Dokar 'Yancin Yara a Najeriya
A shekara ta 2003, Najeriya ta amince da dokar kare hakkin yara don yin amfani da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara. [1] Dokar kare hakkin yara ta shekarar 2003 ta faɗaɗa haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka bai wa ƴan ƙasa a cikin Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ga yara. [1] Duk da cewa an zartar da wannan doka a matakin tarayya, amma tana aiki ne kawai idan majalisun Jihohi su ma sun tsara dokar. [2] An fara gabatar da kudirin ne a shekara ta 2002, amma bai amince da shi ba saboda adawar Majalisar Koli ta Shari’a. [3] A shekarar 2003 ne tsohon shugaban ƙasa Cif Olusegun Obansanjo ya kafa dokar a hukumance a matsayin dokar kare hakkin yara ta 2003, saboda matsin lambar da masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka yi wa majalisar dokokin ƙasar. [1] [3]
Abubuwan da ke ciki
gyara sasheDokar kare hakkin yara ita kanta tana da shafuka 230 kuma ta ƙunshi sassa 278 daban-daban. [4]
Sashe na 1 yana da umurni cewa sa'ad da yaro ya damu, abin da ya fi dacewa da su shi ne su riƙa koyi. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa iyaye ko mai kula da shi wajibi ne su cika aikin ba wa yaro kariya ta asali. [4]
Sashe na II- ya ƙayyade cewa Mataki na IV na kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1999 da duk wani dokar tarayya wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai ya kamata a gani a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin. Wannan labarin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da haƙƙoƙi, 'yanci da alhakin yara. Ya ci gaba da bayyana takamaiman hakkoki ga yara ciki har da haƙƙin: rayuwa, suna, rayuwar iyali, rayuwar sirri, mutunci, nishaɗi, ayyukan al'adu, sabis na kiwon lafiya, da ilimi.[4]
Sashe na III - ya tattauna hanyoyin da za a kare yaro. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kariya daga auren yara da kuma hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifin ga waɗanda suke da hannu a ciki. Sauran abubuwan kariya sun haɗa da: rashin cutar da su (ciki har da yiwa alama da jarfa) ko cin zarafin jima'i, kariya daga aikin cin gajiyar aiki, ko shigar da su cikin kowane aikin soja. [4]
Sashe na IV - ya lissafa dalilan lokacin da za a iya neman odar tantance yara da dalilai da tsawon lokacin da za a ba yaro odar kariyar gaggawa. Haka kuma ana bayyana wajibcin da gwamnatin jiha ta rataya a wuyanta idan aka bayyana wa wannan cibiyar cewa ana cutar da yaro. [4]
Sashe na V - yana nuna yanayin da za a kai yaro kotu don sanin ko yana buƙatar kariya. Wannan ɓangaren kuma yana ƙayyade nau'in mutumin da za a ba shi izinin yin irin wannan shawarar ta amfani da jagororin dalla-dalla a wannan sashe. [4]
Sashe na VI - yana ƙididdige hanyoyi da hanyar da kotu za ta ci gaba bayan an ba da odar tantance yara. [4]
Sashe na VII - yana ba da damar kotu ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje na uba don yanke shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a lokacin da ba a san ko su waye iyayen yaro ba. [4]
Sashe na VIII- ya nuna yadda ya kamata a yanke shawara game da kula da yaro. [4]
Sashe na IX - cikakkun bayanai waɗanda aka ba da izinin renon yara da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya canja wurin waliyya daga babba zuwa wani akan yaro. [4]
Sashe na X - ya kafa yadda yaro ya zama ma'aikacin kotu, cewa za a iya samun biyan kuɗin da ake buƙata daga wani waliyyi na baya don "kula da" yaronsu, da kuma dokokin yadda za a sake sake yaro a hannun mai kula da shi. . [4]
Sashe na XI - ya bayyana yanayin da za a iya reno yaro, hanyar da babba zai iya amfani da shi don renon yaro, da kuma dokokin da babba ke renon yaron dole ne ya bi. [4]
Sashe na XII - yana buƙatar kowace jiha ta Najeriya ta ƙirƙiri tsarin ayyukan tallafi. Wannan sashe kuma yana zayyana tsarin neman karɓo kuma ya ba da ƙayyadaddun cewa wanda ke son ɗaukar ɗa dole ne ya zauna a cikin jihar da yaron ya riga ya rayu. [4]
Sashe na XIII - ya ƙirƙira tsarin kotunan iyali mai matakai biyu, ya kafa haƙƙin ba da shawara ga duk yara, kuma ya tsara masu tsaro (kamar riƙe sunan yaron, hotunan makaranta ko duk wani abin da aka gano) a cikin gwaji wanda ake nufi. don kare yaron. [4]
Sashe na XIV- ya umurci kowace jiha ta samar da rajista wanda zai bibiyi sunayen yaran da ake kulawa da su da kuma sunayen masu kula da yara ko masu kula da ranar da aka dora wa alhakin kallon yaran. Wannan sashe kuma yana bai wa gwamnati ikon bincika duk wani wuri da "tunanin yara" ya faru. [4]
Sashe na XV - ya bayyana cewa, wuraren da ake buƙatar gwamnatin jiha ta shiga don kare lafiyar yara. [4]
Sashe na XVI-XVIII - yana nuna nau'ikan gidaje waɗanda za a iya kafawa don gina yara: gidajen al'umma (ko gidaje ga yaran da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati ko a'a), gidajen sa kai, da gidajen yara masu rijista. [4]
Sashe na XIX - ya tabbatar da cewa minista na iya ba da bincike kan gidajen yara saboda dalilan da aka jera a cikin sashe. [4]
Sashe na XX - yana ba wa yara 'yancin yin sirri a tsarin kotu. Wannan sashe kuma ya bayyana ƙarara cewa za a yi wa yara shari’a ta tsarin shari’ar ƙananan yara ba kotuna da ake shari’ar manya ba. An yi nuni da cewa a cikin rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya, dole ne a samu waɗanda aka horar da su musamman don kula da yara. Tun daga kama yaro zuwa yadda ake kula da su a wata cibiya, wannan sashe yana zayyana hanyoyin da za a bi. [4]
Sashe na XXI - nuna hanyoyin da ake naɗa “jami’an sa ido” da kuma ayyukan da aka naɗa na musamman. [4]
Sashe na XXII - ya ƙayyade cewa wannan doka ta ba wa minista damar ƙirƙirar takamaiman cibiyoyin da ake nufi don biyan buƙatun yara. Waɗannan cibiyoyin sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance su): Cibiyoyin Mazauna Yara, Cibiyoyin Kariyar Gaggawa, da Cibiyoyin Gyaran Yara. [4]
Sashe na XXIII - ya kirkiro kwamitin aiwatar da hakkin yara na kasa wanda dole ne ya kunshi wakilai ɗaya daga hukumomi goma sha huɗu na Najeriya. Aikin kwamitin dai shi ne daukar matakan da za su kai ga kiyaye wannan doka da ma sauran yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin ɗan Adam da Najeriya ta rattabawa hannu. [4]
Sashe na XXIV - an yi masa laƙabi da “mabambanta” kuma ya tabo wasu abubuwan da kowane kamfani zai iya fuskanta na rashin bin wannan doka. Wannan sashe kuma yana ƙara bayyana sharuɗɗan. [4]
Aiwatarwa
gyara sasheTun daga shekarar 2016, dokar kare hakkin yara ta zama doka a jihohi 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, [5] inda Enugu ya kasance na baya bayan nan da ya kafa dokar a watan Disamba 2016.
Domin aiwatar da dokar, an ƙirƙiri kwamitin aiwatar da hakkin yara na ƙasa. An kuma kafa kwamitoci ga wasu jihohin da suka amince da dokar. [2] Kwamitin ya zayyana muhimman abubuwa guda biyar da suka fi ba da muhimmanci wajen magance buƙatun yara: Samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli, yin aiki kan annobar cutar kanjamau, samar da guraɓen aikin yi ga mata ta yadda za su samu damar kula da yara, samar da ilimi na asali na duniya da kuma inganta tsarin kula da lafiya na farko. [2] Rahoton na shekarar 2010 ya lura cewa ikon sa ido da isassun aiwatar da aikin yana da ƙasa. [2]
Wata hanyar da dokar kare hakkin yara ke tabbatar da wahalar aiwatarwa ita ce saboda ta saba wa sauran dokokin ƙasa. Ko da yake Dokar kare hakkin yara ta bayyana yaro a matsayin duk wanda bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, wannan ya ci karo da wata dokar Najeriya, Dokar Matasa, wadda ta ayyana yaro a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara sha huɗu ba. Akasin haka, Ayyukan Matashi suna ɗaukar mutane masu shekaru sha huɗu zuwa goma sha bakwai “matasa”. [6] [7] Ma'anar da waɗannan dokoki guda biyu suka ƙirƙira suna cikin tashin hankali da juna kuma suna haifar da batutuwa a cikin al'amuran tafsiri. Ko da yake ya kamata a yi la’akari da tanade-tanaden da ke cikin dokar kare hakkin yara a matsayin tauye duk wata doka, kasancewar ba a amince da dokar kare hakkin yara a duk jihohin Najeriya ba ya sa ya zama mai wahala. [7]
Martanin Kungiyoyin Addini
gyara sasheAkwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu ƙungiyoyin addini su bi ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Na farko shi ne ta hanyar tunanin yancin ɗan adam kamar yadda Allah ya ba shi kuma wani ɓangare na al'ada. [8] Ga masu yin addinin Musulunci, ana iya ganin hakan a cikin ma'auni tsakanin wasu haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin shelar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya da kur'ani. Idan ana maganar haƙƙin ɗan adam na yara, akwai nassosi a cikin Alqur'ani da hadisi waɗanda suka dace da dokar kare hakkin yara ta 2003. Misali, an yi magana game da haƙƙin tsarewa ko waliyya a cikin Q 65:7, haƙƙin ilimi ya zo a cikin Tirmiziy, hadisi na 218. [8]
Sai dai kuma, hanya ta biyu da kungiyoyin addini ke ganin hakkin ɗan Adam a matsayin ɗorawa yammacin duniya wanda ya sabawa ayyukan addini ko al'adu. [8] Ko da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa da Shari'ar Musulunci ta dace da Dokar 'Yancin Yara, kamar yadda aka zayyana a sama, akwai manyan batutuwa guda biyar da suka saba wa shari'ar Musulunci a cikin dokar ta shekarar 2003. Na farko shine magana game da auren yara a cikin Sashe na III. A cikin dokar kare hakkin yara, an bayyana cewa duk auren da yaro ya yi zai zama haramun saboda yara ba za su iya kasancewa cikin yarjejeniyar aure mai inganci ba. [9] Wannan doka ta ci karo da koyarwar addinin Musulunci na cewa mahaifin yarinya zai iya aurenta ba tare da neman yardarta ba. [8] Na biyu, a Sashe na VIII an tabbatar da cewa da zarar an karɓi yaro, iyayen da suka ɗauke su ko kuma iyayensu ne ke da alhakin yaron kawai, tare da ƙwace haƙƙoƙin iyayen da suka haihu don yanke kowane shawara game da yaron. [9] Tunanin cewa iyayen da suka haihu su bar duk wani hakki ga yaro yana cikin tashin hankali tare da Surrah 33: 4-5, inda aka bayyana cewa, ya kamata yara su ci gaba da manne wa iyayensu da aka haife su da sunan. [8] Na uku, an tabbatar da shi a Sashe na VIII na Dokar Haƙƙin Yara cewa a yanayin da iyayen yaro ba su auri juna ba lokacin da aka haihu, ko dai uwa ko uba na iya neman kulawa ga yaron. [9] Ga da yawa daga cikin al'ummar Musulunci, idan aka haifi yaro ba tare da aure ba, abu ne mai matukar muhimmanci, kuma ana iya ganin wannan sashe a cikin dokar hakkin yara a matsayin na yau da kullun. [8] Batu na huɗu da ake takun saka tsakanin dokar kare hakkin yara da al’ummar musulmi shi ne batun kulawa ko tsarewa kamar yadda aka tanada a sashe na IX na dokar. [9] A dunkule shari'ar Musulunci ta ɗauki uwa a matsayin wacce ta dace da kula da yaro. [8] Duk da haka, dokar kare hakkin yara ta yi la'akari da jin daɗin da buƙatun yaron da kuma iyawa da kuma buri na iyaye yayin yanke shawara kan wanda zai zama waliyin yaron. [9] A ƙarshe dai batun hana ladabtarwa ga yara, kamar yadda aka kawo a Sashe na XX na dokar kare hakkin yara, wasu na ganin ba wai kawai ya saba wa Musulunci ba, har ma da na Afirka. [8]
Gwagwarmaya
gyara sasheMatasa matasa a Najeriya da ke cikin wata kungiya mai suna Its Never Your Fault suna fafutukar ganin ba za a yi aure ba kafin su kai shekara 18, kamar yadda ya tanada a sashe na uku na dokar kare hakkin yara. [10] [11] A halin yanzu, wani gibi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya nuna cewa idan aka yi aure za a ɗauki yarinya a matsayin balagaggiya, ba tare da la’akari da shekarun yaron ba idan aka yi aure. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kungiyar ta tattara rattaba hannu sama da 150,000 domin gabatar da buƙatar gwamnati ta sauya shekarun amincewa zuwa shekaru 18. [10]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ogunniyi, D (October 2, 2018). "The Challenge of Domesticating Children's Rights Treaties in Nigeria and Alternative Legal Avenues for Protecting Children". Journal of African Law. 62 (3): 447–470. doi:10.1017/S0021855318000232. S2CID 149681677 – via Cambridge university press.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 United Nations (May 28, 2010). "Written replies by the Government of Nigeria to the list of issues (CRC/C/NGA/Q/3-4) related to the consideration of the third periodic report of Nigeria (CRC/C/NGA/3-4)". Convention on the Rights of the Child: 2–5.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Emelonye, Uchenna (2014). "Proportionality and Best Interests: Calibrating the Twin Pillars of Child Justice in Nigeria" (PDF). University of Helsinki: 25.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 "Child Rights Act, 2003" (PDF). Government of Nigeria: 451–673. 2003.
- ↑ Opeloye, Muibi (October 2016). "Child Rights Act 2003 in Nigeria: What Implications for the Application of Child's Rights in Islam?" (PDF). 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES: 183–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ↑ "Child Rights Act, 2003" (PDF). Government of Nigeria: 451–673. 2003.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Akinwumi, Olayinka (August 1, 2010). "Legal Impediments on the Practical Implementation of the Child Right Act 2003". International Journal of Legal Information. 37: 388.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Opeloye, Muibi (October 2016). "Child Rights Act 2003 in Nigeria: What Implications for the Application of Child's Rights in Islam?" (PDF). 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES: 183–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Child Rights Act, 2003" (PDF). Government of Nigeria: 451–673. 2003.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 June 24; Feminism, 2019 | Gabriel Leão |. "These Nigerian teen activists are organizing to end child marriage in their country - Women's Media Center". womensmediacenter.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Child Rights Act, 2003" (PDF). Government of Nigeria: 451–673. 2003.