René Descartes
René UK ( ko Birtaniya:/eɪkɑːrt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; [note 1] [1] 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 :58) Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika.
Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; French: Je pense, donc je suis), wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin). [note 2]
Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. [note 3] Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma.
Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Rayuwa gyara sashe
Ƙuruciya gyara sashe
An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. [2] An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. [2] Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. [3] :22René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. [4] Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris.
A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: :20–21
Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi.
Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. :66Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. [5]
Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620.
A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. [6] Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. [7] [8] Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne." [5]
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ Adjectival form: Cartesian /kɑːrˈtiːziən, -ˈtiːʒən/
- ↑ This idea had already been proposed by Spanish philosopher Gómez Pereira a hundred years ago in the form: "I know that I know something, anyone who knows exists, then I exist" (nosco me aliquid noscere, & quidquid noscit, est, ergo ego sum).
- Pereira, Gómez. 1749 [1554]. "De Immortalitate Animae." Antoniana Margarita. p. 277.
- Santos López, Modesto. 1986. "Gómez Pereira, médico y filósofo medinense." In Historia de Medina del Campo y su Tierra, volumen I: Nacimiento y expansión, edited by E. L. Sanz.
- ↑ See also: Epistemological turn.
- ↑ Nadler, Steven , The Philosopher, The Priest, and The Painter: A Portrait of Descartes Archived 15 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press , 2013), pp. 174–198.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ John Cottingham. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Gutting, Gary (1999). Pragmatic Liberalism and the Critique of Modernity . Cambridge University Press. p. 116 . ISBN 9780521649735. "Modernity begins with Descartes's mutation of Augustinianism. Taylor emphasizes that "Descartes is in many ways profoundly Augustinian"."Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Durandin, Guy. 1970. Les Principes de la Philosophie. Introduction et notes. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin.
- ↑ "The Correspondence Theory of Truth" Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Ariel Durant. Missing
|author1=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Clarke (2006), pp. 58–59.