Wikipedia

Global Witness

Global Witness Wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da aka kafa a cikin 1993 wacce ke aiki don karya alakar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rikici, talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, da take hakkin dan Adam a duk duniya. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a London da Washington, DC Global Witness ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata alaka ta siyasa. Gillian Caldwell ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin babban darekta a watan Yuli 2015, kuma an nada Mark Stephens Shugabanci a cikin Maris 2016. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Mike Davis ya zama Shugaba na Global Witness.[1][2]

Global Witness
Bayanai
Gajeren suna GW
Iri non-governmental organization (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Birtaniya
Mulki
Hedkwata Landan
Financial data
Haraji 11,195,000 € (2019)
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1993
Wanda ya samar
Patrick Alley (en) Fassara
Charmian Gooch (en) Fassara
Simon Taylor (en) Fassara

globalwitness.org

Global Witness
witness
Tambarin global witness

Binciken da Global Witness ta yi a watan Afrilun 2014 ya nuna cewa an kashe kusan sau uku fiye da adadin masu kare muhalli da aka kashe a 2012 fiye da shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 147 a cikin 2012, idan aka kwatanta da 51 a 2002. A Brazil, an kashe masu fafutuka 448 masu kare albarkatun kasa tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2013, a Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67, da Thailand 16. Yawancin wadanda ke fuskantar barazana, talakawa ne da ke adawa da kwace filaye, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai da kuma cinikin katako na masana'antu, wadanda galibi ana tilasta musu barin gidajensu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar lalata muhalli. An kashe wasu kuma saboda zanga-zangar da ake yi kan madatsun ruwa na ruwa da gurbatar yanayi da kuma kare namun daji.[3] A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Duniya sun rubuta irin waɗannan mutuwar guda 212 a cikin shekara.

Bayanan martaba

gyara sashe

Global Witness ta bayyana cewa manufofinta ita ce fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa, don fitar da yakin da ke kawo karshen rashin adalci, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da albarkatu, da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli. Kungiyar ta binciko yadda lu'u-lu'u da sauran albarkatun kasa za su iya samar da kudade ko kuma rura wutar cin hanci da rashawa. Tana gudanar da bincike a kan yadda wasu mutane na musamman da kamfanoni na kasuwanci ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haramtacciyar dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar mai, iskar gas da ma'adinai.[4]

Hanyar Shaida ta Duniya ta haɗu da bincike na bincike, buga rahotanni da kuma gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ana yaɗa rahotanni zuwa ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.[5] An yi niyya ne don tsara manufofin duniya da canza tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa game da hakowa da cinikin albarkatun ƙasa da tasirin da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin dorewa zai iya haifar da ci gaba, 'yancin ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki .

Aiyuka

gyara sashe

Global Witness ta yi aiki a kan lu'u-lu'u, mai, katako, koko, gas, zinariya da sauran ma'adanai. Ta gudanar da bincike da nazarin shari'a a Cambodia, Angola, Laberiya, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan da Ivory Coast . Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative,[6][7]

Tsarin Kimberley,[8][9] da Buga Abin da Ka Biya haɗin gwiwa.[10] (Shaidan Duniya ya janye daga Tsarin Kimberley a 2011, yana mai cewa ba ya aiki.[11])

Kamfen na farko na ƙungiyar ya haɗa da yin aiki da cinikin katako na haramtacciyar hanya tsakanin Cambodia da Tailandia wanda ke ba da tallafin ƴan ta'addar Khmer Rouge .

Global Witness ta yi gardamar cewa ana iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, kuma an yi amfani da su, don tallafawa sojoji da ƴan bindigar da ke kisan kai, fyaɗe, da sauran cin zarafin ɗan adam akan farar hula. Ya ce "ana iya amfani da albarkatun kasa don yin shawarwari da wanzar da zaman lafiya"[12] kuma "zai iya zama mabuɗin kawo ƙarshen talaucin Afirka".[13]

Kambodiya

gyara sashe

Kamfen na farko na Witness na Duniya shine a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 1990 inda Khmer Rouge ke safarar katako zuwa Thailand. Jaridar Observer ta danganta dakatarwar da “cikakkiyar rahoton da Global Witness ta yi”.[14]

Bayan wani rahoto da ke alaƙanta dangin Firayim Minista Hun Sen da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati, an nakalto dan uwan Firayim Minista Hun Neng, wanda shi ma gwamnan lardin ne a wata jaridar Cambodia yana cewa idan wani daga Global Witness ya koma Cambodia, zai "ku buge su har sai kawunansu ya karye."[15] A cikin 2009, Global Witness ta fitar da Ƙasa don Siyarwa,[16] rahoto kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon lasisin albarkatun ƙasa na Cambodia. A cikin 2010 rahoton, Shifting Sand, an buga shi. Ya bincika yashi don fitarwa zuwa Singapore. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa, fitattun ƴan majalisar dattawan Cambodia biyu ne suka mamaye cinikin.[17]

Lu'u-lu'u na jini

gyara sashe

A cikin 1998 Global Witness ta fitar da rahoton, A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict,[18] yana bayyana irin rawar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya ke takawa wajen bayar da tallafi ga yakin basasar Angola .

Saliyo

gyara sashe

A matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da lu'u-lu'u masu rikici, Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin Shaida ta Kimberley (KCPS). An kafa tsarin ba da takardar shaida na gwamnatocin duniya don dakatar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini, wanda ke buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa jigilar lu'u-lu'u ba ta da rikici.[19]

Kamar sauran ƙasashe na kudu da hamadar Sahara (SSA), Saliyo na da albarkatun mai da ma'adinai a cikin rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa, yawan talauci, da rikice-rikice. [20]

Ƙarƙashin yunƙurin ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Charles Taylor, wanda ya mamaye masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ana cinikin lu'u-lu'u don bindigogi tare da Revolutionary United Front (RUF).[21] Wannan ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ita kaɗai ta sami kuɗin da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 125. A shekara ta 1998, Global Witness ta ce lu’u-lu’u ne ke haddasa waɗannan rikice-rikice. Sakamakon binciken da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2000, an tabbatar da cewa ana safarar duwatsun daga gabashin Saliyo ta Laberiya, daga baya kuma zuwa kasuwannin duniya.[ana buƙatar hujja] Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya takunkumi kan lu'u-lu'u na Laberiya a cikin Maris 2001.

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2000, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wani kuduri a Antwerp don ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na toshe tallace-tallacen lu'u-lu'u masu rikici. Bayan haka, tare da karuwar matsin lamba na duniya daga Global Witness da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, an gudanar da tarurruka tare da kasashe masu samar da lu'u-lu'u sama da shekaru uku, wanda aka kammala a kafa tsarin tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na duniya a watan Janairu 2003. Tsarin ba da takardar shaida kan fitarwa da shigo da lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka fi sani da KCPS, an kira shi da kudurin, inda ya kafa doka a dukkan kasashe na karbar jigilar lu'u-lu'u kawai da aka rufe a hukumance tare da takardar shaidar KP da ke ba da tabbacin cewa ba su da rikici. Duk wanda aka samu yana safarar lu'u-lu'u masu rikici za a tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka, yayin da kuma za a sanya takunkumi kan mutanen da aka samu suna cinikin wadannan duwatsun daga barayin lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Diamond Bourses.[22]

Tsarin Kimberley (KP) a Saliyo ya kasance mai inganci wajen iyakance kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Mafi mahimmanci, KP ya taimaka wajen maido da zaman lafiya da tsaro a cikin rayuwar wadannan mutane, kuma, ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wadannan yanayi, ya sa su ci gaba. An yi nasara wajen isar da lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa kasuwannin duniya, da haɓaka kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ci gaba. A cikin 2006, an fitar da lu'u-lu'u kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 125 bisa doka daga Saliyo, idan aka kwatanta da kusan babu guda a cikin shekarun 1990.[23]

Duk da nasarar da ya samu, bayan shekaru tara, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2011, Global Witness ta sanar da cewa ta fice daga KP, inda ta bayyana cewa ba a gyara manyan kurakuran shirin ba yayin da gwamnatoci suka daina nuna sha'awar yin garambawul.[24]

Mai, gas, da ma'adinai

gyara sashe

Ƙididdiga ta Duniya don samun ƙarin fahimi a ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai. Memba ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Buga Abin da kuke Biyan (PWYP), wanda ke ba da shawarar "bayyana wajabcin biyan kuɗin kamfani da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati daga ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai". Sama da ƙungiyoyin jama'a 300 a duniya memba ne na PWYP. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa PWYP sun hada da CAFOD, Oxfam, Save the Children UK, Transparency International UK, da George Soros, Shugaban Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a.[25]

Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Initiative Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya sanar a lokacin taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg a watan Satumba 2002 kuma Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Disamba 2003. EITI sakamakon ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar PWYP ne. Yanzu haka ana tallafa mata da mafi yawan kamfanonin mai, haƙar ma'adinai da iskar gas da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, jimillar dalar Amurka tiriliyan 8.3. Global Witness memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya ta EITI kuma tana zaune a kan hukumar EITI.

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

gyara sashe

Global Witness tana aiki kan batutuwa da dama a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC).[26] Sashin gidan yanar gizon su na DRC ya karanta cewa, "'Yan siyasa, sojoji da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun wawashe dukiyar kasa tare da yin amfani da ita wajen wadatar da kansu wajen cutar da jama'a." Global Witness ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su dakatar da cinikin ma'adanai da ke ruruta wutar yaƙi a gabashin Kongo.

Global Witness ta bayyana albarkatun rikice-rikice a matsayin "albarkatun dabi'a waɗanda cin zarafi da cinikayya a cikin wani yanayi na rikici suna ba da gudummawa, amfana daga ko haifar da aiwatar da manyan take hakki na bil'adama, take haƙƙin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma cin zarafi da ya kai ga laifuka ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa."[27]

Dazuzzuka

gyara sashe

Global Witness ta yi ayyuka da yawa a kan gandun daji. Ta fitar da rahotanni kan yadda katako ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden yakin basasa a Laberiya da kuma duba yadda ake fasa kwaurin katako daga Burma zuwa China.[28]

A baya-bayan nan ne dai Global Witness ta kaddamar da shari'ar kotu a kasar Faransa kan kamfanin DLH da suka yi zargin sayan katako daga wasu kamfanonin ƙasar Laberiya a lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin shekara ta 2001-2003, inda ta ke bayar da goyon baya ga gwamnatin Charles Taylor.[29]

Global Witness ta kwatanta dazuzzuka a matsayin "matsayi na ƙarshe a kan sauyin yanayi", tare da sare itatuwa ya kai kashi 18 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya.[30] Dangane da kokarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kulla yarjejeniya kan " Rage hayaki mai guba daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji " (REDD) Global Witness ta ce: "REDD na da matukar hadari ga gandun daji da kuma al'ummomin cikin gida kuma za ta yi nasara ne kawai idan ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun tsunduma a matsayin mai zaman kanta mai sa ido don tabbatar da hakan. ana amfani da kudin ne bisa dokokin kasa da ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa."

Global Witness ta soki tsarin da Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi na karfafa aikin noman noma na masana'antu a matsayin hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda a cewarta, an sha nuna gazawa. Madadin haka, Global Witness tana ba da shawarar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda ke amfanar al'ummomin da suka dogara da gandun daji, ƙasashensu na asali, muhalli, kuma suna ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin "kadara ta duniya".[31]

Kwanan nan

gyara sashe

Kamfanonin da ba a san su ba

gyara sashe

Global Witness na ƙalubalanta a kan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba da kuma don rajistar mallakar fa'ida . Kamfanoni da ba a san su ba al'adar kasuwanci ce ta doka amma ana iya amfani da su don dalilai kamar su halatta kuɗaɗen haram, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, ko guje wa haraji.[32]

Bankuna

gyara sashe

A shekara ta 2009 Global Witness ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rawar da bankuna ke takawa wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. Rahotonta, Undue Diligence,[33] ya bayyana sunayen wasu manyan bankunan da suka yi kasuwanci tare da gwamnatocin rashawa. Ya kara da cewa, "ta hanyar karbar wadannan kwastomomi, bankuna suna taimaka wa wadanda ke amfani da kadarorin gwamnati wajen arzuta kansu ko kuma musgunawa jama'arsu" kuma "wannan cin hanci da rashawa ya hana talakawan duniya damar fitar da kansu daga kangin talauci da kuma barin su dogaro da kansu. yarda." [33]

Shaida ta Duniya tana kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Taskforce akan Mutuncin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, kuma memba ne na BankTrack, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a ta UNCAC.[34] A cikin Mayu 2009, ma'aikaciyar Global Witness, Anthea Lawson, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Sabis na Kuɗi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan "Asara Babban Ƙasa, Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Rawar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Yamma".[35] A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian mai kwanan wata 9 ga Fabrairu 2010, Ms Lawson ta zargi bankunan Burtaniya da "sun nuna hadin kai" a cikin cin hanci da rashawa.

Sudan

gyara sashe

Global Witness ta yi kamfen na tabbatar da gaskiya a masana'antar mai na Sudan. Global Witness ta buga Fueling Mistrust a watan Yunin 2009, wani rahoto da ke nuna bambance-bambancen da ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100 tsakanin alƙaluman da gwamnatin Sudan ta wallafa da na babban kamfanin mai da ke aiki a yankin, CNPC ya wallafa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin arewaci da kudanci ta yi tanadi kan yarjejeniyar raba kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu daga man fetur.[36]

Lu'u-lu'u na Zimbabwe

gyara sashe

A watan Yuni na 2010, Global Witness ta soki Zimbabwe saboda manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi a filayen Lu'u-lu'u na Marange. Ta buga wani rahoto na Return of the Blood Diamond wanda ya soki tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley saboda rashin mayar da martani mai inganci ga rikicin Zimbabwe.[37] A cikin Yuli 2010 Tendai Midzi, yana rubutawa a cikin The Zimbabwe Guardian, ya zargi Global Witness da Partnership Africa Canada da kasancewa "amma abin kunya ne na gwamnatocin yammacin da suke wakilta".[38]

Malaysia

gyara sashe

Global Witness ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a cinikin filaye a cikin gwamnatin Taib Mahmud, babban ministan jihar Sarawak a Malaysia ta faifan bidiyo mai taken "Cikin Jihar Inuwar Malaysia."[39] Bidiyon ya nuna hotunan tattaunawa da dangin Taib da lauyansu inda wakilan Global Witness suka nuna a matsayin masu son saka hannun jari.[40]

2020: An kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli 227 a duk duniya

gyara sashe

A cikin 2019, Global Witness ta rubuta kisan gillar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 212, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shekara mafi muni tun lokacin da aka fara wannan rikodin, a cikin 2012.[41] Wannan ya haura daga adadin 197 da aka kashe a cikin 2018.[42] 2020 ya ƙara ƙaruwa a lokuta, tare da kashe 227.[43]

Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

gyara sashe

Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada ta kasance tare da Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da ƴan majalisar dattijai suka gabatar da sunayensu don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2003 don aiki kan alakar rikici da lu'u-lu'u a ƙasashen Afirka da dama.[44][45]

  • Wanda ya ci kyautar Gleitsman Foundation don gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa (2005)
  • Wanda ya ci nasara a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya / Mujallar Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje ga Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayoyin Ci gaba a Kyautar Ayyuka (2007)
  • Wanda ya karɓi Kyautar Allard don Mutuncin Ƙasashen Duniya (2013 Mai Girma Magana)[46]
  • Charmian Gooch, ɗaya daga cikin uku da suka kafa Daraktocin Duniya na Duniya, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ted a cikin 2014. Burin ta shine "mu san su waye suke da iko da kamfanoni, don kada a daina amfani da su ba tare da sunansu ba wajen cin mutuncin jama'a." Bari mu kunna ra'ayi na duniya, mu canza doka, tare da kaddamar da sabon zamani na bude kofa a kasuwanci.'[47][48][49]
  • Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Skoll don Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a 2014
  • Wanda ya lashe kyautar David da Goliath Foundation na Sheila McKechnie Foundation na 2021, don nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na dakatar da tallafin biliyoyin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke bayarwa na albarkatun mai a ketare. Adam McGibbon mai fafutukar sheda ta Duniya ne ya haɗa gangamin.[50][51]

Kuɗin shiga

gyara sashe

Mafi yawan tallafin Shaidu na Duniya suna zuwa ne daga tallafi da gidauniyoyi, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin agaji suke bayarwa.[52]


Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfanar su shine Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a, wacce kuma ke ba da tallafin Human Rights Watch.[53] Global Witness kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Norway da na Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Adessium, da Oxfam Novib.

A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar The Guardian a shekara ta 2007, Patrick Alley, dtaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa, ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatoci na iya nuna son kai ga yakin neman zaɓensu: “Kasancewar jagorancin yakin neman zabe, maimakon jagorancin kudade, yana nufin cewa ba a hada da ‘yancin kai namu ba. ," in ji gardama.[54] "Ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta taba tambaya ko muna so mu sanya hannu kan wata magana ta sirri. Mun ce ba za mu ɗauki kuɗaɗen a karkashin wadannan sharudda ba. Babu wata gwamnati da ta taɓa ƙoƙarin sanya wani hani."[55]

Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Nuwamba 2009 Kudin shiga na Shaidun Duniya ya kai £3,831,831. A cikin wannan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 sun fito ne a matsayin tallafi daga amintattu da gidauniyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 33 cikin 100 daga gwamnatoci, kashi uku daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu, sannan kashi uku daga cikin kudaden ruwa na banki da sauran hanyoyin. Global Witness ta ce tana kashe kashi 75 cikin 100 na kudadenta wajen yakin neman zabe, kashi bakwai kan harkokin sadarwa da tara kuɗaɗe, sannan kashi 18 cikin 100 na tallafi da gudanar da mulki.[56]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Meet our CEO Mike Davis". www.globalwitness.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "The Oil Heist of the Century - Skoll World Forum ... 'Chaired by: Mike Davis – CEO, Global Witness'". www.youtube.com. 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Surge in deaths of environmental activists over past decade, report finds". The Guardian. 14 April 2014.
  4. ↑ Mark Boulton Design. "Global Witness about_us". globalwitness.org. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  5. ↑ Mark Boulton Design. "Global Witness- Home page". globalwitness.org. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "Stakeholders". eiti.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  7. ↑ "EITI Blog: The first session". eiti.org. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  8. ↑ Cauvin, Henri E. (30 Nov 2001). "Plan Backed to End Diamond Trade That Fuels War". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2020. This week's final round of talks, here in the capital of this peaceful mining country, were the culmination of negotiations that began in May 2000 in Kimberley, South Africa, and have come to be called the Kimberley Process.
  9. ↑ "Working Groups (kimberleyprocess.com, Dec 2009)". Archived from the original on 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12. The Kimberley Process (KP) unites administrations, civil societies, and industry in reducing the flow of conflict diamonds - ‘rough diamonds used to finance wars against governments’ - around the world.
  10. ↑ "Who we are". Publish What You Pay. Retrieved 12 January 2020. With more than 700 member organisations and 50 national coalitions, we campaign for an open and accountable extractive sector.
  11. ↑ Eligon, John (5 December 2011). "Global Witness Quits Group on 'Blood Diamonds'". NY Times. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  12. ↑ "Our History". globalwitness.org. September 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  13. ↑ "GlobalWitness Annual Review 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  14. ↑ John Sweeney (26 March 2000). "Last outpost of the Khmer Rouge". Observer Newspaper, "Going Underground". ...lawless mining town of Pailin. John Sweeney visits the town and discovers corruption... Global Witness closed down the illegal logging trade between western Cambodia, the area around Pailin controlled by the KR, and Thailand, thanks to its detailed and accurate reporting.
  15. ↑ "The dangers for journalists who expose environmental issues" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. September 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31.
  16. ↑ "Country for Sale". globalwitness.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08.
  17. ↑ Global Witness, Shifting Sand, how Singapore's demand for Cambodian sand threatens ecosystems and undermines good governance, May 2010
  18. ↑ A Rough Trade. Global Witness. 1998. ISBN 0952759357.
  19. ↑ "The Kimberley Process". globalwitness.org. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  20. ↑ Omeje, K., eds. Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South Multi Regional Perspectives on Rentier Politics. Hampshire/Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2008.
  21. ↑ Omeje, K., eds. Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South Multi Regional Perspectives on Rentier Politics. Hampshire/Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2008.
  22. ↑ "History of the Conflict". globalwitness.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
  23. ↑ "World Diamond Council website". DiamondFacts.org. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  24. ↑ "Global Witness leaves Kimberley Process, calls for diamond trade to be held accountable". globalwitness.org. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  25. ↑ "News & Broadcast - WBG Endorses Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative". worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  26. ↑ "Democratic Republic of Congo". globalwitness.org. September 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02.
  27. ↑ "Conflict". globalwitness.org. June 2010. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Timber, Taylor, Soldier, Spy". globalwitness.org. September 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  29. ↑ "Bankrolling Brutality - Why European timber company DLH should be held to account for profiting from Liberian conflict timber". globalwitness.org. November 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  30. ↑ "Forests". globalwitness.org. September 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  31. ↑ "Corruption could undermine REDD". Mongabay. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  32. ↑ "Charmian Gooch: anonymous company ownership is fuelling corruption". Wired. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Undue Diligence: How banks do business with corrupt regimes". globalwitness.org. March 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  34. ↑ "Committee on Financial Services, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress, First Session" (PDF). May 19, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Letters: Banks, tax havens and corruption". The Guardian. London. 9 February 2010.
  36. ↑ "Fuelling Mistrust: The need for transparency in Sudan's oil industry". globalwitness.org. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  37. ↑ "Return of the blood diamond: how the crisis in Zimbabwe is undermining international efforts to eradicate conflict diamonds". globalwitness.org. June 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  38. ↑ "Kimberley Process - the new colonial project". globalwitness.org. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  39. ↑ "Inside Malaysia's Shadow State". Global Witness. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  40. ↑ "Taib denies cousins his land brokers, says he goes by government procedures". The Star Online. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-22. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  41. ↑ "Environment activists: 'I got death and rape threats'". www.bbc.co.uk. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  42. ↑ "New data reveals 197 land and environmental defenders murdered in 2017". www.globalwitness.org. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  43. ↑ "Record number of environmental activists murdered". bbc.co.uk. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  44. ↑ "2005 International Activist Award Honorees". gleitsman.org. October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  45. ↑ "Global Witness 2013 Honourable Mention". Allard Prize for International Integrity. Peter A. Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  46. ↑ "TED Prize winner Charmian Gooch reveals her wish at TED2014 - TED Blog". TED Blog. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  47. ↑ "The Skoll Foundation Announces Seven 2014 Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship (search year 2014)". skollfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  48. ↑ "The Skoll Foundation Announces Seven 2014 Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship". finance.yahoo.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  49. ↑ "Global Witness -see video". skoll.org. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  50. ↑ "UK Overseas Fossil Fuels Campaign > Sheila McKechnie Foundation". Sheila McKechnie Foundation (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  51. ↑ Corr, Shauna (2021-05-13). "Belfast man wins award for convincing UK Government to stop funding fossil fuels". BelfastLive (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  52. ↑ "Our supporters". globalwitness.org. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02.
  53. ↑ "Open Society Foundations". soros.org. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  54. ↑ "Adessium". adessium.org. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  55. ↑ Benjamin, Alison (31 January 2007). "Rough diamonds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  56. ↑ "Global Witness Annual Report, 2009, Financial Information" (PDF). p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-02.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

gyara sashe

Samfuri:Corruption

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Witness&oldid=511620"