Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi
Shehu al-Hajj Muhammad al-Amin dan Muhammad al-Kânemî (da larabci محمد الأمين بن محمد الكانمي ) (1776–1837) , malamin Islama ne,malamin addini da siyasa wanda ya ba da shawara kuma ya kaddamar da daular Sayfawa daga daular Kanem-Bornu.A shekara ta 1846, dan Al-Kanemi Umar I dan Muhammad al-Amin ya zama sarki daya tilo na Borno, yanayin da ya haifar da karshen sarautar daular Sayfawa na tsawon shekaru dari takwas.Shehu na Bornu na yanzu, masarautar gargajiya wacce kujerar ta ke zama a jihar Borno ta zamani, Najeriya,ta fito ne daga Al-Kanemi,yakasance dan kasar libiya,yamutu shekarar watan takwas 8 ga watan janairu alib 1837,yakasance yanada iyalai kaman haka umar mai barno,Abdur-rahman dan muhammad al-amin,Abba masta mai barno.
 Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Libya, 1776 |
| ƙasa | Najeriya |
| Mutuwa |
Bornu Empire (en)  , 8 ga Yuni, 1837 |
| Makwanci | Kukawa |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Yara | |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | soja |
| Imani | |
| Addini | Musulunci |
Tashi zuwa iko
gyara sasheAn haife shi ga mahaifi dan Kanembu kuma mahaifiyara balarabiya ce; an haife shi kusa da Murzuk a cikin abin da yake a yau Libya, Al-Kanemi ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar mabiya addinan karkara a lardunan yamma na lokacin mulkin mallaka na Borno. Kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Fulani, karkashin tutar Usman dan Fodio tayi kokarin mamaye Borno a shekarar 1808.Sun dan yi nasara. Sun kone babban birnin,Ngazargamu kuma suka ci babban sojojin mai na Borno. Daga karshe ya nemi taimakon Al-Kanemi don korar abokan hamayyarsa na Fulani.[1] Ta hanyar tsarawa, wahayinsa,da addu’a,ya jawo hankalin wasu masu zuwa, musamman daga gidajen yanar gizo na Shuwa Arab da kuma al’ummomin Kanembu da ke kan iyakokin Borno. Mai (sarki), Dunama IX Lefiami ya ba wa shugaban nasarar tare da sarrafa ikon lardin Bornu a kan Yammacin yamma. Daukar taken "Shehu" (" Sheikh "), da kuma bibiyar ofisoshin gargajiya, al-Kanemi ya tattara manyan abubuwa, ya zama muryar Bornu a tattaunawar da Sakkwato, da kuma mai mulki mai zaman kansa na yankin mai arzikin kasuwanci. tare da karfin soja. Kawun nasa ya fatattaki Dunama a cikin shekarar 1809, amma goyon bayan al-Kanemi ya dawo da shi kan mulki a shekara ta 1813.
Kariya akan Sakkwato
gyara sasheAl Kanemi ya yi yakin Sakkwato ba wai kawai da makamai ba har ma da wasiƙu kamar yadda yake so ya dakile jihadin dan Fodio da makaman akida. [1] Ya ci gaba da jerin muhawara ta tauhidi, doka da siyasa ta wasika tare da Sarkin Musulmi Usman dan Fodio, daga baya kuma tare da dansa, Muhammed Bello . [2] Yayin da aka fadada hanyar Sakkwato akan gwagwarmayar arna, ridda, da rugujewa, Al-Kanemi ya kalubalance shi akan 'yancin makwabtansa wanda yace sun kasance musulmai akalla shekaru 800. [3] Wadannan muhawara, sau da yawa kan yanayin Jihad da mulkin Musulmai, har yanzu suna kan gaba a mahallin Najeriya . [4]
Mulki akan Borno
gyara sashe
Lokacin da El-Kanemi ya hau kan mulki bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani, bai sake tsara masarautar Sayfawa ba: kawai ya yi kokarin shigar da mutanen sa ne a cikin tsarin mallakar yankin Sayfawa, chima chidibe . Cohen ya bayyana cewa babbar kungiyar siyasa ta karni na goma sha tara ta Borno ya samo asali ne daga alakar mutum kuma Al-Kanemi ya fara kulla alakar abokin ciniki. [5]
Maza shida sun goyi bayan hawan al-Kanemi akan mulki a Bornu. Sun hada da abokinsa mai suna Al-Hajj Sudani, dan kasuwa dan Toubou da aboki al-Hajj Malia, surukinsa daga dangin matar shi wanda ya jagoranci Kanembu Kuburi a Kanem kamar Shettima Kuburi, da Shuwa Arabs uku: Mallam Muhammad Tirab na Baghirimi, Mallam Ibrahim Wadaima na Wadai, da kuma Mallam Ahmed Gonomi.
Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙarshe, har yanzu muna watsi da yadda Al-Kanemi ke mamaye daukacin yankin Borno bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani. Ya ya ne kawai a kai na sirri sarauta kamar yadda Last da shawarar, ko ba ya kaucewa kifar da ikon da mai? Wannan tsari wanda zai iya zama mafi tsayi fiye da shawarar Brenner ba a rubuce shi sosai ba. Labarin baka da tatsuniyoyin Turai kawai suna ba da damar Al-Kanemi ya sauka kan mulki. A wannan juzu'in farkon karni na sha tara, Al-Kanemi ya karbi iko a cikin 1810s ba tare da wani gasa daga mai Dunama IX Lefiami ba kafin shekarar 1820. El-Kanemi, ba face fuskar ta Borno ga shuwagabannin kasashen waje ba, ta zama mafi mahimmanci ga mai . Wasu da ke cikin coterie mai Dun Dunama an yi imanin cewa suna goyon bayan wani yunkurin kashe Shehu a cikin 1820. A wannan ranar, Mai Dunama da sarki Burgomanda na Baguirmi sun yi niyyar kawar da El-Kanemi. Wannan waje baki a Bornuese siyasa wani gazawar da kuma mai Dunama aka maye gurbinsu mai Ibrahim. [6] El-Kanemi, yayin da yake kan batun sabon mai, an sa masa hatimi a matsayin Shehu na duk Bornu.
A shekara ta 1814, al-Kanemi ya gina sabon garin Kukawa . Wannan sabon birni ya zama zahiri shine babban birnin kasar na Borno, kamar yadda al-Kanemi ya dauki suna Shehu. .
Game da shekarar 1819-20, Mai Dunama ya tashi da tawaye ga al-Kanemi, daga baya aka kashe shi a cikin yaki. Daga nan sai Al-Kanemi ya sanya dan uwan Dunama, Ibrahim, Mai. Sannan a cikin shekarun 1820, al-Kanemi ya kori Fulani daga Bornu, yana mai kalubalantar Khalifanci na Sakkwato, ya kuma mamaye yankin Deya- Damaturu . Hakan ya biyo bayan mamaye masarautar Kotoko da ke Kusseri, Ngulfai, da Logone, bayan da suka ci Bagirmi a shekarar 1824.
Sayfawa mais ya kasance shuwagabannin sarauta tun bayan mutuwar El-Kameni a 1837.
A 1846 na karshe mai, a league da Ouaddai Empire, precipitated wani yakin basasa, tsayayya El-Kanemi ta dan, Umar (1837-1881). A wannan lokacin ne Umar ya zama mai ikon mallaka, don haka ya dare da daya daga cikin tsoffin mulkokin zamanin da ke cikin tarihin Afirka. [7] [2]
Al-Kanemi kamar yadda Manjo Dixon Denham ke ganinsa
gyara sasheA watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1823, jirgin balaguron Birtaniyya karkashin jagorancin Manjo Dixon Denham da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton sun isa Borno. An gabatar da su ga Al-Kanemi. A cikin labarin tafiyarsa da aka buga a shekara ta 1826, Dixon Denham ya bayyana Al-Kanemi:
Rayuwa ta samar akanshi duk wani abunda Babban jagora zai samu; wani irin baiwa, cikakken adalci, yanayi nason cigaba, da martaba na sassauci da kamun kai: kuma haka ne yasa kadan ne na laifi ya shafe shi, wanda laifin itace yaki yarda a zamar dashi amatsayin Sultan --Dixon Denham
Daular
gyara sasheMuhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Magabata |
1st Shehu of Borno 1809–1837 |
Magaji Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin |
Bayanai
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Louis Brenner, The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu, Oxford Studies in African Affairs (Oxford,Clarendon Press, 1973). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Brenner" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Herbert Richmond Palmer, The Bornu Sahara and Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936), pp. 268-269.
- ↑ The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio and its impact beyond the Sokoto Caliphate Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, Papers of professor Usman Muhammad Bugaje (2005). Retrieved 2009-03-05
- ↑ An example is this one response to dueling 2003 editorials on the United States and modern Jihad in a Nigerian newspaper from 2003: Al-Kanemi Before Dan Fodio's Court: Sultan Bello’s response to Kyari Tijjani, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Lagos, April 2003.
- ↑ Ronald Cohen, The Kanuri of Bornu, Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Holt, 1967).
- ↑ Murray Last, ‘Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno’, in Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev. ed. (Paris: Presence Africaine, 1986), pp.599-646.
- ↑ Dierk Lange, 'The kingdoms and peoples of Chad', in General history of Africa, ed. by Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 238-265.
Bibliography
gyara sashe- Brenner, Louis, Shehus na Kukawa: Tarihin Tarihin Daular Al-Kanemi ta Bornu, Nazarin Oxford a cikin Harkokin Afirka (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973).
- Cohen, Ronald, Kanuri na Bornu, Nazarin shari a cikin ilimin al'adu na al'adu (New York: Holt, 1967).
- Denham, Dixon da Kyaftin Clapperton da Late Doctor Oudney, Labarun tafiye-tafiye da ganowa a Arewacin da Afirka ta Tsakiya, (Boston: Taro, Hilliards da Co., 1826).
- Isichei, Elizabeth, Tarihi ne na Kawancen Afirka zuwa 1870 (Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge, 1997), pp. 318-320, .
- Lange, Dierk, 'Dauloli da mutanen Chadi', a cikin tarihin Afirka gaba daya, ed. wanda Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 238–265.
- Karshe, Murray, 'Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno', a Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev. ed. (Paris: Shugabancin Afirka, 1986), pp. 599- 646.
- Lavers, John, "Al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: Tarihin aiki" a cikin Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, Bd. 2, Frankfurt a. M. 1993: 179-186.
- Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005). Afirka Tun daga 1800, Juzu'i Na Biyar . Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005). Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005).
- Palmer, Herbert Richmond, Bornu Sahara da Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936).
- Taher, Mohamed (1997). Binciken Encyclopedic na Daulolin Musulunci jerin cigaban zamani . New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN Taher, Mohamed (1997). Taher, Mohamed (1997).