Kotun yara
Kotun yara |
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Kotun yara, wanda aka fi sani da Kotun matasa masu laifi ko Kotun yara, kotun ce da ke da iko na musamman don yanke hukunci game da laifuka da yara da ba su kai shekaru ba. A mafi yawan tsarin shari'a na zamani, ana bi da yara da suka aikata laifi daban da manya na shari'a waɗanda suka aikata wannan laifi.
Kasashe masu masana'antu sun bambanta da ko ya kamata a tuhumi yara a matsayin manya don manyan laifuka ko kuma a yi la'akari da su daban. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ana gwada kananan yara a matsayin manya don mayar da martani ga "karin aikata laifukan yara". Har yanzu ba za a iya tuhumar matasa masu laifi ba a matsayin manya. Ana iya gurfanar da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai ko fyade, ta hanyar kotun manya a Ingila.[1] Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2007, babu wani bayanan Amurka da ya ba da rahoton ainihin adadin masu laifi na yara da aka gurfanar da su a matsayin manya.[2] Sabanin haka, kasashe irin su Ostiraliya da Japan suna cikin matakan farko na bunkasa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen adalci na matasa masu kyau a matsayin jinkiri daga kotun manya.[2]
A duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karfafa kasashe su sake fasalin tsarin su don dacewa da tsarin da "duk al'umma [ya kamata] tabbatar da ci gaban jituwa na matasa" duk da halayyar laifi da za ta iya haifar da matsaloli. Fata ita ce ta haifar da "adalci mai kyau ga yara". Duk da duk canje-canjen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, dokoki a aikace ba su da kyau.[1] Canje-canje a cikin mahallin da ya dace suna haifar da batutuwan aiwatarwa a cikin gida, kuma laifukan kasa da kasa da matasa suka aikata suna haifar da karin tambayoyi game da amfanin shari'o'i daban-daban ga yara.
Batutuwan shari'ar yara sun sami shahara a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Kamar yadda duniya ta ci gaba a cikin karni na baya-bayan nan, tambayoyi game da adalci, musamman game da kare hakkin yara a cikin kotunan yara, sun zo gaba. Manufofin duniya a kan wannan al'amari sun sami karbuwa mai yawa, kuma an sami canjin al'adu gaba daya zuwa magance masu laifi na yara daidai da wannan yanayin. [1]
Misalai
gyara sasheKotun yara, wani bangare na musamman a cikin tsarin shari'a, an ba shi aiki tare da yin hukunci da shari'o'in da suka shafi wadanda ake tuhuma da ke fuskantar tuhume-tuhumen da suka fara daga laifuka zuwa sakaci, ko kuma an dauke su ba tare da ikon iyaye ba. Yawanci, wadannan wadanda ake tuhuma ba su kai shekara 18, kodayake kofar doka don manya ta bambanta da iko.
Kotun yara tana aiki daban daga kotunan manya, ba tare da iko a kan shari'o'in da yara ke fuskantar tuhuma a matsayin manya ba. Duk da yake shari'o'in da ke cikin kotun yara ba koyaushe ba ne ke bin tsarin adawa, ana ba wa yara damar samun wakilcin shari'a ta hanyar lauya. Bugu da kari, iyayen iyaye, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, da jami'an gwaji na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan, da nufin cimma sakamako mai kyau da hana sake aikata laifuka.
Koyaya, a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi manyan laifuka ko maimaitawa, masu laifi na yara na iya fuskantar daurin kurkuku, wanda zai iya haifar da canja wurin zuwa wurin gyarawa na jihar bayan sun kai ga girma na doka. A cikin yanayin da rashin kulawar iyaye ko rashin iya sarrafa karami ya bayyana, kotun na iya bincika sanyawa a cikin kulawa, yana daukar kula da yaron.
Kotun yara tana da bangarori da yawa, tana magance laifuffuka - wanda ya shafi ayyukan aikata laifuka da kananan yara suka aikata - da kuma dogaro, wanda ya kunshi abubuwan da ba iyaye ba inda ake bukatar kula da yara don jin daɗin kananan yara.
Tsarin adalci na maidowa
gyara sasheA cikin mulkin shari'ar yara, ana la'akari da manyan samfuran guda biyu: adalci mai maidowa da adalci na laifi.[3] A Amurka, akwai canji mai lura zuwa ga rungumar hanyar da ta fi dacewa, musamman game da masu laifi na yara. Kanada ta dade tana rungumar tsarin maidowa kuma tana ci gaba da inganta ayyukanta da nufin hada matasa masu laifi cikin al'umma, tare da mai da hankali kan hana sake aikata laifuka da haɓaka gudummawarsu mai kyau ga al'ummomi. Hakazalika, Austria ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye don aiwatar da shirye-aikacen sulhu na wanda aka azabtar, wanda aka tsara don ingantaccen hanyar adalci. New Zealand ta sami babban sake fasalin tsarin, wanda ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan da suka daɗe na yawan mutanen Māori na asali. Hanyarsu tana jaddada mafita ta iyali da nufin rage yawan fursunonin matasa. A duniya, akwai ci gaba mai girma na amfani da dabi'un gargajiya don yin tasiri ga tsarin kotun matasa.[3]
Kotunan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa
gyara sasheA cikin dokar kasa da kasa, gurfanar da yara saboda laifuka a kan jihar ya zama batun jayayya da bangarori da yawa, musamman game da yara sojoji. Maganin da aka gabatar ga wannan matsala mai rikitarwa ya hada da kafa kotunan matasa na musamman da nufin yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka shafi kananan yara da ake zargi da laifukan kasa da kasa. Musamman, a yankuna kamar Saliyo, akwai buƙatun al'umma mai karfi don rike masu aikata laifuka da cikakken lissafi, ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ko yanayin zamantakewa ba.
Lokacin da ake tura yara zuwa waɗannan kotuna na musamman, suna karbar magani tare da girmamawa mai girma, tare da kokari na hadin gwiwa don farfadowa da sake haduwa, suna amincewa da shekarun da aka tilasta wa yara sojoji da yawa cikin rikici. Sakatare Janar ya bayyana amfani da irin wadannan kotuna kamar gabatar da "mahimmanci na ɗabi'a".
Yara sojoji galibi suna shiga cikin rikice-rikicen makamai saboda barazanar tsarin ko tsarin da ke cikin mahallinsu. Duk da haka, suna da alhakin aikata ayyukan tashin hankali da yawa. Wannan rawar da ta taka a matsayin wadanda ke fama da mulkin zalunci da masu aikata ta'addanci sun gabatar da kalubale mai ban tsoro wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kokari ta magance, ba kawai a cikin Saliyo ba har ma a wasu kasashe masu fama da cutar a duniya.[4]
Amurka
gyara sasheKodayake dokokin da ke kula da kotun yara sun bambanta sosai daga jiha zuwa jiha, babban burin kotunan yara na Amurka shine samar da gyare-gyare ko gyare-gine ga tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na manya. Kodayake ba koyaushe ake saduwa da shi ba, manufa ita ce sanya matashi mai laifi a kan hanyar da ta dace don zama babba mai bin doka.
Ikon iko
gyara sasheDokokin ikon kotun yara sun dogara da jihar. A mafi yawan jihohi, ikon kotun yara ya ci gaba har zuwa shekaru goma sha takwas, amma a wasu jihohi yana iya kare a shekara goma sha bakwai ko karami. Wasu jihohi, kamar Arizona, kwanan nan sun karbi manufofin tsawaita ikon iko, inda ikon ya kasance a karkashin ikon tsarin kotun matasa ta hanyar yanke hukunci na shekara goma sha tara.[4] A wasu lokuta, wani matashi mai laifi wanda aka fara tuhuma a kotun yara za a dakatar da shi zuwa kotun manya, ma'ana cewa za a iya gwada mai laifi kuma a yanke masa hukunci kamar yadda ya faru da babba.[5]
Shekarar alhakin
gyara sasheBabu shekarun kasa da suka dace wanda yaro ke da alhakin a cikin tsarin kotun yara; wannan ya bambanta tsakanin jihohi.[5]
- A cikin jihohi 44, matsakaicin shekarun kotun yara shine shekaru goma sha bakwai
- A cikin jihohi biyar (Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, Texas da Wisconsin) matsakaicin shekarun kotun yara shine shekaru goma sha shida
- Daya daga cikin jihohi, North Carolina, yana da matsakaicin shekaru don ikon kotun yara na shekaru goma sha biyar
Jihohi sun bambanta dangane da shekarun da yaro zai iya fuskantar shari'ar kotun yara don halayyar laifi. Yawancin jihohi ba su kayyade mafi karancin shekaru a matsayin al'amari na doka ba.[6] Daga jihohin da suka sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru, don laifuka na matsayi: [5]
- Massachusetts da North Carolina sun sanya mafi karancin shekaru shida
- Connecticut da Mississippi sun sanya mafi karancin shekaru bakwai
- Arizona ta sanya mafi karancin shekaru takwas.
Kuma don aikata laifuka: [5]
- Arewacin Carolina ya sanya mafi karancin shekaru shida.
- Connecticut, New York, da Maryland sun kafa mafi ƙarancin shekaru bakwai
- Kansas" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Arkansas">Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Dakota ta Kudu, Texas, Vermont da Wisconsin sun sanya mafi karancin shekaru goma
- California ta sanya mafi karancin shekaru 12 sai dai don kisan kai ko fyade, wanda saboda babu mafi karanci shekaru [7][8]
Tsayawa zuwa kotu ta manya
gyara sasheDuk jihohi suna da dokoki da ke ba da izini, kuma a wasu lokuta suna bukatar, matasa masu laifi a gurfanar da su ko kuma a yanke musu hukunci a matsayin manya don manyan laifuka.
A cikin Kent v. Amurka (1966), Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne a ba wa matashi hakkin tsari, musamman cewa watsi da iko daga kotun yara zuwa kotun gundumar dole ne ya zama na son rai kuma ya san.[9] Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar In re Gault (1967), [10] cewa yara da ake zargi da aikata laifuka na yara suna da 'yancin yin aiki, lauya, da kuma cin zarafin kansu, ainihin' yancin Miranda.[11] Rubuta ga mafi rinjaye, Mataimakin Mai Shari'a Abe Fortas ya rubuta, "A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, yanayin kasancewa yaro ba ya tabbatar da Kotun kangaroo. " Koyaya, ana gudanar da yawancin ayyukan yara ba tare da juri ba kamar yadda McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) ya yanke shawarar cewa yara ba su da irin wannan hakkin a wannan batun kamar manya.[12]
Sauran shari'o'i
gyara sasheA wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ban da shari'o'in da suka shafi aikata laifuka, kotun yara tana sauraron shari'oʼin da suka hada da Kula da yara, tallafin yara, da ziyara da kuma shari'o" inda ake zargin yara da cin zarafi ko watsi da su.
Hanyar kotu
gyara sasheHanyoyi a kotun yara, ga matasa da ake tuhuma da aikata laifuka (ayyukan da za su zama laifuka idan manya suka aikata) ko laifuka na matsayi (laifuka da yara kawai za su iya aikata, kamar guduwa daga gida, keta dokar hana fita da kuma wucewa) yawanci ba su da tsari fiye da ayyukan da aka yi a kotunan manya. Za a iya rufe ayyukan ga jama'a, kuma za a iya ajiye sunan mai laifi daga cikin rikodin jama'a.
Guje wa tuhumar da aka yi a hukumance
gyara sasheA kotun matasa ta Amurka, yana yiwuwa a guji sanya tuhuma ta al'ada. Abubuwan da zasu iya shafar yadda kotun ke bi da matashi da kuma yanayin shari'ar sun hada da:
- Matsanancin laifin. Babban laifi zai iya haifar da shigar da takarda fiye da kananan laifi.
- Shekarar karami. Ana iya shigar da korafe-korafe a shari'o'in da suka shafi yara tsofaffi.
- Tarihin da ya gabata na karami. Zargin da aka yi a hukumance sun fi dacewa lokacin da karami ya kasance a cikin kotun yara a baya.
- Karfin shaidar cewa karamin ya aikata laifi. A bayyane yake, shaidar da ta fi karfi tana haifar da yiwuwar zargi na al'ada.
- Jima'i na karami. Za a iya gabatar da tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi wa yara maza fiye da mata.
- Tarihin zamantakewar karami. Ana iya gabatar da korafe-korafe lokacin da yara ke da tarihin matsaloli a gida ko makaranta.
- Ikon iyaye ko mai kula da shi na sarrafa karami. Rashin kulawar iyaye ya fi girma, mai yiwuwa ne jami'in karɓar zai gabatar da takarda.
Along with these seven, four "unofficial" factors can sway an official:[ana buƙatar hujja]
- Halin karamin. Ayyuka na yau da kullun ba su da yawa lokacin da yaro ya nuna nadama don aikata laifi.
- Bayyanar karamin. Idan saurayin yana da ladabi, yana da tufafi masu kyau, kuma an shirya shi sosai, to ma'aikatan da ke karbar baki suna iya daukar shari'ar ba bisa ka'ida ba.
- Ko karamin yana da iyali ko tallafin al'umma. Karin goyon bayan da saurayi yake da shi, mai yiwuwa ne jami'in karɓar al'amarin ya magance lamarin ba bisa ka'ida ba.
- Ko karamin yana da lauya. Rashin shari'a ba bisa ka'ida ba na iya zama ba tare da yiwuwar ba lokacin da yaro yana da lauya.
A Connecticut, ana iya turawa ga kwamitin da ba na kotu ba wanda ake kira JRB (Juvenile Review Board). Wadannan kwamitocin na iya gabatar da kuduri wanda ba ya haifar da rikodin aikata laifuka na yara. Koyaya, akwai yanayi masu cancanta don a karɓi shari'ar don sake dubawa, kamar nau'in laifi (sau da yawa dole ne ya zama karami a yanayi) da kuma shigar kotu a baya (JRBs da yawa kawai suna karɓar laifuka na farko).
Hukunce-hukunce
gyara sasheHukuncin kotun yara na iya kasancewa daga:
- sa ido na yau da kullun, ta hanyar da kotun ke sa ido kan karami kuma ta watsar da tuhumar da ke jira idan karamin ya kasance daga matsala
- kulawa ta yau da kullun, mai kama da gwaji manya, wanda a karkashinsa wani matashi ya sadu da kuma yana karkashin kulawar jami'in gwajin yara
- daurin kurkuku, yawanci a cikin gidan yarinyaGidan tsare yara
Matsakaicin hukunci na tilas
gyara sasheMatsakaicin hukunci ya shiga cikin tsarin shari'ar yara a karshen shekarun 1970 saboda damuwa cewa wasu yara suna aikata manyan laifuka masu laifi. Za a iya sanya mafi karancin hukunci a kotun yara don wasu manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai, kuma ya shafi yara kamar yadda manya suke idan an dakatar da yarinyar zuwa kotun manya.[13] Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa yin amfani da hukuncin rai da rai ga masu laifi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.[14]
China
gyara sasheA matsayin wani bangare na ci gaba da sake fasalin shari'a na kasar Sin da nufin taimakawa masu laifi matasa wajen sake shiga cikin al'umma yadda ya kamata kuma da sauri, an kafa kotunan matasa tare da jaddada ilimi. Wani fasalin musamman na wadannan kotunan yara shine cewa gwaje-gwaje galibi suna daukar nau'in tarurruka na tebur, suna rage yawan ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci da ke cikin shari'ar. Wannan yana da niyyar rage nauyin tunanin mutum na laifi a kan masu laifi matasa da kuma sauƙaƙa sake dawowa cikin al'umma.[15]
Ikon iko
gyara sasheA cikin larduna 23 na kasar Sin, ban da shari'o'in da suka shafi kisan kai, laifuka da mutane da ba su kai shekara 16 ba, ko yara suka aikata (idan babu mutane da suka wuce shekaru 16 da ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar), kotunan yara ne ke yanke hukunci. Kotunan yara kuma suna da ikon bayar da umarnin kulawa da kariya ga mutane masu shekaru 18 ko kasa da haka.[15]
Ya zuwa karshen 2022, an kafa kotunan yara 2,181 a duk faɗin kasar.[16]
Kafa kotuna
gyara sasheKotunan mutane na tsakiya da kotunan mutane na kasa a kasar Sin na iya kafa ƙungiyoyin shari'ar yara. [17]
A yankunan da ba a riga an sami yanayin ba, ana iya sauraron shari'o'in laifuka na yara a cikin kungiyoyin shari'ar laifuka ko kuma ma'aikatan da aka zaba su kula da su. [17]
Kotunan mutane mafi girma na iya kafa bangarorin majalisa don shari'o'in laifuka na yara a cikin bangarorin shari'ar laifuka.[17]
Ikon iko
gyara sashe- Shari'o'in da wanda ake tuhuma bai kai shekara 18 ba a lokacin da ake zargin laifin kuma bai kai shekara 20 ba a lokacin shigar da kara;
- Shari'o'in da ake tuhuma bai kai shekara 18 ba a lokacin da ake zargin laifin, bai kai shekara 20 ba a lokacin shigarwa, kuma an tuhume shi a matsayin babban mai laifi ko kuma co-shugaba a cikin wani laifi na hadin gwiwa;
- Ko wasu shari'o'in aikata laifuka na hadin gwiwa da suka shafi matasa ko wasu shari'ar aikata laifukan da suka shafi kananan yara za a yi musu shari'a a kotunan yara za a yanke hukunci da Shugaban Kotun Jama'a bisa ga ainihin halin da ake ciki na aikin kotun matasa.
- Shari'o'in laifuka da daliban da ba su kai shekara ashirin da biyu ba suka aikata a lokacin shigarwa.[18]
Gyara
gyara sasheA cikin littafinsa na 1997 "No Matter How Loud I Shout," wanda ya shiga cikin Kotun Yara na Los Angeles, Edward Humes ya gabatar da karar sake fasalin a cikin tsarin kotun yara. Ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin yanzu sau da yawa ya kasa farfado da matasa masu laifi da yawa, a maimakon haka ya tura su kotun manya da wuri ko kuma ya yi watsi da su gaba daya ba tare da isasshen shawara, tallafi, ko lissafi ba. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa yayin da kashi 57% na masu aikata laifuka na farko ba su sake yin laifi ba, kashi 27% suna aikata laifula ɗaya ko biyu, kuma kashi 16% suna aikata laphuka huɗu ko fiye.
Masu sukar a Amurka suna jayayya game da kiyaye tsarin kotu daban don matasa da masu laifi. Suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin al'umma game da matasa da matasa suna tasowa, suna bukatar canje-canje masu dacewa a cikin tsarin shari'a. Yarancin yau ya bambanta sosai daga ka'idojin tarihi, wanda ya sa wasu suyi tambaya game da bukatar tsarin kotun yara da manufofi na jinkirta shekaru.[19]
A duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta jagoranci sauye-sauye a kotunan yara da shari'ar yara. An gabatar da matakai don kare hakkin yara, musamman game da jagororin azabtarwa. An sami canji zuwa ga hanyoyin da ba su da horo, tare da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana ba da shawarar matakan kare yara da matasa daga mummunan ko wulakanci.[1] Koyaya, kasashe da yawa na Yammacin Turai sun fuskanci zargi saboda rashin aiwatar da wadannan manufofi yadda ya kamata ko rarrabe tsakanin matasa da masu laifi a cikin shari'a ko yanke hukunci.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana ba da shawara don rashin hukunci mai tsanani ga matasa kuma tana jaddada shirye-shiryen tallafi na al'umma akan matakan azabtarwa. A tsakiyar shekarun 1900, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta inganta "informalism," yana ba da shawara don karkatarwa da kuma hanyoyin da za a yi la'akari da aikata laifuka ga yara, yana mai da tsarin adalci ya fi dacewa da yara. Kwanan nan, tsarin adalci na maidowa ya sami karfin gwiwa a matsayin hanyar da ta fi tasiri don sarrafawa da sake dawo da masu laifi na matasa cikin al'umma. Koyaya, kalubalen aiwatar da adalci mai maidowa ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambance na al'adu da kuma amfani da samfurin a cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban.
Masu sukar suna taka tsantsan game da karbar sauye-sauyen kotun matasa a duniya, suna nuna iyakokin yin amfani da mafita iri daya ga yanayin zamantakewa daban-daban. Misali, abubuwan da matasa na Maroko da sauran kabilun tsiraru ko kungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Netherlands suka nuna kalubalen magance matsalolin zamantakewa na cikin gida ta hanyar mafita masu yawa. Kotunan yara a cikin Netherlands, alal misali, suna jaddada farfadowa amma sau da yawa suna nuna halin azabtarwa a aikace, yana kara son zuciya da warewa ga kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru. Wannan bambancin yana jaddada bukatar la'akari da hankali yayin aiwatar da ayyukan duniya a cikin al'ummomin cikin gida, kamar yadda duniya ta adalci na matasa na iya ba da gangan ba ta ci gaba da cin zarafin duniya da rikitar da batutuwan ainihi.[19]
Dubi kuma
gyara sashe
manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Goldson, B.; Muncie, J. (2012). "Towards a global 'child friendly' juvenile justice?" (PDF). International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 40: 47–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.09.004.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Peterson, Scott (Summer 2009). "Made in America: The Global Youth Justice Movement". Reclaiming Children and Youth.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Umbreit, Mark; Armour, Marilyn (2011). "Restorative Justice and Dialogue: Impact, Opportunities, and Challenges in the Global Community". Washington University Journal of Law and Policy. 36 (1): 65–89. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jenkins, Jimmy (24 May 2018). "Change In Law Raises Arizona's Juvenile Court Jurisdiction From 18 To 19". KJZZ Arizona Public Access Radio. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Teigen, Ann (17 April 2017). "Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ "Jurisdictional Boundaries". Office of Justice Programs. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ "California Welfare & Institutions Code § 601". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
- ↑ "California Welfare & Institutions Code § 602". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
- ↑ "Kent v. United States, 383 US 541, 86 S. Ct. 1045, 16 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1966)". Google Scholar. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ "Facts and Case Summary - In re Gault". United States Courts. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ "In re Gault, 387 US 1, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527". Google Scholar. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 28.
- ↑ Steiner, Emily (16 August 2017). "Mandatory Minimums, Maximum Consequences". Juvenile Law Center. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ Pitt, David (16 June 2017). "Court: Required Minimum Juvenile Sentences Should Be Rare". U.S. News. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "昌平-北京政法网". www.bj148.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ "2022年《中国儿童发展纲要(2021—2030年)》统计监测报告 - 国家统计局". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "最高人民法院 关于适用《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》的解释(20)-中国法院网". www.chinacourt.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ "中华人民共和国司法部政府信息公开". www.moj.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Pakes, Francis (2010). "Global forces and local effects in youth justice: The case of Moroccan youngsters in Netherlands". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 38 (3): 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2010.10.003.
Haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Bayani game da Shari'ar Yara daga shafin yanar gizon Penal Reform International.
- Cibiyar Gault, tsohuwar Cibiyar Tsaro ta Yara ta Kasa
- Matasa da ke cikin Tsarin Adalci bita ne game da tsarin shari'a na yara a Amurka, kwatanta shi da Kanada.
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