Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Leibniz, (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June – 14 Nuwamban 1716) wani shahararren ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne, masanin lissafi, masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Ya shahara a fannin Tarihin Falsafa da kuma Tarihin lissafi. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama a kan Falsafa, theology, kyawawan ɗabi'u, siyasa, shari'a, tarihi da kuma nazarin tarin harsuna (philology). Har wayau, Leibniz ya bada gudummarsa a physics da kuma takanolaji, kuma ya ƙalubalanci ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da probability theory, kimiyyar halittu (biology), kimiyyar magunguna (medicine), kimiyyar duniya, duwatsu da sammai (geology), kimiyyar mu'amala da kwakwalwa (psychology), kimiyyar harsuna (linguistic), da kuma kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa (computer science). Bugu da ƙari, ya bada gudummawarsa a fannin kimiyyar laburare (library science).[1] Gudummawowin da Leibniz ya ba da a ɗumbin darussa da dama na nan watse acikin kundi iri-iri, acikin ɗumbin dubunnan haruffa da kuma rubuce rubuce wanda ba'a wallafa su ba. Yayi rubuce-rubucen a harsuna da dama musaman a harsuna Latin, Faransanci da kuma Jamusanci.[2]
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A fannin falsafa kuwa, shi wakili ne na gaba a ra'ayoyin rationalism da idealism na ƙarni na 17. A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi, muhimman nasarorinsa sun kasance a wajen bunƙasa ra'ayin differential da integral calculus, daban da abunda Isaac Newton ya gano a can baya.[3] Masana lissafi da dama sunyi amanna da ra'ayoyin Leibniz a matsayin ra'ayin da yafi dacewa da lissafin calculus.[4][5][6]
A fannin falsafa da theology, Leibniz yayi fice ta fuskar fata mai kyau, shine; a muƙaddimarsa cewa, duniyarmu ta cika iya hankali, duniyar da watakila tafi kowacce duniya da ubangiji ya halitta - Best of all possible worlds, ra'ayin da wasu masana suke suka, irinsu Voltaire, acikin littafansa kamar Candide. Leibniz, tare da René Descartes da Baruch Spinoza sune mutane uku da sukafi kowa tasiri a ra'ayin falsafar rationalism. Ayyukan Leibniz, sun ƙalubalance ra'ayoyi na zamani, sannan sunyi tasiri sosai akan ra'ayoyin zamunan baya na falsafar analytic philosophy, misali yadda akayi amfani da ma'anar "possible world" a wajen bayanin ra'ayoyin Modality.
Tarihin Rayuwarsa
gyara sasheKuruciya
gyara sasheAn haifi Gottfried Leibniz a ranar 1 ga watan Julin 1 1646, a ƙarshe ƙarshen Thrity Years War, a garin Leipzig, ga iyaye Friedrich Leibniz da Catharina Schmuck. Iyayensa sun kasance 'yan asalin kudancin Serbia ne wato Lusatian Serbs.
Mahaifinsa Friedrich ya rubuta acikin kundin iyalisa cewa
A ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan June [NS: 1 July] 1646 ne, aka haifi dana Gottfried Wilhelm, da misalin karfe bakwai saura kwata na yamma, a garin Aquarius.[7][8]
Anyi wa Leibniz baptiza a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin wannan shekarar, a Cocin St. Nicholas, Leipzig; uban gidansa shine Martin Geier.[9] Mahaifinsa ya rasu a lokacin yana da shekaru shida a duniya, tun daga nan, mahaifiyarsa ce ta cigaba da kula da shi.[10]
Mahaifin Leibniz ya kasance Farfesa a fannin Falfasar Kyawawan ɗabi'u, a Jami'ar Leipzig, sannan daga bisani ya gaji laburarin mahaifinsa. An bashi damar ziyartar wurin karatun daga lokacin da ya kai shekaru bakwai, hakan ya bashi damar samun dumbin ilimin falsafa na musamman wanda ba don haka ba, da ba zai iya samun wannan ilimi ba, har sai ya kai lokacin shiga kwaleji.[11] Haka zalika, wannan laburare na mahaifinsa, wanda akasarin littattafan da Latin suke, sun bai wa Leibniz damar lakantar harshen Latin tun yana dan shekaru 12, a lokacain da ya kai shekaru sha uku, ya hardashe baituka 300 na harshen Latin da safe don wani taro na musamman a makarantarsu.
Acikin watan Aprelun 1661, ya shiga jami'ar da mahaifinsa yayi a lokacin yana da shekaru 14,[12][13][14] kuma ya kammala digirinsa a fannin Falsafa a cikin watan Dicemban 1662.
A cikin shekarar 1666, Leibniz ya rubuta littafinsa na farko mai suna De Arte Combinatoria (akan fasahar Combinatorial Art) a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, wanda sashin littafin na farko ya kasance akan bincike da yayi yayin kammala digiri na biyu, kuma ya ƙare hujjojin binciken acikin watan March shekarar 1666.[15][16]
Burin Leibniz na gaba shine ya ƙarbi lasisin sa da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin Shari'a, wanda hakan yana daukar shekaru uku kafin a gama. Acikin shekarar 1966, Jami'ar Leipzig ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa na fara karatun daktanci a fannin shari'a, ga dukkan alamu saboda ƙananun shekarun sa,[17][18] daga ƙarshe Leibniz ya bar Leipzig.
Daga nan Leibniz ya shiga Jami'ar Altdorf, sannan yayi gaggawar bada bincikensa na thesis, wanda wataƙila, ya fara aiki a kansa tun yana Leipzig.[19] Taken wannan bincike nasa shine: Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure(Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases).[20] Leibniz ya samu lasisin gidanar da shari'a kuma ya sama digirin digirgir a cikin watan Nuwamban 1666. Sannan ya ki amsar aiki a Jami'ar Altdorf, cewa; "zuciya sa ta karkata zuwa wani wajen ne".[21]
A yayin da ya zama baligi, Leibniz ya kasance yana kiran kansa da "Gottfried von Leibniz". Mutane da dama sun wallafa littattafansu tare da sunan shi kamar haka; "Freiherr G. W. von Leibniz."
1666-1676
gyara sashe
Mukamin Leibniz na farko wani aiki ne wanda ake biyanshi albashi a wata ƙungiyar falsafar Alchemy da ke Nuremberg.[22] Ya san kaɗan ne game da wannan fanni amma ya fara a matsayin mai koyo haikan. Nan da nan ya haɗu da Johann Christian von Boyneburg (1622–1672), tsohon babban ministan na Elector na Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn.[23] Von Boyneburg ya ɗauki Leibniz a matsayin mataimakinsa, sannan daga bisani ya gabatar dashi ga Elector. A cikin shekarar 1669, an naɗa Leibniz a matsayin mai duba shari'u a kotun ɗaukaka kara. Duk da cewa von Boyneburg ya mutu a shekarar 1672, Leibniz ya cigaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar matar sa har lokacin da ta sallame shi a shekarar 1674.
Mutuwarsa
gyara sashe Leibniz ya mutu a garin Hanover a shekarar 1716. A wannan lokacin ya rasa kiransa wanda har ta kai ga cewa George I (wanda ke kusa da garin Hanover a wancan lokacin) ko kuma wani ma'aikacin kotu sai dai sakatarensa ne suka halarci jana'izarsa. Duk da cewa Leibniz ya kasance member na Royal Society da kuma Berlin Academy of Sciences, babu ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka ga ya dace su girmama mutuwarsa. Ƙabarinsa ya daɗe ba'ai masa alama ba na tsawon shekaru 50. Amma Fontenelle ya kambama (girmama) shi, a gaban French Academy of Sciences, wanda hakan yasa ya zamo mamba na ƙasar waje shekarar 1700. Wannan girmamawa ya zo ne ta umurnin Duchess of Orleans, wacce ta kasance 'ya ga Electress Sophia.
Rayuwasa
gyara sasheLeibniz bai taɓa aure ba. Ya kasance yana yawa kukan rashin kuɗi, amma ya bar wasu gadon abinda ya bari ga agolan ƙanwarsa. A lokacinda yake riƙe da muƙamin diflomasiyya, Leibniz ya kasance mara mutunci a harkokinsa, wanda hakan ba sabon abu bane ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan diflomasiyya na lokacin. A lokuta da dama, Leibniz ya sauya shekaru kuma ya canza ayyuka na kusa da dama, wannan yanayi ya janyo masa baƙin jini a lokacin rikicin calclus - calculus controversy.[24]
Mutum ne mai farin jini, kuma ba mutum ne mai hangen nesa da sanin ya kamata.[25] Yana da abokai da masu son shi a duk faɗin Turai. Ana ganinsa a matsayin mabiyin tafarkin kiristanci na Protestant kuma philosophical theist - (wato wanda ya yarda cewa akwai Allah).[26][27][28][29] Leibniz ya wanzu yana riƙe da addinin Kiristanci na Ubangiji uku.[30]
Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukansa
gyara sasheShekarun da aka lissafo, shekaru ne da aka kammala ayyukan, ba wai daidai lokacin fara ayyukan ba.
- 1666 (publ. 1690). De Arte Combinatoria (On the Art of Combination); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson (1966)
- 1667. Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae (A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence)
- 1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba"
- 1671. Hypothesis Physica Nova (New Physical Hypothesis); Loemker §8.I (part)
- 1673 Confessio philosophi (A Philosopher's Creed); an English translation is available online.
- Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas")
- Nov. 1684. "Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969. A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200–1800. Harvard University Press: 271–81.
- 1686. Discours de métaphysique; Martin and Brown (1988), Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1
- 1686. Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum (General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths)
- 1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance")
- 1695. Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances (New System of Nature)
- 1700. Accessiones historicae[31]
- 1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt, Mathematical Writings VII.223. An English translation by Lloyd Strickland is available online.
- 1704 (publ. 1765). Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996. New Essays on Human Understanding Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part)
- 1707–1710. Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium[31] (3 Vols.)
- 1710. Théodicée; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 (1952). Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is available online at Project Gutenberg.
- 1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grâce fondés en raison"
- 1714. Monadologie; translated by Nicholas Rescher, 1991. The Monadology: An Edition for Students. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is available online.
Ayyukan bayan mutuwarsa
gyara sashe
- 1717. Collectanea Etymologica, edited by the secretary of Leibniz Johann Georg von Eckhart
- 1749. Protogaea
- 1750. Origines Guelficae[31]
Tarin ayyukansa
gyara sasheMuhimman ayyukansa guda shida a harshen Turanci sune: Wiener (1951), Parkinson (1966), Loemker (1969), Ariew & Garber (1989), Woolhouse & Francks (1998), & Strickland (2006). Rubutun Leibniz da ake kan gyarawa a yanzu shine Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe.[32]
Cigaba da Duba
gyara sashe- General Leibniz rule
- Leibniz Association
- Leibniz operator
- List of German inventors and discoverers
- List of pioneers in computer science
- List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
- Mathesis universalis
- Scientific revolution
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Bartholomew Des Bosses
- Joachim Bouvet
- Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography
Littattafai
gyara sashe- Leibniz himself never attached von to his name and was never actually ennobled.
- Sometimes spelled Leibnitz. Pronunciation: /ˈlaɪbnɪts/ LYBE-nits,[12] German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈlaɪbnɪts] (listen)[13][14] or German: [ˈlaɪpnɪts] (listen);[15] French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz[16] [ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits].
- There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English.[19]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009). The library : an illustrated history. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub.ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.
- ↑ Roughly 40%, 35% and 25%, respectively.www.gwlb.de Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Leibniz-Nachlass (i.e. Legacy of Leibniz), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek (one of the three Official Libraries of the German state Lower Saxony).
- ↑ Russell, Bertrand (15 April 2013). History of Western Philosophy: Collectors Edition(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-135-69284-1. Extract of page 469.
- ↑ Handley, Lindsey D.; Foster, Stephen R. (2020). Don't Teach Coding: Until You Read This Book. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 9781119602620. Extract of page 29
- ↑ Apostol, Tom M. (1991). Calculus, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 172. ISBN 9780471000051. Extract of page 172
- ↑ Maor, Eli (2003). The Facts on File Calculus Handbook. The Facts on File Calculus Handbook. p. 58. ISBN 9781438109541. Extract of page 58
- ↑ It is possible that the words "in Aquarius" refer to the Moon (the Sun in Cancer; Sagittarius rising (Ascendant)); see Astro-Databank chart of Gottfried Leibniz.
- ↑ The original has "1/4 uff 7 uhr" and there is good reason to assume that also in the 17th century this meant a quarter to seven, since the "uff", in its modern form of "auf", is still, as of 2018 exactly in this vernacular, in use in several Low German speaking regions. The quote is given by Hartmut Hecht in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Teubner-Archiv zur Mathematik, Volume 2, 1992), in the first lines of chapter 2, Der junge Leibniz, p. 15; see H. Hecht, Der junge Leibniz; see also G. E. Guhrauer, G. W. Frhr. v. Leibnitz. Vol. 1. Breslau 1846, Anm. p. 4.
- ↑ Kurt Müller, Gisela Krönert, Leben und Werk von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Eine Chronik. Frankfurt a.M., Klostermann 1969, p. 3.
- ↑ Mates, Benson (1989). The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language. ISBN 978-0-19-505946-5.
- ↑ Mackie (1845), 21
- ↑ "Leibniz biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ↑ Arthur 2014, p. 16.
- ↑ Mackie (1845), 26
- ↑ Arthur 2014, p. x.
- ↑ A few copies of De Arte Combinatoria were produced as requested for the habilitation procedure; it was reprinted without his consent in 1690.
- ↑ Jolley, Nicholas (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz.Cambridge University Press. :20
- ↑ Simmons, George (2007). Calculus Gems: Brief Lives and Memorable Mathematics. MMA:143
- ↑ Mackie (1845), 39
- ↑ Arthur 2014, p. x.
- ↑ Mackie (1845), 40
- ↑ Ariew R., G.W. Leibniz, life and works, p. 21 in The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, ed. by N. Jolley, Cambridge University Press, 1994, Samfuri:Isbn. Extract of page 21
- ↑ Mackie (1845), 43
- ↑ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von (1920). The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz: Translated from the Latin Texts Published by Carl Immanuel Gerhardt with Critical and Historical Notes (in Turanci). Open court publishing Company. ISBN 9780598818461.
- ↑ See Wiener IV.6 and Loemker §40. Also see a curious passage titled "Leibniz's Philosophical Dream", first published by Bodemann in 1895 and translated on p. 253 of Morris, Mary, ed. and trans., 1934. Philosophical Writings. Dent & Sons Ltd.
- ↑ "Christian Mathematicians – Leibniz – God & Math – Thinking Christianly About Math Education". 2012-01-31.
- ↑ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2012). Loptson, Peter (ed.). Discourse on Metaphysics and Other Writings. Broadview Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-55481-011-6.
The answer is unknowable, but it may not be unreasonable to see him, at least in theological terms, as essentially a deist. He is a determinist: there are no miracles (the events so called being merely instances of infrequently occurring natural laws); Christ has no real role in the system; we live forever, and hence we carry on after our deaths, but then everything—every individual substance—carries on forever. Nonetheless, Leibniz is a theist. His system is generated from, and needs, the postulate of a creative god. In fact, though, despite Leibniz's protestations, his God is more the architect and engineer of the vast complex world-system than the embodiment of love of Christian orthodoxy.
- ↑ Christopher Ernest Cosans (2009). Owen's Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism. Indiana University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-253-22051-6.
In advancing his system of mechanics, Newton claimed that collisions of celestial objects would cause a loss of energy that would require God to intervene from time to time to maintain order in the solar system (Vailati 1997, 37–42). In criticizing this implication, Leibniz remarks: "Sir Isaac Newton and his followers have also a very odd opinion concerning the work of God. According to their doctrine, God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time; otherwise it would cease to move." (Leibniz 1715, 675) Leibniz argues that any scientific theory that relies on God to perform miracles after He had first made the universe indicates that God lacked sufficient foresight or power to establish adequate natural laws in the first place. In defense of Newton's theism, Clarke is unapologetic: "'tis not a diminution but the true glory of his workmanship that nothing is done without his continual government and inspection"' (Leibniz 1715, 676–677). Clarke is believed to have consulted closely with Newton on how to respond to Leibniz. He asserts that Leibniz's deism leads to "the notion of materialism and fate" (1715, 677), because it excludes God from the daily workings of nature.
- ↑ Hunt, Shelby D. (2003). Controversy in Marketing Theory: For Reason, Realism, Truth, and Objectivity. M. E. Sharpe. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7656-0931-1.
Consistent with the liberal views of the Enlightenment, Leibniz was an optimist with respect to human reasoning and scientific progress (Popper 1963, p. 69). Although he was a great reader and admirer of Spinoza, Leibniz, being a confirmed deist, rejected emphatically Spinoza's pantheism: God and nature, for Leibniz, were not simply two different "labels" for the same "thing".
- ↑ Leibniz on the Trinity and the Incarnation: Reason and Revelation in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, pp. xix–xx).
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Holland, Arthur William (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 828–901, see page 899, para two.
The two chief collections which were issued by the philosopher are the Accessiones historicae (1698–1700) and the Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium....
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