Tarihin lissafi
Tarihin lissafi ya shafi farkon bincike da aka gano a cikin ilimin lissafi da hanyoyin lissafi da bayanan abubuwan da suka gabata. Kafin zamaninmu na yau sannan kuma kafin yaɗuwar ilimi a duniya, rubutattun misalan sabbin cigaba a ilimin lissafi sun fito fili ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Daga 3000BC jihohin Mesofotamiya na Sumer, Akkad da Assuriya, da Masar ta dā da Levantine ta Ebla sun fara amfani da lissafi, algebra da geometry a wajen haraji, kasuwanci, cinikayya da kuma a cikin alamu na yanayi, sashin na ilmin taurari da kuma shigar lokaci da tsara kalanda
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aspect of history (en)  | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | tarihin kimiyya |
| Facet of (en) | Lissafi |
| Muhimmin darasi | Lissafi |
| Gudanarwan |
historian of mathematics (en) |
| Stack Exchange site URL (en) | https://hsm.stackexchange.com |
Rubutun lissafi na farko da aka samu sun fito ne daga Mesopotamiya da Masar – Plimpton 322 ( Babila c. 2000 – 1900 BC), [1] the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( Egypt c. 1800 BC) [2] da Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (Misira c. 1890). BC). Duk waɗannan matani sun ambaci abin da ake kira Pythagorean triples, don haka, a takaice, Pythagorean theorem ga dukkan alamu ita ce lissafi mafi daɗaɗɗewa kuma mafi yaduwa a cigaban ilmin lissafi bayan ilimin arithmetic da geometry.
Nazarin ilimin lissafi a matsayin " horo na koyarwa " ya fara ne daga karni na 6 BC ta hanyar Pythagoreans, wanda kuma ya kirkiro kalmar "lissafi" daga tsohuwar Girkanci μάθημα ( mathema ), ma'ana "batun koyarwa". Lissafin Girkanci ya inganta hanyoyin sosai (musamman ta hanyar gabatar da ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi da lissafi mai zurfi da hujjoji ) kuma ya faɗaɗa ilimin darasin lissafi. [3] Ko da yake kusan ba su ba da gudummawa ga ilimin lissafi ba, Romawa na da sun yi amfani da ilimin lissafi wajen bincike, injiniyancin gine-gine, injiniyanci na'urori, lissafin kuɗi, ƙirƙirar kalandar kwanan wata da hasken rana, har ma da fasaha da kere-kere. Masana lissafin kasar Sin kuwa sun ba da gudummawar farko, gami da tsarin ƙimar wuri da farkon fara amfani da lambobi ragewa (negative numbers) . [4] [5] Tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci da ka'idojin amfani da su, da ake amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya a yau sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙarni na farko bayan mutuwar yesu daga Indiya kuma an watsa su zuwa yammacin duniya ta hanyar lissafin Musulunci ta hanyar aikin Muḥammad ibn Musa. al-Khwarizmi . [6] [7] Shi kuma ilimin lissafi na Musulunci, ya bunkasa kuma ya salon fadada lissafin da wadannan kasashe suka sani. [8] Lissafi wanda ya dace da waɗannan al'adun amma mai zaman kansu sune lissafin da wayewar Maya na Mexiko da Amurka ta tsakiya suka haɓaka, inda aka baiwa tsarin sifilin alama na musamman a cikin lambobin Maya .
An fassara awancin rubutun lissafi na Helenanci da Larabci zuwa Latin tun daga karni na 12 da gabannin hakan, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ilimin lissafi a Turai ta Tsakiya. Tun daga zamanin d ¯a har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai, lokutan binciken ilmin lissafi sau da yawa suka biyo bayan ƙarni da dama da aka samu tsaiko. [9] Tun daga Renaissance Italiya a karni na 15, sabbin ci gaba a ilmin lissafi, hulɗa tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, an yi su a cikin yanayi mai sauri da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan ya haɗa da babban aikin Isaac Newton da Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz a cikin haɓakar ƙididdiga marasa iyaka a cikin ƙarni na 17.
| Bature (wanda ya sauko daga Larabci na Yamma) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Larabci-Indic | ٠ | ١ | ٢ | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ | ٩ |
| Larabci na Gabas-Indic (Persian da Urdu) | ۰ | 1 | 2 | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |
| Devanagari (Hindi) | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | . . | ७ | ८ | ९ |
| Sinanci - Jafananci | 〇 | 一 | 二 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 |
| Tamil | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ Friberg, J. "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", Historia Mathematica, 8, 1981, pp. 277–318.
- ↑ Empty citation (help) Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", pp. 71–96.
- ↑ Heath, Thomas L. (1963). A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Dover, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."
- ↑ Joseph, George Gheverghese (1991). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics. Penguin Books, London, pp. 140–48.
- ↑ Ifrah, Georges (1986). Universalgeschichte der Zahlen. Campus, Frankfurt/New York, pp. 428–37.
- ↑ Kaplan, Robert (1999). The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London.
- ↑ "The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." – Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html
- ↑ Juschkewitsch, A. P. (1964). Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter. Teubner, Leipzig.
- ↑ Eves, Howard (1990). History of Mathematics, 6th Edition, "After Pappus, Greek mathematics ceased to be a living study, ..." p. 185; "The Athenian school struggled on against growing opposition from Christians until the latter finally, in A.D. 529, obtained a decree from Emperor Justinian that closed the doors of the school forever." p. 186; "The period starting with the fall of the Roman Empire, in the middle of the fifth century, and extending into the eleventh century is known in Europe as the Dark Ages ... . Schooling became almost nonexistent." p. 258.