɗa jita-jita game da harkokin cikin gidan Masar; da kuma A ƙarshe, kashe masu zanga-zangar na yi matukar kaɗuwa da cewa irin waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen, waɗanda babu wani tushe a cikin su, za a kawo min ne a hankali, da tunanin shirin da na yi a nan gaba game da sana'ata, da kuma dangina, kuma na yi tunanin haka. duk za a lalatar da su a hankali da wannan shashanci da ake yi mini." [23]

 
Mohamed Soltan

A cikin watan Janairu 2014 wasiƙar Soltan da aka fitar da ita daga kurkuku kuma aka aika wa Shugaba Barack Obama, wani baƙin ciki da fushi Soltan ya rubuta a wani ɓangare, "Yin watsi da ni, ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya yi aiki tuƙuru wajen zaɓen ku, kuma babban mai goyon bayan ku kuma mai kare ku. Shugabanci, ya bar mini wani kunci wanda kusan ya yi tsanani kamar zafin da ke fitowa daga hannuna da aka yanka a kwanan nan." An buga wasikar a jaridar New York Times. [24]

Yajin aikin cin abinci

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Watanni da aka yi a gidan yari, Soltan ya fara yajin cin abinci na fili wanda ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 489 yana nuna rashin amincewa da zaman kurkuku na rashin adalci da kuma yanayin tsare shi.[25][26][27] A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, 2015, jim kaɗan bayan wani alkali na Masar ya yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da wasu 37, ciki har da 'yan jarida 13,[28][29] gwamnatin Amurka ta yi magana game da hukuncin, kuma fadar White House ta yi Allah wadai da hukuncin da Soltan ya yanke tare da buƙatarsa nan da nan aka sake shi.[30][31] A cewar wani rahoto na The Guardian da ke nuni da wani rahoton lafiya mai zaman kansa wanda ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke birnin Alkahira ya taimaka, Soltan ya rasa akalla kashi uku na nauyin jikinsa kuma ya kasa tsayawa ba tare da wani taimako ba a kwana 100 na yajin cin abinci a gidan yari.[32]

A ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, 2014, wani faifan bidiyo da ke nuna Soltan ta CNN Christiane Amanpour ta fitar inda Soltan ya nemi taimakon Shugaba Obama da sauran al'ummar duniya.[33][34]

#Kamfen na FreeSoltan

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Yajin cin abinci na Soltan ya sami goyan bayan wani yunƙurin kamfen na #FreeSoltan na duniya, a cikin gida a Masar da na duniya a Amurka da Turai. 'Yar uwar Soltan, Hanaa ce ta gudanar da kamfen ɗin kuma ya kunshi dangi, abokai, lauyoyi da masu kare hakkin ɗan Adam a duniya. Kamfen ɗin ya mayar da hankali ne kan sarrafa saƙon, sadar da shi yadda ya kamata a cikin ƙungiyoyin doka da na gwamnati. Kamfen ɗin ya yi nasarar tattara dubban mutane daga kowane fanni na rayuwa bayan halin da Soltan ke ciki. [35]

Kamfen na #FreeSoltan ya zargi gwamnatin Amurka da rashin yin wani abin da ya dace wajen ingiza mahukuntan Masar wajen sasantawa ko watsi da ƙarar da suka ce yana da alaka da siyasa. Su ma magoya bayan Soltan sun ce zargin da ake yi masa na siyasa ne. Yajin cin abinci da Soltan ya yi ya haifar da sukar mahukuntan Masar a shafukan sada zumunta da muhawara da nuna adawa da ɗaurin da aka yi masa. Wani jami’in ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya ce wakilan ofishin jakadancin sun ziyarci Soltan sau da yawa a gidan yarin Tora da ke wajen birnin Alkahira kuma sun halarci zaman Soltan. [36]

Gudanarwa

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Bayan sakinsa daga kurkuku a watan Mayun 2015, Soltan ya yi wa manyan jami'an gwamnatin Amurka bayani kan zaman da ya yi a gidan yari da kuma halin da dubun-dubatar fursunonin siyasa ke ciki a Masar. Ya ba da shaida a gaban kwamitin Lantos na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam. [37] Har ila yau, Soltan ya yi wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adam da sauran kungiyoyin fafutuka bayani kan yadda ake tauye hakkin ɗan Adam da ya fuskanta a gidan yari da da yawa ke ci gaba da fuskanta.

Soltan da 'yar uwarsa Hanaa, sun yi amfani da nasarori da darussa da aka koya daga kamfen #FreeSoltan na kaddamar da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Freedom Initiative da ke Amurka da ke kokarin ganin an sako fursunonin siyasa a Masar da Saudiyya. Kungiyar na gudanar da shawarwari, kamfen da kuma ayyukan shari'a a kokarin cimma manufofinta. [38]

Dangantaka da Jamal Khashoggi

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Soltan aboki ne kuma aminin ɗan jaridar Saudiyya kuma marubucin jaridar Washington Post Jamal Khashoggi, [39] wanda jami'an gwamnatin Saudiyya suka kashe a ƙaramin ofishin jakadancin Saudiyya da ke Istanbul, Turkiyya a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba 2018. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2019 op-ed a cikin Washington Post, [40] Soltan ya bayyana abokantakarsu da kuma yadda Khashoggi ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora gare shi da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Larabawa. Daga baya Soltan ya bayyana sakamakon asirce da aka yi ta cece-kuce a shari'ar kisan Khashoggi a Saudiyya [41] a matsayin "rashin adalci." [42] Soltan ya yi karin haske game da abokantakar su a cikin tambayoyin kafofin watsa labarai na gaba [43] da kuma a cikin wani fim na gaskiya akan Khashoggi, "Mulkin Shiru." Lokacin da Gidauniyar Washington OXI Day Foundation ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta Jajircewa ta 2019 ga Khashoggi bayan mutuwarsa, Soltan ya karɓi kyautar a madadin Khashoggi. [44]

Shari'ar tsohon Firaministan Masar

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A watan Yuni 2020, Soltan ya shigar da kara a kan tsohon Firayim Minista na Masar, Hazem el-Beblawi, a karkashin Dokar Kariya ga wadanda aka azabtar . Shari'ar ta ce el-Bablawi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista lokacin da aka tsare Soltan, ya kamata a tuhume shi da laifin harbe Soltan ba bisa ka'ida ba, dauri da azabtarwa.

Makonni bayan Soltan ya shigar da karar nasa, kuma a watan Fabrairun 2021, hukumomin Masar sun kama wasu dangin Soltan. Lauyan Soltan ya yi ikirarin kamen ramuwar gayya ne kan ƙarar da Soltan ya shigar, da nufin yin shiru da kuma gamsar da shi ya janye karar da ya shigar. [45]

A cikin watan Afrilu 2021, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gwamnatin Biden ta ayyana el-Beblawi yana da kariya daga tuhuma ta hanyar kariya ta diflomasiya. A cikin shigar da ƙarar da ta shigar na shari'a, ma'aikatar shari'a ta ce ba ta ɗauki matsaya ba kan cancantar zargin Soltan. Shugaban kwamitin kasafin Kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka Patrick Leahy ya bayyana sanarwar kariyar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi a matsayin abin takaici, ya kara da cewa "gwamnatin Masar da ta yi watsi da rigar kariya amma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi rashin hukunta Mista Beblawi." Leahy ta kammala da cewa, "Wannan shi ne abin da mutum zai yi tsammani daga masu aikata laifuka, ba gwamnatin da ke karɓar biliyoyin daloli na taimakon Amurka ba." [46]

Shugaban leken asirin Masar ya buƙaci a ɗaure Soltan a Amurka

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A wata ziyara da ya kai a watan Yunin 2021 a Washington, DC, babban jami'in leken asirin Masar, Abbas Kamel, ya tambayi jami'an Amurka da 'yan majalisar dokokin Amurka dalilin da ya sa gwamnatin Amurka ba ta mutunta yarjejeniyar da Amurka ta yi da Masar na son Soltan ya yi sauran gidan yarin da aka yi masa na tsawon rai a Masar. hukunci a Amurka. Kamel ya raba wa jami'an Amurka wata takarda da ake zargin an nuna wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka a Masar ya amince a rubuce cewa Soltan, bayan ya tashi daga Masar, zai yi sauran hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a gidan yarin Amurka. [47] Wani tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka da ya tabta zama a birnin Alkahira ya bayyana takardar da ake zargi da cewa "ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a bisa ka'ida ko da kuwa tana da inganci." [48]

Soltan ya yi watsi da ikirari na Kamel a matsayin "ci gaba na dabi'a na ingantaccen rubuce-rubucen tsoratarwa da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Masar ta yi kan ni da masu kare hakkin bil'adama." Soltan ya kara da cewa, "Ina fata gwamnati ta za ta mayar da martani cikin gaggawa da kuma tsayuwar daka don kare hakkina da 'yanci na daga ta'addanci." [49]

Dangane da kokarin da Kamel ya yi na tabbatar da cewa an ɗaure Soltan a gidan yari a Amurka da sauran gwamnatin Masar na kokarin tsoratar da masu sukar hakkin ɗan Adam a ƙasashen waje, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama 20 sun fitar da wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa inda suka ce a ɓangare guda "Mun yi matukar kaɗuwa da shaidar cewa gwamnatin Masar Jami'an leken asiri na ci gaba da kokarin rufe bakin masu kare hakkin bil'adama hatta kan iyakokin ƙasar Masar muna kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta yi Allah wadai da waɗannan ayyuka." Waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan sanarwar sun haɗa da Amnesty International Amurka, Human Rights Watch, The Freedom Initiative, POMED da DAWN. [50]

A cikin wani dogon sharhin da ta yi, Sakatare Janar na Amnesty Agnes Callamard, ta mayar da martani cikin fushi game da yunkurin da Kamel ya yi na neman Amurka ta ɗaure Soltan, yana mai cewa "Tsaye da wannan cin zarafi ba wai tsayawa kan masu kare hakki ba ne kawai, tsayawa tsayin daka ne kawai. 'yancin yin magana da aiki cikin 'yanci." [51]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "A year behind bars – Mohamed Soltan". 25 August 2014.
  2. ↑ "The Freedom Initiative mission". The Freedom Initiative.
  3. ↑ "Man left behind – Mohamed Soltan". Huffington Post UK. 24 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Photos show American held in Egypt badly bruised and ill". 20 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "After 489 days on hunger strike in prison, Mohamed Soltan deported to US". Huffington Post UK. 30 May 2015.
  6. ↑ "Statement by the press secretary on the conviction and sentencing of American citizen Mohamed Soltan". The White House. 11 April 2015.
  7. ↑ "If it weren't for John McCain, I'd still be in an Egyptian prison". 31 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Ohio State grad sentenced to life in prison". 4 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "For an Egyptian-American prisoner on hunger strike in Cairo, a letter home". 17 November 2014.
  10. ↑ "Ohio State grad sentenced to life in prison". 12 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "Ohio State graduate remains imprisoned in Egypt". 10 February 2014.
  12. ↑ "Letter from Mohamed Soltan – My imprisoned father is paying the price for my advocacy". Egyptian Streets. 17 March 2016.
  13. ↑ "UN calls on Egypt to immediately release opposition figure Salah Sultan". Middle East Monitor. 25 March 2019.
  14. ↑ "Egypt: Rights Defender's Imprisoned Father At Risk". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  15. ↑ "From a Cairo prison to a poignant wedding". 8 September 2017.
  16. ↑ "Former political prisoner Mohamed Soltan is hopeful as he prepares to graduate". Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service. 17 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "An American's ordeal in Egypt". 29 June 2014.
  18. ↑ "Two sit-ins test new Egyptian leadership". 9 August 2013.
  19. ↑ "Ohio State grad has inside view of Egyptian unrest". ABC News. ABC News. 19 August 2013.
  20. ↑ "Interview with an American shot and arrested in Egypt". Vice News. 19 August 2013.
  21. ↑ "Egyptian military crackdown leads to arrest of American citizen". Time. 27 August 2013.
  22. ↑ "Egypt's ex-PM faces torture allegation in American's lawsuit". Associated Press. 1 January 2020.
  23. ↑ "A detained Egyptian-American activist's letter to his mother". 30 September 2013.
  24. ↑ "Letter for Obama from American detained in Egypt". 24 January 2014.
  25. ↑ "An American's Plea From an Egyptian Jail". NYTimes.com - Video. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  26. ↑ "After 489 days on hunger strike in prison, Mohamed Soltan gives up Egyptian citizenship, deported to US - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  27. ↑ "After 489 days on hunger strike in prison, Mohamed Soltan gives up Egyptian citizenship, deported to US - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  28. ↑ "The depths of Egypt's human rights crisis". Washington Post (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  29. ↑ "Opinion | Egypt Sentences an American to life" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  30. ↑ "The Conviction of Mr. Mohamed Soltan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  31. ↑ "Statement by the Press Secretary on the Conviction and Sentencing of American Citizen Mohamed Soltan". whitehouse.gov (in Turanci). 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  32. ↑ "Fears for US citizen on hunger strike in Egyptian jail as health worsens". The Guardian. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  33. ↑ "American hunger striker in Egypt makes video appeal to Obama". Middle East Eye. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  34. ↑ "American on hunger strike in Egypt demands action". Al Jazeera. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  35. ↑ "Ohio State alumnus' hunger strike approaches its 1-yr mark in Egyptian prison". 15 January 2015.
  36. ↑ "For American jailed in Egypt, a long wait for court date – and charges". McClatchy. 14 March 2014.
  37. ↑ "Lantos Commission – Human rights in Egypt".
  38. ↑ "The Freedom Initiative – About us".
  39. ↑ "'Saudi Arabia wants to stop my work.'Activists are facing new threats for continuing Jamal Khashoggi's efforts". 16 May 2019.
  40. ↑ "How Khashoggi gave Arab dissidents support – and community". 30 September 2019.
  41. ↑ "Saudi Arabia jails eight over Khashoggi murder, fiancee decries trial". Reuters. 15 September 2020.
  42. ↑ "What Saudi Arabia's sham Khashoggi verdict means for Arab dissidents". 30 December 2019.
  43. ↑ "'He gave nobody a full view of his life – In his final days, Jamal Khashoggi juggled a secret wife in the U.S. and a fiance in Turkey". 5 July 2021.
  44. ↑ "9th annual Oxi Courage and Service Awards showcase the best of humanity".
  45. ↑ "Family members of American activists arrested in Egypt". CNN. CNN. 2 February 2021.
  46. ↑ "Biden administration upholds former Egyptian leader's immunity from torture lawsuit by U.S. citizen". 5 April 2021.
  47. ↑ "In D.C. visit, Egypt spy boss claims U.S. agreed – in writing – to jail American activist". Politico. Politico. 12 July 2021.
  48. ↑ "It's time for the U.S. to get tough on Sisi". Foreign Policy. 21 July 2021.
  49. ↑ "US officials 'agreed' to jail Egyptian-American rights activist for life – report". The New Arab. 13 July 2021.
  50. ↑ "Joint statement calls on Biden administration to send strong signal to Egypt on human rights". POMED. 23 July 2021.[permanent dead link]
  51. ↑ "Today the reach of repressive leaders knows no bounds, borders, or country lines". Amnesty International. 2 August 2021.
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